Speech Events Research Articles

PHATIC COMMUNION AS A UNIFIER AS PORTRAYED IN ‘WONDER’

<p><span>Phatic communication or so called ‘phatic communion’ is said to be a kind of language used to create, to maintain and to strengthen the social bond between individuals. However, the concept of phatic communication in which it requires neither an exchange of information nor a specific purpose in its use raises the question regarding the necessity and the effectiveness of phatic communication. Responding to this issue, this study is conducted to show the significance of phatic communication in colloquial speech event. This study aims to prove the role of phatic communication as a unifier between individuals as portrayed in Wonder movie reflected in the life of a boy with Treacher Collins syndrome, Auggie. Considering the hardships he encounters in his social life, this study aims to see how phatic communication acts as a unifier for Auggie by scrutinizing the types and the functions of phatic communication in his social life. The analysis suggests that 1) the types of expressions serving as phatic communication in Wonder are divided into greeting, making small talk, agreeing on something and joking, and 2) the functions of the phatic expressions are to express solidarity and friendship and to create harmony and comfort.</span></p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong>Phatic Communication, Phatic Communion, Unifier</p><p><span><br /></span></p>

Power and resistance in interrogations of suspects in the Egyptian judicial process

The thesis investigates how using a discourse pragmatic approach gives insight into the complexities of hand-written interrogation records. Data come from eighteen Egyptian interrogations from the years 2007 to 2011. It includes five interrogations with ex-president Hosni Mubarak and his two sons, Gamal, and Alaa, which took place in 2011 after the 25th January revolution, as well as with ordinary workers, traders and company managers. In addition, data include interrogations in criminal cases with a variety of offences such as drugs, murder, political cases and embezzlement. This study examines the pragmatic and linguistic choices that prosecutors and suspects make to express power relations, modes of resistance and information gathering/confirmation in inquisitorial interviews in Egypt. This helps give insights into questioning practices in Egypt’s legal system and the interactional goals and methods of such speech events. In addition, it includes exploring the challenges of analysing and translating a written record, and establishing the journey of a suspect’s statement in Egyptian interrogations. Analysis reveals that suspects were able to resist some of prosecution’s accusations and control. However, the more controlling the questions became the less able were they to answer cooperatively while maintaining their innocence on the record. Exceptions to that were suspects who received legal advice from lawyers or worked in the legal field. Questioning strategies such as the use of and/wa-prefaced questions and Put on Record (POR) questions in the data have revealed that the current recording practices are sometimes limiting and coercive whether intended or not due to the special attention given to recording the institutional version of the narrative. Moreover, suspects are not invited to freely give their own narrative. This results in the production of an altered interrogation record. Implications for the field of Egyptian interrogations and interrogation more widely are discussed.

Media events, speech events and propagandistic techniques of legitimation: a multimodal analysis of the Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis\u2019 public addresses on the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

The increased information need after the outburst of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the enhanced role of public addresses and press conferences that can broadcast important information simultaneously to a large number of people through a number of different media outlets (TV, radio, internet). Thus, government leaders worldwide have opted for the frequent broadcast of public addresses, reviving the rationale of media events as a way to disseminate their messages concerning the pandemic as widely as possible. The current paper focuses on the Greek case, scrutinizing the public addresses of the Greek PM Kyriakos Mitsotakis in terms of both structural and content characteristics. Through the use of multimodal analysis, we figure out the visual and linguistic characteristics in K. Mitsotakis public addresses. At the same time, we setup a research framework for the qualitative and quantitative examination of similar public addresses in various countries, by combining the theories of media events, propaganda, and linguistic techniques of political legitimization. Our main findings suggest that K. Mitsotakis in his public addresses has made use of direct visual and verbal connections to aspects of “Greekness” in a nation-centric rationale. He relies predominantly on the evocation of positive sentiments and rationalization (as a means of legitimization), in order to achieve political benefits by incorporating the management of the pandemic into the Greek government’s nationalist agenda.

Discourse Diversity in Language Use: A Pragmatic Inference of ‘I’m Coming’ in Ghanaian Interpersonal Communication

In the context of speech act, one may ordinarily want to communicate with the other in a natural and coherent manner in order to generate and to give information. Such information delivery in speech is obviously expected to have a desirable adjacency relation within the confines of the communication channel, so that the interlocutors could achieve a very effective discourse of giving and receiving a better response system. This act of turn-taking relation is held supreme in all linguistic situations, but does not so obtain in all communicative situations. Within Ghanaian context, this study seeks to look into various discoursal roles and diversities that the expression ‘I’m coming’ fulfils in different communicative situations to champion a reflective course of interlocutors. In doing this, the study adopts Wilson and Sperber’s (1995) Relevance Theory, which sees every speech event to be dictated by different communicative factors. It also attempts to examine how meaning is derived and interpreted to suit its rightful context of communication in human discourse. Data used for the study was derived from a primary source where the researchers observed the use of ‘I’m coming’ in different social contexts. The study observes that, in Ghanaian socio-pragmatic contexts, ‘I’m coming’ could express diverse definitive roles and that, even though, it has become a general expression, it is genuinely used to provide different meanings in different situations.

Investigating Aspects Affecting Joe Biden’s Speech on the Inauguration of the 46th President of The United States: A Political Discourse Analysis

This paper aims to discover the aspects behind the politic historical events of Joe Biden's state speech. The speech, of course, has close relation with some of the historic American events that had just occurred. The research uses political discourse analysis to find the points uttered by the president who was influenced by ideology, status, and various socio-political contexts. At the inauguration on January 21, 2021, President Joe Biden's first national address is interesting to review. He conveyed messages explicitly to American society, but he also conveyed messages implicitly to political opponents. Researchers found some factors why messages spoken by Joe Biden including addressee, contextual situation, the intention of the utterance, speech act, and verbal act. These are the concerns by researchers as to whom the speech was delivered. It is not only aimed at directing the American society; it was also directed at his political rivals.

Kinds and Functions of Maxim Politeness in The Kelly Clarkson Show

This article aims to discuss the kinds and functions of some maxim of politeness which is used in The Kelly Clarkson Show. Two theories are used in doing this research , the first ist theory proposed by Leech Principles of Pragmatics (1983) and the second is a theory proposed by Searle Speech Event (1979). In doing this reseacrch the writer uses descriptive and qualitative by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2004) to analyze the research. The source of data in this thesis taken from the YouTube videos The Kelly Clarckson Show. The data are the utterances of the host and the guests in the videos. The finding of this research shows that there are three kinds of the maxim which are used in these videos they are Approbation, Agreement, and Modesty Maxim. The most dominant maxim found is the Approbation maxim. Then, there were two kinds of functions of the maxim of politeness found in The Kelly Clarckson Show, they are convivial and collaborative.

Talanoa Dialogue at UN Climate Change Meetings: The Extraordinary Encompassment of a Scale‐Climbing Pacific Speech Genre

ABSTRACTIntroduced to the UN by the Prime Minister of Fiji, the Pacific speech genre of talanoa has become a key frame for international discussion of climate change policy. Traditionally associated with kava‐drinking ceremonies, talanoa includes practices that temporarily mitigate differences in hierarchy and rank, which help to facilitate the formation of consensus, a process sometimes referred to as ‘The Pacific Way’. This capacity has also motivated its application to a wide range of social interactions and speech events, scaling up from local contexts and national debates to international arenas. This includes talanoa's contribution to the facilitation of the Paris Climate Agreement by promoting cooperation and the exchange of ideas. The Talanoa Dialogue differs from other speech genres at the UN, including the process of reconciliation through which resolutions and declarations are formulated. Fiji used its leadership role at international climate change meetings to counter representations of Pacific Islanders as passive victims of climate change, including the threat from rising sea levels. The introduction of talanoa to these meetings can be understood as an ideological project of encompassment in which a regional speech genre became an international framework for addressing one of the most consequential challenges of our times, global climate change.

Pragmatic functions of discourse marker ‘well’ in selected spoken discourse of Philippine English

The present paper investigates the use of the discourse marker “well,” one of the expressions that evoke emotive rather than referential functions. Taking a discourse-pragmatic approach, this study examines the functions of well as a discourse marker in selected spoken discourse of Philippine English. This paper investigates the functions and frequency of the discourse marker well in various speech event categories set in a dialogue and monologue environments. The data for the analysis have been selected from the International Corpus of English – Philippines (ICE-PHI). Also, the study focuses on the spoken component of the ICE-PH, which is one of the least studied dimensions of Philippine English. Further, it employs both quantitative and qualitative analyses while applying the suggested classification proposed by Ran (2003) and Jucker (1993). This study claims that the discourse marker well has several discourse-pragmatic functions in various speaking contexts, including 1) initiating utterance; 2) indicating the speaker's hesitancy; 3) mitigating various Face Threatening Acts; 4) correcting one's utterance; and 5) changing or shifting the current topic, based on 346 cases of well in four different spoken types.

ЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКАЯ КОРРЕЛЯЦИЯ ПЕРВИЧНОГО ТЕКСТА И ЕГО ВЕРБАЛЬНОЙ РЕПРОДУКЦИИ В ПРОТОКОЛЕ ДОПРОСА

Problem statement. The article deals with the problem of modern linguo-expert activity related to the use of interrogation protocols as a material carrier of negative-evaluative information about a person. The variability of expert views regarding the possibility of analyzing someone else’s speech in the interrogation protocol more and more often entails the lack of expert assessment of the materi-als of the preliminary investigation in criminal cases. The purpose of the study is to establish the nature of the relationship and the degree of approxi-mation of the primary and secondary texts, where the primary text is recorded on the phonogram, the secondary one is reproduced in the interrogation protocol from the words of the interrogated. The research methodology consists of theoretical approaches to the comparative analysis of the prototypical utterance and its secondary form. The material of the research is video and audio recordings of speech events of insult, as well as interrogation protocols, the descriptive part of which contains information about the recorded conflict speech. Research results. The study showed the maximum degree of formal-semantic affinity of the texts serving as the basis and their verbal reproductions, reflected in the interrogation protocols. The inter-rogation protocol also reproduces important paralinguistic characteristics of the voice of the person to whom the invective evaluative statements belong. Conclusions. The results obtained in the course of the study can be used in developing guidelines for experts involved in the analysis of speech material extracted from the interrogation protocol, as well as other indirect sources of information about expert objects. The proposed system of under-standing broadens understanding of secondary texts as objects of research within the framework of forensic linguistic expertise.

The embodied work of teaching grammar and pronunciation in IELTS speaking tutorials

Extending the insights of recent research on the embodied work of teaching, this study focuses on the multimodal construction of teaching objects (past tense forms and pronunciation of ‘ar’) in an underresearched educational site: speaking tutorials for IELTS preparation at a university English language center. The study shows a tutor’s embodied instructional actions during activities such as correcting, explaining, guiding students’ attention, eliciting their responses, and commenting on their performance. It demonstrates how these actions are accomplished through the artful co-configuration of talk, gestural and facial practices, and operations on written texts. Moreover, this article is concerned with tracking how teaching objects of grammar and pronunciation evolve over time. The documentation of the students’ orientation to these teaching objects in subsequent speech events show, to some extent, the students gaining control of the forms as an outcome of the tutor’s teaching. The findings suggest pedagogical implications for teaching and learning.

Directiveness in tutor talk

The reigning orthodoxy in writing centres has been to avoid directive approaches and embrace non-directive approaches to tutoring. Although this ‘myth has been debunked by various writing centre scholars since the late 1990s, many guidebooks on tutoring still adhere to it. We believe that theory-led empirical research on tutor approaches and actions is necessary to demonstrate the situation-dependent efficacy of directive approaches, and thereby dispel the myth that a peer role is preferred to a teacherly role. This paper starts addressing the need for theory-led empirical research on directiveness by applying theories of linguistic pragmatics to analyze writing centre consultations, and assist writing centre tutors to develop a critical awareness of both their actions and students’ responses. First, an overview is given of the description of directiveness in the writing centre literature. This is followed by an overview of micro- and macropragmatic theories on speech acts in linguistics, and suggestions on how they may be applied to better understand the role of directiveness in writing centre consultations. This is followed by an overview of present research project, and an analysis of two excerpts (speech events) from a particular consultation. The article is concluded by a reflection on the findings, and suggestions are made on how to apply them towards improving writing centre pedagogy at the institution where the research was conducted.

Voices of English: language and the construction of religious identity amongst Ismaili Muslims in Pakistan and Tajikistan

Abstract This paper brings together notions of heteroglossia and religious identity to explore how English becomes indexical of Ismaili distinction in local communities in Pakistan and Tajikistan. Adopting a heteroglossic approach to language provides a perspective which is epistemologically compatible with notions of religion as social, human and interactional, as intricately connected to power, and as both reflecting and being shaped by perspective and positioning. In the paper, I use a “discourse analysis beyond the speech event” approach to engage with data collected during ethnographic fieldwork (qualitative interviews, focus group discussions, fieldnotes) amongst Ismailis in Hunza, northern Pakistan and Khorog, eastern Tajikistan. In analyzing these examples, I attempt to illustrate how ideologies of English become sites for the negotiation of religious distinction.

An Analysis of Code Switching in Boy William’s Vlog on Youtube

Today there are many people can speak more than one language. It makes them can switch from one language to others in one speech event. This paper explainstypes of code switching, factors that influence the use of code switching and the function of code switching Boy William’s Vlog.
 The research belongs to qualitative research. The data are in form of utterances spoken by the Boy William and his guests. The data are collected by observation. It is done by watching and recording the video and writing the data. Then dataare analyzed by content analysis. The steps in analyzing data are: selecting data, interpreting and drawing conclusion. 
 The results shows that there are three types of code switching found, that are Intra-Sentential, Inter-Sentential and Tag Switching. Meanwhile, there are four factors that affect code switching; Participant, Solidarity, Status and Topic. While the function of code switching, six functions were found; Talking about Particular topics, Interjection, Express Solidarity, Intention of Clarifying The Speech Content for Interlocutors, Repetition Used for Clarification and Express Group Identification.
 Keywords:Types of code switching, Factors of code switching, Functions of code switching, Vlog.

Patterns and perspectives shape perceptions: Epistemological and methodological reflections on the study of small-scale multilingualism

Aims and objectives:This paper captures social dimensions of language in highly diverse small-scale multilingual contexts that appear to pose challenges for (socio)linguistic description and documentation. I focus on the seeming contradiction of monolingual imaginations of places with heterogeneous and multilingual inhabitants, on great fluidity and variability of language use and the concomitant limits of reification-based identification of codes, and on personalised repertoires shaped by individual trajectories and relational, rather than categorical, stances.Approach:I propose patterns and perspectives as two interrelated dimensions to guide research in configurations of this kind, illustrating epistemological and methodological points through data from multilingual settings in Casamance, Senegal.Data and analysis:I focus on data collected in the village of Agnack Grand and its surroundings, but also include data from across the Lower Casamance and adjacent regions of Guinea-Bissau, discussing patterns of multilingual organisation and extracts from conversation and how their speech forms are categorised.Findings:The paper brings sociohistorical dimensions of small-scale multilingualism to the fore and identifies their lasting influences on spatial representations of language regimes. Linguistic spaces influence perspectives on speech events taking place in them and circumscribe speech participants’ and observers’ choices in describing repertoires, producing and analysing speech forms. Beyond the selection of language modes, perspective also determines how speech forms are categorised. I demonstrate that the patterns speakers and observers have experienced and the perspectives they assume are decisive in shaping their perception.Originality:My central observation is that there is no objective, neutral viewpoint on (multilingual) speech, but that positionality frames it at all levels. I develop new epistemologies for studying these dimensions.Significance:Putting the categorisation processes employed by speakers and observers and their underlying motivations centre stage and integrating sociolinguistic and anthropological linguistic methods and historical knowledge into linguistic description and documentation constitutes an innovative research programme.

Da FALA à SEMIOSE

This paper explores the quest for an account of the ‘total linguistic fact’. Speech act theory, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and social semiotics have all attempted, in various ways and at various times, to find a way to describe as much as possible that is going on around any speech event. While this search for the total linguistic fact will always be a chimerical goal, this paper proposes a framework based on the acronym SEMIOSIS as one way of grasping the complexity of what is at play, comprising social relations, emotional and sensorial engagement, mobility, Iterative activity, objects and assemblages, socio- and translingual practices, interactivity, and spatial repertoires. Looking at data from a small Bangladeshi-run store in Tokyo, the paper shows how bringing in this wider set of concerns at least allows for a more comprehensive account of sociolinguistic moments.

Sources of Information about the Speech Situation of Insults When Solving Expert Problems

The article deals with a classification of sources of information about the verbal situation of an insult, which is subject to research during the production of a forensic linguistic examination. The objective side of the crimes established by Articles 319 and 297 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is verbal aggression, expressed in insulting a representative of the authorities, participants in the trial, and persons involved in the administration of justice. The author examines various ways of fixing the speech situation of an insult and information about it and also puts forward a hypothesis about the possibility of carrying out a linguistic study of a conflict speech event recorded in the testimony of participants in criminal proceedings while observing a certain order of registration of a procedural document

Söylem Analizi ve Söylem Analizi İçin Bazı Araçlar

Discourse analysis is a pivotal aspect of linguistic studies to understand the discourse that is examined and to understand the function of language which is used in the discourse. Also, while conducting discourse analysis, many researchers use some devices to analyze the discourse better, so they are important aspects of discourse analysis. Since discourse analysis is crucial process for linguistics, there is much information about discourse analysis and its devices on the internet, and this might make understanding of those elements complicated; therefore, making these elements clearer and more understandable to researchers or readers and mentioning the important ideas of different experts about discourse analysis and devices for discourse analysis collectively and clearly are the main aims of this paper, and the term discourse, discourse analysis, and devices for conducting discourse analysis more fruitfully are this paper’s main topics that were analyzed and explained by using document analysis technique. As a result of this document analysis, it was understood that discourse analysis is an analysis process which covers a wide area, includes analysis of language in conversation and text, interactions, and people’s ability to understand the language in text and conversation, and to make these more successfully and frankly, cohesion, coherence, speech events, and background knowledge are effective devices for discourse analysis.

‘I am sorry, but I have to speak Korean’: stancetaking through apology in public speech at an ‘English only’ Korean university

ABSTRACT This paper explores the ways in which apology functions as a stance act at public speech events. Rather than focusing on speakers’ intentions, in this study I pay attention to indexical meanings associated with apologies in a specific context. The study primarily analyses apology sequences that involve code-switching, which were drawn from ethnographic data gathered in a Korean university where English has been adopted as its official language (EOL). Data analysis shows that the use of apology allows speakers to take a stance towards their language choice and the institutional language policy. Both apology and speakers’ metalinguistic articulations prior to code-switching reflect and reinforce the two language ideologies: (1) the language policy is intended to serve for international members of the university, and (2), Korean can be used when needed. A closer look at the way in which apology is used in specific contexts suggests that speakers’ main purpose of apology is self-presentation in a public event. Apology functions to index speaker’s defiance of an institution’s language policy while avoiding their responsibility for the action. The sociolinguistic concept of stance allows us to better understand speakers’ positioning with respect to norms and expectations informed by institutional language policy.

Ujaran Kebencian Warganet Pada Akun Instagram BWF (Badminton World Federation): Analisis Linguistik Forensik

<p>The use of social media is so diverse that it greatly influences the development of communication in society. Currently, netizens are looking for information quickly by using their social media, one of which is Instagram. In general, the use of the media is used to find information as well as communication that contains a lot of hate speech. So, this study aims to describe: (1) the events of implicature speech acts in netizen comments on BWF Instagram, and (2) forms of hate speech in netizen comments on BWF Instagram. The type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study explain that the event of implicature speech acts with hate speech Indonesian citizens in commenting. Furthermore, the forms of hate speech in comments include illocutionary acts on the types of taboo words, including (1) cursing speech; (2) profanity speech; (3) blashphemy speech; (4) obscenety speech; (5) sexual harassment speech; (6) vulgar language speech, and (7) name-calling and insults speech. The seven utterances were made by Indonesian citizens. Furthermore, this research can be used as an alternative for students of linguistic theory, especially forensic linguistics and pragmatics.</p>

Интерпретация феномена вежливости в трудах британского лингвиста Джеффри Лича

The purpose of the study is to identify the basic and additional aspects of the concept of politeness developed by Geoffrey Leech. Novelty of the study lies in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the British linguist’s views on the phenomenon of politeness. The obtained results have shown that the basic aspects of the considered concept include the principle of politeness, the notion of “speech events” and the notion of “communicative altruism”, while additional aspects include the idea of relationship between the principle of politeness and the principle of cooperation, the principle of irony, textual and interpersonal rhetoric, absolute and relative politeness and the maxims of speech communication.