Events In Space Research Articles

Symmetric Renyi-Permutation divergence and conflict management for random permutation set

Recently, a theory called random permutation set (RPS) is proposed, which is the extension of Dempster–Shafer evidence theory. It defines a permutation event space (PES) to represent the order of events and uses the RPS to represent the support of permutation events. In addition, this theory fuses multiple RPSs by developing the left orthogonal sum (LOS) and right orthogonal sum (ROS) algorithms. However, our experiments have found that when two RPSs are highly conflicting, using the LOS or the ROS algorithm to fuse them will generate conflicting results. Therefore, this paper proposes the symmetric Renyi-Permutation (SRP) divergence of the RPS and a LOS-SRP algorithm for conflict management. Furthermore, existing RPS-based reliability assessment methods have the drawbacks of subjectivity and low accuracy, which prompts us to combine SRP divergence with the RPS and propose the RASRP algorithm for reliability assessment. Experimental results show that the RASRP algorithm performs better than the most advanced existing methods.

Factors Influencing Housing Satisfaction in Post-Disaster Resettlement: A Case of Nepal

Housing satisfaction, crucial for sustainable post-disaster resettlement housing, has received limited attention in research. This study aimed to identify households’ perceived importance of housing satisfaction factors and their significance in post-disaster resettlement housing programs. Focusing on Nepal’s Panipokhari Integrated Settlement after the 2015 Gorkha earthquake, it identified relatively significant housing satisfaction factors using mean satisfaction scores, the relative importance index, and Spearman rank correlation. The data were derived from a structured questionnaire survey, complemented by field observations, measurement, and semi-structured qualitative interviews that support the findings. The study found key housing satisfaction factors as need-based housing design (r = 0.70), layout (r = 0.74), modification flexibility (r = 0.70), utility spaces such as kitchen gardens and cattle sheds (r = 0.67), house completeness (r = 0.80), thermal comfort (r = 0.63), and social and cultural aspects such as traditional hearths (r = 0.72) and spaces for rituals and events (r = 0.77). The study concluded that the integration of these factors in the policy-making, planning, and design is important for successful resettlement housing outcomes in regions with comparable socio-cultural and economic backgrounds. The study has practical significance and, thus, will help policy-makers, implementers, and researchers aiming for successful and sustainable resettlement outcomes.

A spectral metric for collider geometry

By quantifying the distance between two collider events, one can triangulate a metric space and reframe collider data analysis as computational geometry. One popular geometric approach is to first represent events as an energy flow on an idealized celestial sphere and then define the metric in terms of optimal transport in two dimensions. In this paper, we advocate for representing events in terms of a spectral function that encodes pairwise particle angles and products of particle energies, which enables a metric distance defined in terms of one-dimensional optimal transport. This approach has the advantage of automatically incorporating obvious isometries of the data, like rotations about the colliding beam axis. It also facilitates first-principles calculations, since there are simple closed-form expressions for optimal transport in one dimension. Up to isometries and event sets of measure zero, the spectral representation is unique, so the metric on the space of spectral functions is a metric on the space of events. At lowest order in perturbation theory in electron-positron collisions, our metric is simply the summed squared invariant masses of the two event hemispheres. Going to higher orders, we present predictions for the distribution of metric distances between jets in fixed-order and resummed perturbation theory as well as in parton-shower generators. Finally, we speculate on whether the spectral approach could furnish a useful metric on the space of quantum field theories.

A Search for Relativistic Ejecta in a Sample of ZTF Broad-lined Type Ic Supernovae

The dividing line between gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and ordinary stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae (SNe) is yet to be fully understood. Observationally mapping the variety of ejecta outcomes (ultrarelativistic, mildly relativistic, or nonrelativistic) in SNe of Type Ic with broad lines (Ic-BL) can provide a key test to stellar explosion models. However, this requires large samples of the rare SN Ic-BL events with follow-up observations in the radio, where fast ejecta can be probed largely free of geometry and viewing angle effects. Here, we present the results of a radio (and X-ray) follow-up campaign of 16 SNe Ic-BL detected by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Our radio campaign resulted in four counterpart detections and 12 deep upper limits. None of the events in our sample is as relativistic as SN 1998bw and we constrain the fraction of SN 1998bw-like explosions to <19% (3σ Gaussian equivalent), a factor of ≈2 smaller than previously established. We exclude relativistic ejecta with radio luminosity densities in between ≈5 × 1027 erg s−1 Hz−1 and ≈1029 erg s−1 Hz−1 at t ≳ 20 days since explosion for ≈60% of the events in our sample. This shows that SNe Ic-BL similar to the GRB-associated SNe 1998bw, 2003lw, and 2010bh, or to the relativistic SNe 2009bb and iPTF17cw, are rare. Our results also exclude an association of the SNe Ic-BL in our sample with largely off-axis GRBs with energies E ≳ 1050 erg. The parameter space of SN 2006aj-like events (faint and fast-peaking radio emission) is, on the other hand, left largely unconstrained, and systematically exploring it represents a promising line of future research.

The Philosophy of Probability Values Behaviour through Fractions and Composite Probability Function for Independent Events in the Discrete Case

This paper focuses on dealing with probability theory, and it adopted an objectivism philosophic approach, as well as a mathematical approach. These approaches aim to study the probability values behaviour as discrete quantities in the case of discrete sample space for independent events through fractions and composite functions. This requires a discussion of the usage of probability statements, the causes behind the existence of probabilistic phenomenon, and an explanation that admits to measuring causality in probability theory through the concept of complement and fractions. The paper uses an experiment with a design that addresses the shortcoming of traditional experiments through the concept of fractions. This, in turn, reflects some aspects of the probabilistic behaviour, including some important consequences that follow through. This paper also uses the relative frequency of events and the probability axioms, which provides the sample space to include all possible events in the form of sequences and sub sequences. The paper further provides some definitions that define some elements of the fractions probabilities and the sample space, alongside some proven propositions, lemma, and corollaries that admit to calculating composite probability functions. This is in addition to a brief discussion of the continuous cases.

Home monitoring for older singles: A gas sensor array system

Many residential environments have been equipped with sensing technologies both to provide assistance to older people who have opted for aging-in-place and to provide information to caregivers and family. However, such technologies are often accompanied by physical discomfort, privacy concerns, and complexity of use. We explored the feasibility of monitoring home activity using chemical sensors that pose fewer privacy concerns than, for example, video-cameras and which do not suffer from blind spots. We built a monitoring device that integrates a sensor array and IoT capabilities to gather the necessary data about a resident in his/her living space. Over a period of 3 months, we uninterruptedly measured the living space of a typical elder person living on his/her own. To record the level of activity during the same period and obtain a ground truth for the activity, a set of motion sensors were also deployed in the house. Home activity was extracted from a PCA space moving-window which translated sensor data into the event space; this also compensated for environmental and sensor drift. Our results show that it is possible to monitor the person’s home activity and detect sudden deviations from it using a low-cost, non-invasive, system based on gas sensors that gather data on the air composition in the living space. We made the dataset publicly available at a data repository https://doi.org/10.24432/C5762W.

Re-establishing HIV/STI Testing Services Through University Student-Oriented Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic saw the disruption of HIV/STI testing services at crucial student-oriented spaces at the University of Michigan, including the Spectrum Center, an LGBTQ+ event and education space, and Wolverine Wellness, a well-being initiative through the University Health Services, alongside massive disruptions to testing seen elsewhere around the country (Zapata et al., 2022). HIV/STI testing resumed in October during the Fall 2021 semester at the University of Michigan at Wolverine Wellness and Spectrum Center. At the Spectrum Center, the oldest LGBTQ+ college center in the country, I had the unique opportunity to partner with professional and student staff to foster an environment sensitive to cultural needs, including awareness of how sexual and gender identity intersects with student sexual health and well-being. Additionally, at both sites, COVID-19 protocols from the state and university were also established in the new workflow of testing services. The re-introduction of HIV/STI testing services through student-oriented sites at the University of Michigan required a reassessment of work flow standards and engagement with the campus student population.

Equation for the Probability of Quantum Transitions in the Method of Path Integrals and Stochastic Processes in the Space of Joint Events

Equation for the Probability of Quantum Transitions in the Method of Path Integrals and Stochastic Processes in the Space of Joint Events

Geometry and Stability: Design and Construction of a 115m Span Freeform Roof in Kuala Lumpur

Pavilion Bukit Jalil Mall is a new high-end commercial development located in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The main attraction of the mall is the piazza, an external event space covered by the Mega Canopy, a 115m span and 20 to 40m high freeform steel roof covered with ETFE, supporting fans, lights and exhibits and providing an aerated and impressive 80m to 100m column-free space for the visitors. Although complex, the geometry was generated to fully take into account the buildability and to facilitate the fabrication of the ETFE. Many services run on the structure - such as lighting cables, winches cables or fans cables. The structure was designed so that all the cables could be fully concealed within the columns and above the main arches to keep the services out of sight. Challenging supporting conditions made the structure highly prone to buckling and sway. Optimization of the columns layout and height enabled to reduce the sensitivity of the structure to buckling while keeping an elegant and lightweight structure.

Third Book Launch, Workshop and Next Steps “Follow Your Heart. The School for Multipotentialites”

The overall aim of this report is to document the experience and knowledge gained during the third book launch and the third experience of a creative and emotional education bilingual workshop based on the book Follow Your Heart: the school for multipotentialites. Continuing along the lines of the two book launches held in Shepton Mallet, UK (February 2023) and Turin, Italy (March 2023), the three authors, in collaboration with Laura Vita (McMaster graduate student collaborating with ECO_CARE for her practicum), organized a third event inviting multilingual educators working in southern France. This event was held in Marseille, France in a large, bright event space owned by Prozon, a local company that serves businesses with locally-sourced technical equipment supplies through an online digital platform.

Cegpy: Modelling with chain event graphs in Python

Chain event graphs (CEGs) are a recent family of probabilistic graphical models that generalise the popular Bayesian networks (BNs) family. Crucially, unlike BNs, a CEG is able to embed, within its graph and its statistical model, asymmetries exhibited by a process. These asymmetries might be in the conditional independence relationships or in the structure of the graph and its underlying event space. Structural asymmetries are common in many domains, and can occur naturally (e.g. a defendant vs prosecutor’s version of events) or by design (e.g. a public health intervention). Whilst two CEG packages exist in R for modelling processes with asymmetric conditional independencies, there currently exists no software that allows a user to leverage the theoretical developments of the CEG model family in modelling processes with structural asymmetries. In this paper, we present cegpy: the first Python implementation of CEGs and the first across all languages to support structurally asymmetric processes. cegpy contains an implementation of Bayesian learning and probability propagation algorithms for CEGs. We illustrate the functionality of cegpy using a structurally asymmetric dataset.

From Screens to Projector, Wall, and TVs: Conceptualizing Livestreams as Design Material for Direct and Indirect Viewership Experiences

Livestreams are now ubiquitous-moving beyond web and mobile-based platforms into products such as fitness machines and smart home assistants. As such, viewership practices have also become varied and diverse: livestreams are used for interactive entertainment, social companionship, and multi-perspective spectatorship for music festivals and sporting events. At the premier in-person gaming livestream event, Games Done Quick (GDQ), attendees engage in a variety of different viewership practices across different event spaces where the livestream is projected on large stage screens, onto walls as peripheral displays, and routed to televisions in hotel venue rooms. This study takes GDQ as an information-rich fieldsite to examine how livestream viewership shifts, changes, and interleaves across physical spaces to provide an expanded livestream experience. From 11 semi-structured interviews with GDQ attendees and participant observations at three GDQ events, we found diverse practices of both direct and indirect viewership: the livestream is viewed in collocation with an audience and stage, but is also used to establish viewership continuity across disjoint spaces, tangentially to shop for interesting moments, as a timekeeping device, and even as a means of auditory obfuscation. To unpack these forms of viewership, we conceptualize livestreams as design material and identify its two key qualities of focality and metacontent. We illustrate how examining livestreams' focality and metacontent qualities allow us to understand the relationship between different livestream configurations and different viewership behaviors, as well as chart out new under-explored design directions for livestreaming that blend physical and digital spaces.

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

Reconciling Algorithmic Fairness Criteria

Event Space and Firm Value: Chinese Listed Firms in the US–China Trade War

Although past studies in crisis management usually have taken a geography-focused approach to study how physical proximity increases firms’ exposure to a crisis, this study draws on event system theory and proposes that independent of firms’ geographic locations, an event can have multiple spatial directions and proximities to the firms in the event space. To further unpack the effects of event space, we develop an integrated framework that considers how the event space interacts with entity attributes—which are found to help firms cope with external challenges affecting their market value. Using the shock of the 2018 US–China trade war on listed firms in China's stock market, we find that the trade war has significantly reduced the market value of firms that have spatial proximity to the product market (i.e., firms that belong to target industries) and to the geographic market (i.e., firms that export to the United States) in event space. This negative effect also spills over onto peer organizations with business activities related to target industries or the United States. Moreover, there are differential moderating effects from entity attributes, such as corporate political connections and corporate social responsibility, on the different event spatial directions, pointing to the distinct natures of event spatial directions. This study introduces a novel, multidimensional view of event space and uses it to develop an event space model for geopolitical events, and in so doing, we complement extant work on the role of crises in shaping corporate strategy and performance.

Improving Prediction of Fracture Distribution Using Microseismic Data and Acoustic Logging Measurements

Summary The complex fracture network from hydraulic fracturing can significantly improve oilwell productivity, so it is widely used in the field of unconventional reservoir development. However, accurate evaluation of the fracture spatial distribution remains a challenge. As a result, how to combine a variety of data to avoid data islands and identify and predict the space of fracture zone is of great importance. In this paper, we present a method and workflow based on the microseismic (MS) data combined with shear wave velocity data to estimate the physical parameters of subsurface media and improve the description and prediction accuracy for hydraulic fractures. The method analyzes MS events to construct the fracture spatial distribution and uses acoustic logging measurements to correct the magnitude of MS events and enhance the resolution. The corrected MS magnitude is mapped to the MS event space for Kriging interpolation analysis to predict the improved spatial distribution of fractures, which is available in the format of a 3D cloud image.

Post-Pandemic Lessons for Destination Resilience and Sustainable Event Management: The Complex Learning Destination

This paper aims to share post-pandemic lessons for destination resilience and the sustainability of events. It offers a new perspective that reimagines the space and place of events as learning destinations enmeshed in complex systems. Complexity arises due to the interactions and interrelationships between numerous stakeholders, activities, and events in the social–ecological destination system, where boundaries are porous, and issues and actions from afar can impact the local community. The case presented here describes the micro-level activities and actions undertaken to engage with destination resilience and sustainable event management and certification at a learning destination in Texas, USA. These situated efforts are shown (i) at the campus-wide level for the university and (ii) with the collaborative, learning-oriented activities undertaken by students in event management classes to pilot test the Sustainable Event Certification Checklist that was developed. They corroborate the general characteristics and criteria of the complex learning destination summarized in the paper, along with identifying and discussing the skills, literacies, and lessons learned to advance destination resilience and the sustainability of events. Participants in the learning destination draw on practical knowledge and develop soft skills to engage in adaptive planning proactively and collaboratively with other stakeholders to address emergent challenges and practical problems in the complex destination and sustainable event domain.

Quantum machine learning in the latent space of high energy physics events

We investigate supervised and unsupervised quantum machine learning algorithms in the context of typical data analyses at the LHC. To accommodate the constraints on the problem size, dictated by limitations on the quantum hardware, we concatenate the quantum algorithms to the encoder of a classical convolutional autoencoder, used for dimensionality reduction. We present results for a quantum classifier and a quantum anomaly detection algorithm, comparing performance to corresponding classical algorithms.

Bearing capacity of surface-strengthened concrete beam elements. Parametric analysis.

The study treats diffusively strengthened concrete beam elements. The element bearing capacity is estimated within a Generalized space of events introduced by the authors. Safety zones of the element’s safe operation under overloading are specified therein. The overloading is assumed to have a probabilistic character. A parametric analysis is performed based on specific criteria of loss of element’s bearing capacity, i.e.: (1) a boundary conditions criterion; (2) a criterion considering the effect of the overloading probability of the Safety zone; (3) a criterion accounting for the effect of transition area strengthening on the element bearing capacity. Two cases of beam element deformation are assumed- pure elastic deformation (C1), and deformation accompanied by compression micro-damage in the compression area of the concrete core (C2). The results for the Safety zones are discussed and analysed according to each criterion. Assessment of the element bearing capacity is also proposed.

Geometric Event-Based Quantum Mechanics

We propose a special relativistic framework for quantum mechanics. It is based on introducing a Hilbert space for events. Events are taken as primitive notions (as customary in relativity), whereas quantum systems (e.g. fields and particles) are emergent in the form of joint probability amplitudes for position and time of events. Textbook relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory can be recovered by dividing the event Hilbert spaces into space and time (a foliation) and then conditioning the event states onto the time part. Our theory satisfies the full Lorentz symmetry as a ‘geometric’ unitary transformation, and possesses relativistic observables for space (location of an event) and time (position in time of an event).

A Review of Spatial Variations of Multiple Natural Hazards and Risk Management Strategies in Pakistan

Natural hazards are dynamic and unpredictable events that are a continuous threat to global socio-economic development. Humans’ reactions to these catastrophes are influenced by their proximity to the hazards and their ability to anticipate, resist, cope with, and recover from their consequences. Due to climatic changes, the risk of multiple natural hazards is expected to increase in several regions of Pakistan. There is a pressing need to understand the spatial discrepancies of natural hazards due to climate change and identifying the regions that require special measures to increase resilience, achieve adaptation, and sustainable development goals. This paper synthesizes the related literature to understand spatial variations of natural hazards due to climate changes across Pakistan. The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), National Aeronautics and Space Administration Global Landslide Catalog (NASA-GLC), National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), and Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) are utilized to analyze spatial discrepancies and vulnerabilities to natural hazards. This study unveils that Pakistan’s current risk analysis and management strategies seem to be obsolete compared to global trends. Because of spatial variations of hazards, most research work on hazard risk assessments and risk management focuses on a single hazard, neglecting the co-occurrence impact of different natural hazards. Very limited studies are included in comprehensive multi-hazard risk strategies. Therefore, in Pakistan, risk management would require integrated multi-hazard risk assessment approaches to detect, analyze, measure, and evaluate various natural hazards, their effects, and interconnections. Moreover, the Pakistan governmental institutes dealing with natural hazards should focus on pre-disaster mitigation and resilience techniques instead of investing only in post-disaster relief activities.