Event Schema Research Articles

Das relações entre posse, localização e existência em Apurinã (Aruák)

Em Apurinã, língua Aruák falada ao longo de vários afluentes do rio Purus,sudoeste do Amazonas, as noções de posse, localização e existência podem ser expressas por uma mesma forma verbal. Em certas variedades da língua, o sufixo locativo pode expressar também posse em construções nominais. Essa característica de Apurinã, contudo, não é um caso isolado, uma vez que, em diferentes línguas, é recorrente a codificação linguística da posse estar relacionada à de localização e existência (cf.: HEINE, 1997, 2001; BARON; HERSLUND, 2001; STASSEN, 2009, entre outros). Neste artigo, buscaremos mostrar as relações conceituais e gramaticais entre esses três conceitos em Apurinã, focalizando a forma verbal awa, por meio da qual é possível verificar sincronicamente que a posse teve como domínio fonte a existência em construções verbais, dada a ocorrência de esquemas de eventos (HEINE, 1997, 2001) que revelam processos de gramaticalização operando na língua.

Joint Event Extraction Based on Hierarchical Event Schemas From FrameNet

Event extraction is useful for many practical applications, such as news summarization and information retrieval. However, the popular automatic context extraction (ACE) event extraction program only defines very limited and coarse event schemas, which may not be suitable for practical applications. FrameNet is a linguistic corpus that defines complete semantic frames and frame-to-frame relations. As frames in FrameNet share highly similar structures with event schemas in ACE and many frames actually express events, we propose to redefine the event schemas based on FrameNet. Specifically, we extract frames expressing event information from FrameNet and leverage the frame-to-frame relations to build a hierarchy of event schemas that are more fine-grained and have much wider coverage than ACE. Based on the new event schemas, we propose a joint event extraction approach that leverages the hierarchical structure of event schemas and frame-to-frame relations in FrameNet. The extensive experiments have verified the advantages of our hierarchical event schemas and the effectiveness of our event extraction model. We further apply the results of our event extraction model on news summarization. The results show that the summarization approach based on our event extraction model achieves significant better performance than several state-of-the-art summarization approaches, which also demonstrates that the hierarchical event schemas and event extraction model are promising to be used in the practical applications.

Semantic-to-Morphological Sequencing: Constraints on Mandarin Serial Motion Predication

This paper aims to probe into the semantic constraints that dictate the morphological make-ups of motion sequences. Given that Mandarin allows serial motion construction with multiple verbal morphemes, it is always an intriguing question as to how the morphemes are combined and ordered. To account for the allowed and disallowed sequences of prototypical motion verbs, three sequencing principles are proposed on par with the Proto-Motion Event Schema proposed in Liu et al. (2015). The proposed principles help to set the semantic boundary of a serial motion sequence (The Boundary-Setting Principle), rule out morphological combinations that are against the default order (the Non-Regressional Principle), and account for the prominence and characteristics of Path in motion predication (the Path-Delimiting Principle). As Path is an integral part of motion, it has to be properly delimited with a Path-delimiting element. These three principles may together account for the multi-morpheme motion sequences whose morphological structures are highly correlated with lexical semantic structures. By characterizing the semantic-to-morphological correlations, the study ultimately shows how morphosyntactic patterns are motivated and shaped by semantic and functional considerations in operation.

Left inferior parietal and posterior temporal cortices mediate the effect of action observation on semantic processing of objects: evidence from rTMS.

Previous studies showed that motor information related to tool use (i.e., functional actions) could affect processing of objects semantic properties, whereas motor information related to grasping or moving tool (i.e., structural actions) cannot. However, little is known about the neural correlates mediating such interaction between motor and semantic information. Here, healthy participants performed a semantic judgment task requiring identification of semantic relations among objects, after observing a functional, a structural or a pointing action prime. In a within-subject design, during prime presentation the participants underwent repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG), the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG) or received sham stimulation. Results showed that in the sham condition observing functional actions (vs. structural and pointing actions) favoured processing of semantic relations based on function similarity (i.e., taxonomic relations), but not of relations based on co-occurrence within an event schema (i.e., thematic relations). Moreover, stimulation of both left SMG and pMTG abolished the effect of functional action primes worsening subsequent judgment about taxonomic relations, and this effect was greater after pMTG stimulation. rTMS did not affect processing of thematic semantic relations. We suggest that action observation triggers activation of functional motor information within left inferior parietal cortex, and that integration between functional motor and conceptual information in left temporal cortex could impact high-level semantic processing of tools.

Representation of Real-World Event Schemas during Narrative Perception.

Understanding movies and stories requires maintaining a high-level situation model that abstracts away from perceptual details to describe the location, characters, actions, and causal relationships of the currently unfolding event. These models are built not only from information present in the current narrative, but also from prior knowledge about schematic event scripts, which describe typical event sequences encountered throughout a lifetime. We analyzed fMRI data from 44 human subjects (male and female) presented with 16 three-minute stories, consisting of four schematic events drawn from two different scripts (eating at a restaurant or going through the airport). Aside from this shared script structure, the stories varied widely in terms of their characters and storylines, and were presented in two highly dissimilar formats (audiovisual clips or spoken narration). One group was presented with the stories in an intact temporal sequence, while a separate control group was presented with the same events in scrambled order. Regions including the posterior medial cortex, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and superior frontal gyrus exhibited schematic event patterns that generalized across stories, subjects, and modalities. Patterns in mPFC were also sensitive to overall script structure, with temporally scrambled events evoking weaker schematic representations. Using a Hidden Markov Model, patterns in these regions predicted the script (restaurant vs airport) of unlabeled data with high accuracy and were used to temporally align multiple stories with a shared script. These results extend work on the perception of controlled, artificial schemas in human and animal experiments to naturalistic perception of complex narratives.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In almost all situations we encounter in our daily lives, we are able to draw on our schematic knowledge about what typically happens in the world to better perceive and mentally represent our ongoing experiences. In contrast to previous studies that investigated schematic cognition using simple, artificial associations, we measured brain activity from subjects watching movies and listening to stories depicting restaurant or airport experiences. Our results reveal a network of brain regions that is sensitive to the shared temporal structure of these naturalistic situations. These regions abstract away from the particular details of each story, activating a representation of the general type of situation being perceived.

Learning Naturalistic Temporal Structure in the Posterior Medial Network.

The posterior medial network is at the apex of a temporal integration hierarchy in the brain, integrating information over many seconds of viewing intact, but not scrambled, movies. This has been interpreted as an effect of temporal structure. Such structure in movies depends on preexisting event schemas, but temporal structure can also arise de novo from learning. Here, we examined the relative role of schema-consistent temporal structure and arbitrary but consistent temporal structure on the human posterior medial network. We tested whether, with repeated viewing, the network becomes engaged by scrambled movies with temporal structure. Replicating prior studies, activity in posterior medial regions was immediately locked to stimulus structure upon exposure to intact, but not scrambled, movies. However, for temporally structured scrambled movies, functional coupling within the network increased across stimulus repetitions, rising to the level of intact movies. Thus, temporal structure is a key determinant of network dynamics and function in the posterior medial network.

‘N1+使+N2+V1+(N3)’구문의 ‘피초래상황’에 대한 연구

This paper identifies the conceptual phenomenon of various event schemas in “caused situation” of sentence structure “N1+使+N2+V1+(N3)”. First, the components of “N1+使+N2+V1+(N3)” structure, “conceptual head” and fixed elements, are theoretically explained. Second, event schemas are categorized according to each world of experience that “N1+使+N2+V1+(N3)” structure belongs to, and the schematic meanings of the “caused situation” participants’ roles and relationships. Third, conceptual phenomenon in “caused situation” of “N1+使+N2+V1+(N3)” structure of the following schemas are discussed : the motional schema, the possession schema, and the existence schema, which belong to the material world ; the psychological schema of the psychological world ; and the action schema of the force dynamic-world.

Distributed analysis and filtering of application event streams

Abstract Large information systems comprise different interconnected hardware and software components, that collectively generate large volumes of data. Furthermore, the run-time analysis of such data involves computationally expensive algorithms, and is pivotal to a number of software engineering activities such as, system understanding, diagnostics, and root cause analysis. In a quest to increase the performance of run-time analysis for large sets of logged data, we present an approach that allows for the real time reduction of one or more event streams by utilizing a set of filtering criteria. More specifically, the approach employs a similarity measure that is based on information theory principles, and is applied between the features of the incoming events, and the features of a set of retrieved or constructed events, that we refer to as beacons. The proposed approach is domain and event schema agnostic, can handle infinite data streams using a caching algorithm, and can be parallelized in order to tractably process high volume, high frequency, and high variability data. Experimental results obtained using the KDD’99 and CTU-13 labeled data sets, indicate that the approach is scalable, and can yield highly reduced sets with high recall values with respect to a use case.

The syntax and semantics of dative DPs in Russian ditransitives

In this paper we propose a syntactic analysis of dative DPs in ditransitive constructions in Russian, answering three questions: (I) what semantic roles the indirect object realizes; (II) how it is syntactically ordered with respect to the direct object realizing the theme argument, and (III) how the first two issues are related to the morphological encoding of the indirect object, as a PP or as a morphologically case-marked DP. Addressing first question (II), we show that two kinds of syntactic hierarchies between the two internal arguments of a ditransitive configuration coexist, and that there are two sorts of datives that are hierarchically higher than the theme: those that can reconstruct and those that cannot. We then establish an interpretative correlation between these two types of dative DP, showing that the former is locational and the latter is not, providing the answer to question (I) and elucidating what underlies the morphological similarity, question (III). The interpretative and syntactic differences between scrambled and base generated high datives lead us to claim that in Russian, dative ditransitives have two distinct underlying structures that are not derivationally related. A scalar approach to event structure enables us to pinpoint the interpretative correlate of each type of dative (locational vs. non-locational) and provides a conceptual argument in favour of a non-synonymy non-derivational approach we pursue here: a path scale encoding event schema cannot be transformed into a different scale based event schema due to movement of the dative DP. Finally, the scalar approach allows us to identify the lexical correlates of a possessive interpretation of the high dative vs. a more beneficiary-like interpretation. Extent scales allow the former whereas property and path scales facilitate the other.

Performance Prediction of a MongoDB-Based Traceability System in Smart Factory Supply Chains.

In the future, with the advent of the smart factory era, manufacturing and logistics processes will become more complex, and the complexity and criticality of traceability will further increase. This research aims at developing a performance assessment method to verify scalability when implementing traceability systems based on key technologies for smart factories, such as Internet of Things (IoT) and BigData. To this end, based on existing research, we analyzed traceability requirements and an event schema for storing traceability data in MongoDB, a document-based Not Only SQL (NoSQL) database. Next, we analyzed the algorithm of the most representative traceability query and defined a query-level performance model, which is composed of response times for the components of the traceability query algorithm. Next, this performance model was solidified as a linear regression model because the response times increase linearly by a benchmark test. Finally, for a case analysis, we applied the performance model to a virtual automobile parts logistics. As a result of the case study, we verified the scalability of a MongoDB-based traceability system and predicted the point when data node servers should be expanded in this case. The traceability system performance assessment method proposed in this research can be used as a decision-making tool for hardware capacity planning during the initial stage of construction of traceability systems and during their operational phase.

The Semantic Network Model of Creativity: Analysis of Online Social Media Data

The central hypothesis of Semantic Network Model of Creativity is that creative people, who are exposed to more information that are both novel and useful, will have more interconnections between event schemas in their associations. The networks of event schemas in creative people’s minds were expected to be wider and denser than those in less creative people’s minds. Based on this theory, data from Chinese online social media, also known as “Weibo microblogging,” were analyzed. Each user’s score consisted of the metric of coverage, which represented the spread of the network, as well as the metric of density, which represented the interconnections among nodes in the network. The results showed that occupations had a significant effect on people’s creativity score. Academic scholars and writers in general had higher scores compared to other groups, such as entertainment celebrities and sport stars. The implications and limitations of this method of quantifying people’s creativity were discussed.

The proto-motion event schema: Integrating Lexical Semantics and Morphological Sequencing

The present paper investigates Mandarin verbs of MOTION, one of the fundamental domains of human activities and extensively discussed areas in linguistic research. Previous studies on Mandarin motion verbs are done primarily with a typological concern. However, given the iconic nature of serial motions in Mandarin, this paper attempts to provide a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the semantic-to-morphological and lexical-to-grammatical distinctions pertaining to the colloconstructional sequencing of motion verbs. Based on the Proto-Motion Event Schema (PMS), it offers an overarching framework for a top-down analysis of the conceptual structure of motion and a bottom-up examination of corpus-based collocations. Representing the iconic sequence of serial motion events, the Schema helps to identify the crucial semantic components, both verb-internally and verb-externally, for a systematic investigation and classification of motion progression. It attempts to establish a link for lexical semantic studies of motion from various perspectives. By probing into the conceptual basis of proto-motion event, the study ultimately offers an iconically-motivated account of the possible ranges of verb meaning and the semantic-to-morphosyntactic sequencing of Mandarin motion verbs.

THE MATERIAL AND THE PSYCHOLOGICAL: AN ANALYSIS OF THE CLAUSE STRUCTURE OF TAGALOG USING COGNITIVE GRAMMAR

For this paper, the researcher attempts to describe the clause structure of Tagalog using Cognitive Grammar (CG). Abiding by the said framework, sentences are regarded as grammatical constructions that represent different event schemas, which are then categorised into situations in: (1) the material world, or how the structured world exists, changes, or undergoes processes; and (2) the psychological world, or the internal world of human sensation, emotion, perception and thought. Analysing the semantic grammar of Tagalog, that is, looking at linguistic utterances as motivated by the meaning that the speaker wants to express, this study aims to provide new insights with regards to the characteristics of the components of grammar as a reflection of cognition.

Neural bases of event knowledge and syntax integration in comprehension of complex sentences

Comprehension of complex sentences is necessarily supported by both syntactic and semantic knowledge, but what linguistic factors trigger a readers’ reliance on a specific system? This functional neuroimaging study orthogonally manipulated argument plausibility and verb event type to investigate cortical bases of the semantic effect on argument comprehension during reading. The data suggest that telic verbs facilitate online processing by means of consolidating the event schemas in episodic memory and by easing the computation of syntactico-thematic hierarchies in the left inferior frontal gyrus. The results demonstrate that syntax–semantics integration relies on trade-offs among a distributed network of regions for maximum comprehension efficiency.

Approximate Semantic Matching of Events for the Internet of Things

Event processing follows a decoupled model of interaction in space, time, and synchronization. However, another dimension of semantic coupling also exists and poses a challenge to the scalability of event processing systems in highly semantically heterogeneous and dynamic environments such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Current state-of-the-art approaches of content-based and concept-based event systems require a significant agreement between event producers and consumers on event schema or an external conceptual model of event semantics. Thus, they do not address the semantic coupling issue. This article proposes an approach where participants only agree on a distributional statistical model of semantics represented in a corpus of text to derive semantic similarity and relatedness. It also proposes an approximate model for relaxing the semantic coupling dimension via an approximation-enabled rule language and an approximate event matcher. The model is formalized as an ensemble of semantic and top- k matchers along with a probability model for uncertainty management. The model has been empirically validated on large sets of events and subscriptions synthesized from real-world smart city and energy management systems. Experiments show that the proposed model achieves more than 95% F 1 Score of effectiveness and thousands of events/sec of throughput for medium degrees of approximation while not requiring users to have complete prior knowledge of event semantics. In semantically loosely-coupled environments, one approximate subscription can compensate for hundreds of exact subscriptions to cover all possibilities in environments which require complete prior knowledge of event semantics. Results indicate that approximate semantic event processing could play a promising role in the IoT middleware layer.

A framework for constructing cognition ontologies using WordNet, FrameNet, and SUMO

Psychoinformatics is an emerging discipline that uses tools from the information sciences to organize psychological data. This article supports that objective by proposing a framework for constructing cognition ontologies by using WordNet, FrameNet, and the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO). The first section describes the major characteristics of each of these tools. WordNet is a large lexical data base that was begun in the 1980s by George Miller. FrameNet is a database of event schemas based on a theory of frame semantics developed by the linguist Charles Fillmore. SUMO is a formal ontology of concepts expressed in mathematical logic that supports deductive reasoning. The next section discusses the objectives of science ontologies and includes examples for psychoses and for emotion. The article then describes potential applications of cognition ontologies for (1) studying how people organize knowledge, (2) analyzing major theoretical concepts such as abstraction, and (3) formulating premises that can serve as a link between informal taxonomies and formal ontologies. The final section discusses extending cognition ontologies to related domains such as artificial intelligence and cognitive neuroscience.

Constructing the Web of Events from Raw Data in the Web of Things

An exciting paradise of data is emerging into our daily life along with the development of the Web of Things. Nowadays, volumes of heterogeneous raw data are continuously generated and captured by trillions of smart devices like sensors, smart controls, readers and other monitoring devices, while various events occur in the physical world. It is hard for users including people and smart things to master valuable information hidden in the massive data, which is more useful and understandable than raw data for users to get the crucial points for problems-solving. Thus, how to automatically and actively extract the knowledge of events and their internal links from the big data is one key challenge for the future Web of Things. This paper proposes an effective approach to extract events and their internal links from large scale data leveraging predefined event schemas in the Web of Things, which starts with grasping the critical data for useful events by filtering data with well-defined event types in the schema. A case study in the context of smart campus is presented to show the application of proposed approach for the extraction of events and their internal semantic links.

Constructing the Web of Events from Raw Data in the Web of Things

An exciting paradise of data is emerging into our daily life along with the development of the Web of Things. Nowadays, volumes of heterogeneous raw data are continuously generated and captured by trillions of smart devices like sensors, smart controls, readers and other monitoring devices, while various events occur in the physical world. It is hard for users including people and smart things to master valuable information hidden in the massive data, which is more useful and understandable than raw data for users to get the crucial points for problems-solving. Thus, how to automatically and actively extract the knowledge of events and their internal links from the big data is one key challenge for the future Web of Things. This paper proposes an effective approach to extract events and their internal links from large scale data leveraging predefined event schemas in the Web of Things, which starts with grasping the critical data for useful events by filtering data with well-defined event types in the schema. A case study in the context of smart campus is presented to show the application of proposed approach for the extraction of events and their internal semantic links.

You can't cry your way to candy: Motion events and paths in the x's way construction

AbstractThis paper examines previous analyses of the x's way construction, focusing on the readings attributed to it within the Construction Grammar framework and constraints on the types of verbs allowed in the construction. It questions some of the characterizations of the construction and offers an alternative view that accounts for uses of the construction that have not been considered before. Specifically, it will demonstrate that metaphoric uses, particularly those with obtainment readings, reveal interesting properties of the construction that define how it assembles motion events and paths in these events. These will be shown to follow constraints of differing rigidity. While motion events can involve disparate subevents blended together, paths do not allow any integration of incongruous elements. The construction follows universal principles which govern how complex event schemas can be blended out of simpler schemas in linguistic constructions. More generally, as a closed-class form, not only does the construction conform to event-schema protocol, but its meaning associated with a motion event is a spare reading typical of a closed-class form. Thus the present analysis attempts to reconcile its constructionist approach to the way construction with the traditional division into closed- and open-class forms.

Event Schemas and Thematic Roles in Ilami Dialect of Kurdish

Speakers use schemas to organize their knowledge of the world. Without these mental structures, communication would be too difficult, if not impossible. Schemas are of different kinds and event schemas are considered as one of the most important categories of schema. In this paper, we aim to study different kinds of event schemas like, “being schema”, “doing schema”, “moving schema”, etc. in Ilami Kurdish. Our analysis is mainly based on the Dirven & Verspoor classification. In order to analyze these components, we will cite Kurdish examples, and then we try to analyze these instances by determining main thematic roles of each category. We will also discuss how these roles are affected by or affect something, in an event schema. Results show that Ilami more or less uses the categories previously studied in English.