Event Of Tsunami Research Articles

Development and Implementation of a Smartphone Application for Tsunami Evacuation

Soft countermeasures help to reduce casualties in the event of tsunami, and the present study proposes the use of a smartphone application to aid with a smooth evacuation. The application, developed via Unity3D, which is a well-known game platform engine, aims to accurately reproduce the area of interest by showing the location of refuge places within the natural and constructed environment. A GPS-positioning system was incorporated in the application, such that users could easily identify their location and that of the designated refuge sites. This can be helpful for coastal areas that are popular sightseeing destination, especially for visitors who are unfamiliar with the region. The effectiveness of the smartphone application was further investigated by conducting evacuation experiments using human participants in Kamakura city, which is an area vulnerable to earthquake-induced tsunamis. Two groups were tested to compare the effectiveness of the developed smartphone application: One control group without the application, and the other with the application. The results revealed that the participants that were using the smartphone application took shorter evacuation times, travelled slower, were less likely to pay attention to tsunami evacuation signs, and covered less distance to arrive at the designated refuge places.

Use of Neural Networks for Tsunami Maximum Height and Arrival Time Predictions

Operational TEWS play a key role in reducing tsunami impact on populated coastal areas around the world in the event of an earthquake-generated tsunami. Traditionally, these systems in the NEAM region have relied on the implementation of decision matrices. The very short arrival times of the tsunami waves from generation to impact in this region have made it not possible to use real-time on-the-fly simulations to produce more accurate alert levels. In these cases, when time restriction is so demanding, an alternative to the use of decision matrices is the use of datasets of precomputed tsunami scenarios. In this paper we propose the use of neural networks to predict the tsunami maximum height and arrival time in the context of TEWS. Different neural networks were trained to solve these problems. Additionally, ensemble techniques were used to obtain better results.

Tsunami evacuation times and routes to safe zones: a GIS-based approach to tsunami evacuation planning on the island of Stromboli, Italy

While a landslide at the volcanic island of Stromboli (Aeolian Islands, Italy) in December 2002 created a tsunami with a run-up of 10.9 m, two paroxysmal eruptions in the summer of 2019 caused a tsunami with an amplitude of 40 to 20 cm. All three events required rapid, spontaneous emergency evacuations of the beach zone as the time between tsunami generation and impact is around 4 min. These conditions thus require a special consideration of the issue of evacuation capabilities on the island in the event of a volcanogenic tsunami. The purpose of this paper is thus to (i) determine pedestrian evacuation times from high-risk coastal areas to safe zones, (ii) to assess building evacuation ease, and (iii) determine emergency evacuation plans (for buildings and coastal zones). For this purpose, we created a GIS-based risk analysis/mapping tool that also allowed macroscopic evacuation modelling. In our case, the high-risk zone to be evacuated involves an area extending to 10 m a.s.l. and involving 123 individual buildings over an area of 0.18 km2. The results show that 33% of the buildings can be evacuated in 4 min, and that a 10-min warning time is required for a complete and well-distributed evacuation whereby the population is evenly distributed between all evacuation exits to avoid the potential for congestion. Initial interviews of residents in the at-risk zone reveal a high level of awareness and a desire for personalized evacuation scenarios.

Consideration of the vertical load from a tsunami on bridge structures

A significant part of the territory of the Russian Federation is exposed to various natural
 disasters. One of the most destructive are tsunami waves. At the same time, for the development of these
 territories, there is a need for the development of transport infrastructure, which implies, among other
 things, the design of bridges. To ensure the reliability of bridges in the event of tsunami, it is necessary to
 fully take into account the possible impacts from these waves. In Russia, there is a document to determine
 the load from the tsunami. But, despite the existence of this document, the issue of taking into account the
 loads from the tsunami on various structures remains relevant. In particular, there are no clear guidelines
 for accounting for vertical loads from tsunami waves on bridge structures. With the help of the studies
 carried out on computer modelling of the wave roll-up on the bridge structure, this article proves the need
 to take into account the vertical loads from the tsunami, and also proposes a method for determining its
 numerical values. This study can complement the basic methodology for determining the loads from
 tsunami waves on bridge structures and help designers fully account for this dangerous natural disaster.

Hydrodynamics of Palu Bay during the Event of 2018 Palu Earthquake and Tsunami

The devastation of coastal area in Palu Bay few minutes after the September 28th, 2018 Sulawesi earthquake showed high variation of tsunami arrival time as well as the tsunami run-up and inundation. Recent findings showed that both local submarine landslides and the normal-slip components inside the Palu Bay may contribute to the generation of tsunami. However, the fact that the event occurred during high tide, the hydrodynamic characteristics of this narrow bay and their role in the dynamics of the generated of tsunami were unknown. Hydrodynamics simulation (Mike21-flow model) using the latest available bathymetry field data (the 2018 deep water of the Indonesian navy data and 2015 shallow water of the BIG data) was conducted to investigate the variation of sea levels and tidal currents within the bay during the event of earthquake and tsunami or within the first 8 minutes timeframe. Results showed that significant increase of water elevation up to 6 cm and current velocity up to 1 cm/s directed towards the city of Palu were observed that may contribute to the dynamics of the tsunami e.g. the speed of tsunami arrival time and the transformation of tsunami. Therefore, considering that multiple tsunami arrivals were in few minutes after the earthquakes, the hydrodynamics of Palu Bay during the event should also be considered in future tsunami simulation scenarios.

Tsunami evacuation simulation using geographic information systems for homecare recipients depending on electric devices.

Tsunamis cause direct damage to property and destroy infrastructure. In addition, power outages can lead to death, especially for patients who rely on medical equipment requiring a power supply. Recently, Nankai Trough Earthquakes have been predicted, and much effort has been put into developing countermeasures in Japan. Kochi City on Shikoku Island is expected to suffer in the event of a large tsunami. The present study identifies individuals living in Kochi who need evacuation assistance and depend on electrical medical devices, simulates evacuation behavior and inundation during a tsunami using a geographic information system (GIS), and considers the usefulness of such a GIS. We asked caregivers, including visiting nurses, to introduce us to homecare recipients who rely on a ventilator, an endotracheal suction device, or other medical devices requiring electric power. We received introductions to 52 homecare recipients. Using a GIS, we plotted the area of predicted inundation and the locations of homecare recipients, nursing stations, and welfare evacuation shelters. We predicted evacuation routes, and then analyzed the time difference between the time required for evacuation and tsunami arrival at a welfare evacuation shelter. To measure the effects of the main parameters, we conducted both one-way and multi-way sensitivity analysis. In the event of a tsunami, eight of the homecare recipients living in the forecasted inundation areas in Kochi may face delayed evacuation. Among homecare recipients facing a high possibility of escape delay, 95.2% lived more than 1,800 m from the nearest welfare evacuation shelter. We found that individual evacuation behavior can be simulated by specifying the residence of a homecare recipient and the evacuation route using a GIS.

A Study for Securing the Disaster Management Task Function of Local Governments in the Event of Earthquake and Tsunami

A Study for Securing the Disaster Management Task Function of Local Governments in the Event of Earthquake and Tsunami

A CASE-STUDY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS STABILITY AGAINST MAKRAN SUBDUCTION ZONE TSUNAMIS

A case-study pertaining to a number of existing breakwaters located on northern coastlines of the Gulf of Oman, directly facing the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) sets the context in order to elucidate the adopted methodologies for both Probabilistic Tsunamis Hazard Analysis (PTHA) as well as investigating breakwater stability in the event of a major tsunami. MSZ stretches from west to east for over 900 (km), affecting the coastlines of Iran, Pakistan, India, Oman and UAE as a potential source of tsunami hazard. According to historical data, the last reported MSZ generated tsunami which was triggered by the 1945CE earthquake of 8.1 (Mw) magnitude caused human fatality figures of up to almost 4,000, in addition to major structural devastation in its wake. Of particular interest, is the fate of existing breakwaters along the northern shorelines of the Gulf of Oman whose design criteria did not initially incorporate tsunami-related considerations, providing impetus for the modeling, design & analysis efforts presented in this article to serve the two-fold objective of assessing the need for strengthening existing structures, which are virtually all of the rubble-mound type, as well as deriving suitable design criteria for new breakwaters in the MSZ related tsunami affected region of Iran, earmarked for significant new developments.

河川津波による漂流氷板の閉塞現象に関する水理実験

In the event of tsunami during winter, damage can be incurred by tsunami intrusion into rivers such as collision between ice floes and river facilities, ice-jamming caused by deposited ice floes and bank overtopping of ice floes and consequent house damage in residential areas. The objective of this study is to clarify the ice floe behaviors during tsunami and to understand the mechanism which causes river ice-jamming. As the result, it was confirmed that ice-jamming occurred during the time of tsunami undertow. It was also revealed that ice floes were transported at the speed twice higher than in normal cases immediately downstream the ice-jamming point. Analysis by the authors succeeded in establishing a hydraulic experimental model to reproduce tsunami induced ice-jamming in rivers.

氷板混合津波が橋桁に及ぼす波力特性に関する実験的研究

In the event of a winter tsunami, there is the concern that floating ice sheets originating from sea ice might impact structures if the ice is carried by tsunami run-up. Accordingly, we conducted hydraulic model tests that reproduced the vertical and longitudinal behaviors of floating ice sheets carried by tsunami run-up. We clarified the characteristics of wave force for tsunamis that contain sea ice sheets and the impact of such tsunamis against bridge girders. In this test we reproduced a flow that contained solid substances and liquid substances. We confirmed that the wave force of a tsunami whose ice cover rate is 80% is about 2.5 times the wave force of a tsunami that contains no ice. We succeeded in showing the wave force characteristics of tsunami waves containing water and ice running up rivers in winter for bridge girder structures.

Keketuaan Indonesia Dalam Forum Foreign Policy Global Health Tahun 2013

Successful development of the health sector, will greatly affect the development and support the efforts of political, economic, social and cultural as well as the implementation of the foreign policy of a country. A state has a high quality health services to the people, will support the full development process of the country. The health sector development will also create development opportunities and other related sectors, such as the development of the pharmaceutical sector, health insurance and so on. Furthermore, the health sector's high capacity can be used as an instrument of diplomacy when negotiating or lobbying with other countries. Cuba, for example, has sent thousands of doctors around the world, including Indonesia, which in the event of natural disaster tsunami. This reflects the fact, the close connection between foreign policy with the health sector, so that the sector should be getting your full attention because it involves the national interest of a country in it.Keywords : foreign policy, development, health sector, instrument, diplomacy

Travel Behaviour Analysis of Local Residents during Evacuation in the Event of Tsunami in Bali Province

Abstract . This study investigates local residents travel behaviour in Bali Province during evacuation in the event of a tsunami. The analyses include shelter and human response time choices. Data were collected by distributing Stated Preferences (SP) questionnaires to local residents from two coastal areas of Kuta and Sanur. Data include household preferences to shelter and response time choices, personal data, socio-economy, a distance of residence to the coastline, and the experience of natural disasters. The analyses are conducted using binary logistic regression model. The study shows that significant factors influencing shelter choices are education levels, car ownership and no natural disaster knowledge. Significant factors influencing response time choices are age, a household with total income per month less than 3 million rupiahs, and car and motorcycle ownerships. The study suggests that the local government should begin to disseminate the alternative types and locations of shelter during an evacuation, considering the limited ability of the government in providing shelter in case of a tsunami. In addition, the local government is expected to consider the types and number of mass transport fleet that must be provided when the tsunami hit. Abstrak . Studi ini meneliti prilaku evakuasi penduduk lokal jika terjadi tsunami di Provinsi Bali yang meliputi pilihan tujuan perjalanan ke tempat berlindung (privat atau publik) dan waktu respon (cepat atau lambat). Data dikumpulkan dari dua wilayah pantai yaitu pantai Kuta dan Sanur dengan menyebarkan kuisioner Stated Preferences (SP) kepada penduduk lokal. Data meliputi preferensi rumah tangga terhadap pemilihan tempat berlindung dan pilihan waktu respon jika terjadi tsunami, data pribadi, sosial ekonomi, jarak tempat tinggal ke tepi pantai, dan pengalaman terhadap bencana alam Analisis dilakukan menggunakan model regresi logistik biner. Hasil studi menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap pemilihan tempat berlindung adalah tingkat pendidikan, jumlah unit mobil yang dimiliki rumah tangga dan tidak mempunyai pengalaman terhadap bencana alam lainnya (selain Tsunami). Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap waktu respon penduduk adalah umur, total pendapatan rumah tangga per bulan kurang dari 3 juta rupiah, jumlah unit mobil dan sepeda motor yang dimiliki rumah tangga. Studi ini menyarankan agar pemerintah daerah mulai mensosialisasikan alternatif tipe dan lokasi tempat berlindung saat evakuasi, mengingat kemampuan pemerintah yang tentunya terbatas di dalam menyediakan tempat berlindung jika terjadi tsunami. Pemerintah daerah juga diharapkan mengkaji tipe dan jumlah armada angkutan masal yang harus disediakan saat terjadi tsunami.

Impacts, recovery and resilience of Thai tourist coasts to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Abstract A powerful earthquake off Sumatra on 26 December 2004 set off the most disastrous tsunami to impact on the coasts and coastal communities of the Indian Ocean. Coastal tourism in Thailand, Sri Lanka and the Maldives was significantly affected. Examples from Phuket Island, Khao Lak and Ko Phi Phi Don, Thailand, show the variation in the impacts, recovery and resilience of Thai tourist coasts, focusing primarily on beach recovery and the reconstruction of the tourist industry. As priority was given to Phuket Island, tourism recovered after 1 year. Khao Lak was the worst affected and has yet to fully recover. Ko Phi Phi Don recovered but is plagued by land-use problems. Various mitigation measures have been implemented to increase the resilience of the tourist coasts. However, the resilience of the Thai tourist coasts in the event of a future tsunami is questionable.