Event Of Power Outage Research Articles

التقییم المالی لمشروعات زراعة الأکوابونیک وجدوى تبنیها فی مصر

Despite the role of the agricultural sector in the Egyptian national economy, the agricultural production falls short of total consumption needs in Egypt, which led to start thinking to intensify the production of food by vertical expansion beside conventional agriculture through the use of modern technologies, such as aquaponics as soilless agriculture, which the Egyptian farmers are not familiar with, so the paper aims to evaluate the proposed aquaponics projects in terms of economic assessment, financial assessment, SWOT analysis and to identify the level of technology adoption of the aquaponics agriculture and from which information sources they obtain their knowledge and to identify the requirements of dissemination of aquaponics technology and the most important problems facing them and proposals to solve. The research methodology used for achieving our objective was based on some statistical and financial tools, such as percentages, correlation, and regression model, as well as the feasibility study for the aquaponics agriculture, where the paper concluded the following results: - The main source of information for the aquaponics derived from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate at the Ministry of Agriculture. - Most of the respondents belong to the low adoption category with the impact of the exposure degree to information sources and the risk willingness on the degree of adoption of the Aquaponics technology. - The results showed that the payback period of the second category projects is shorter than the first and third category projects. - By comparing the IRR with the alternative opportunity to invest at a discount rate of 23% and 25% showed the project's ability to bear the adverse changes. - By comparing the return on investment (ROI), the internal rate of return (IRR) and the Payback period (PBP) between the three categories, the second category projects has been proved and better results achieved at the level of the financial measures used. - Comparison of break-even analysis of the three categories shows that the second category achieves the common break-even point in terms of quantity and value before the first and third categories. - The most important problems faced the adopters of aquaponics were the interruption of electricity and high-risk rate significantly when implement the aquaponics project and the lack of funding for the implementation of the aquaponics project and the lack of knowledge of responders about who can resort to them to design and supervision of the aquaponics units. - The most important proposals to overcome such problems are raising farmers awareness of the need to provide generators in sufficient numbers to use in the event of power outages and the interest of the authorities responsible for training courses for farmers on the aquaponics and to inform them of the schedule of these courses and provide brochures and booklets on the aquaponic technology and offer Facilitator loans to farmers to finance aquaponics projects and educating farmers about the most important entities where they can resort to them to designing and supervising aquaponic units.

Hierarchical energy management scheme for residential communities under grid outage event

The ever-increasing energy demand and extreme weather days lead to more frequent power outage events. This paper proposes a hierarchical energy management scheme for residential communities, aiming to facilitate energy sharing among houses and minimize the impact on the grid outage on the whole community. In the proposed model, the complexity of scheduling residential energy resources of multiple houses is decomposed into a bi-level structure, in which the Home Energy Management System (HEMS) of each house iteratively interacts with the Community Energy Management System (CEMS). In the upper layer, the CEMS receives the information of the planned outage; it then solves a social warfare optimization model to determine: (1) charging/discharging power of a community battery energy storage system, and (2) load re-shaping instructions of each house. In the lower layer, the HEMS of each house performs appliance-level autonomous scheduling to try to satisfy the load re-shaping instructions received from the CEMS. The autonomous scheduling result of individual HEMSs are sent back to the CEMS, and the latter updates the upper-layer result based on the received result. This process continues until the convergence criteria is achieved. Extensive simulations are conducted to validate the proposed solution

μPMU‐based intelligent island detection – the first crucial step toward enhancing grid resilience with MG

With the increased climatic change and modern grid complexity, extreme grid power outage events caused by natural calamity and human interruptions have led to an urgency to enhance the grid resiliency. Microgrids (MGs) have proved to be a concrete solution to these situations. However, these events are quite uncertain, leading to the unintentional island of MGs that has adverse effects. Thus, as a first step toward increasing grid resiliency with MG, informing the distributed generations about the unintentional island is a critical task. Hence, there is a need to develop a quick and reliable unintentional island detection scheme. Micro phasor measurement units (μPMUs) are becoming popular in MG. Given this, this study proposes an inadvertent island detection scheme in an MG using an intelligent μPMU. With the μPMU, the voltage at solar generator bus is measured, three features are extracted through spectral kurtosis and random forest classifier is employed for island detection. After island detection, a control methodology is proposed to circumvent the post-effects. The method has zero non-detection zone, 99.83% accuracy and a detection time of 20 ms. The reliability of the algorithm is ascertained using the analytical hierarchical approach and software fault-tree analysis.

Power Outage Estimation: The Study of Revenue-Led Top Affected States of U.S

The electric power systems are becoming smart as well as complex with every passing year, especially in response to the changing environmental conditions. Resilience of power generation and transmission infrastructure is important to avoid power outages, ensure robust service, and to achieve sustained economic benefits. In this study, we employ a two-stage model to estimate the power outage in terms of its intensity as well as the duration. We identify the top three potentially critical states of United States of America, not merely based on duration of the power outage, but by also incorporating outage related revenue loss. In the proposed model, the first stage classifies the intensity of the outage event while the second stage predicts the duration of the outage itself. Moreover, the key predictors are characterized and their association with outage duration is illustrated. We use a comprehensive and publicly available dataset, which provides the information related to historical power outage events, such as electricity usage patterns, climatological annotations, socio-economic indicators, and land-use data. Our rigorous analysis and results suggest that the power outage interval is the function of several parameters, such as climatological condition, economic indicators as well as the time of the year. The proposed study can help the regulatory authorities taking appropriate decisions for long term economic paybacks. It can also help disaster management authorities to take risk-informed resilient decisions for system safety.

FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF AQUAPONICS PROJECTS AND THE FEASIBILITY OF ADOPTING IT IN EGYPT

Despite the role of the agricultural sector in the Egyptian national economy, the agricultural production falls short of total consumption needs in Egypt, which led to start thinking to intensify the production of food by vertical expansion beside conventional agriculture through the use of modern technologies, such as aquaponics as soilless agriculture, which the Egyptian farmers are not familiar with, so the paper aims to evaluate the proposed aquaponics projects in terms of economic assessment, financial assessment, SWOT analysis and to identify the level of technology adoption of the aquaponics agriculture and from which information sources they obtain their knowledge and to identify the requirements of dissemination of aquaponics technology and the most important problems facing them and proposals to solve. The research methodology used for achieving our objective was based on some statistical and financial tools, such as percentages, correlation, and regression model, as well as the feasibility study for the aquaponics agriculture, where the paper concluded the following results: - The main source of information for the aquaponics derived from the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate at the Ministry of Agriculture. - Most of the respondents belong to the low adoption category with the impact of the exposure degree to information sources and the risk willingness on the degree of adoption of the Aquaponics technology. - The results showed that the payback period of the second category projects is shorter than the first and third category projects. - By comparing the IRR with the alternative opportunity to invest at a discount rate of 23% and 25% showed the project's ability to bear the adverse changes. - By comparing the return on investment (ROI), the internal rate of return (IRR) and the Payback period (PBP) between the three categories, the second category projects has been proved and better results achieved at the level of the financial measures used. - Comparison of break-even analysis of the three categories shows that the second category achieves the common break-even point in terms of quantity and value before the first and third categories. - The most important problems faced the adopters of aquaponics were the interruption of electricity and high-risk rate significantly when implement the aquaponics project and the lack of funding for the implementation of the aquaponics project and the lack of knowledge of responders about who can resort to them to design and supervision of the aquaponics units. - The most important proposals to overcome such problems are raising farmers awareness of the need to provide generators in sufficient numbers to use in the event of power outages and the interest of the authorities responsible for training courses for farmers on the aquaponics and to inform them of the schedule of these courses and provide brochures and booklets on the aquaponic technology and offer Facilitator loans to farmers to finance aquaponics projects and educating farmers about the most important entities where they can resort to them to designing and supervising aquaponic units.

Assessment of a storage system to deliver uninterrupted therapeutic oxygen during power outages in resource-limited settings.

Access to therapeutic oxygen remains a challenge in the effort to reduce pneumonia mortality among children in low- and middle-income countries. The use of oxygen concentrators is common, but their effectiveness in delivering uninterrupted oxygen is gated by reliability of the power grid. Often cylinders are employed to provide continuous coverage, but these can present other logistical challenges. In this study, we examined the use of a novel, low-pressure oxygen storage system to capture excess oxygen from a concentrator to be delivered to patients during an outage. A prototype was built and tested in a non-clinical trial in Jinja, Uganda. The trial was carried out at Jinja Regional Referral Hospital over a 75-day period. The flow rate of the unit was adjusted once per week between 0.5 and 5 liters per minute. Over the trial period, 1284 power failure episodes with a mean duration of 3.1 minutes (range 0.08 to 1720 minutes) were recorded. The low-pressure system was able to deliver oxygen over 56% of the 4,295 power outage minutes and cover over 99% of power outage events over the course of the study. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of a method to extend oxygen availability and provide a basis for clinical trials.

Multidimensional Data Model and Analysis Method of Power Outage Factors in Distribution Network

With the increasing dependence of the customers on the power supply, users are becoming more sensitive for the power outage events, and the proportion of frequent outages is on the rise. This paper established a multidimensional data model of the event of a power outage through the online analytical processing technology (OLAP), the main causes of the power outage in the distribution network and the existing weak link of power supply can be found out from multiple perspectives and the multi-dimensional analysis and mining of power outage data can be realized. The power supply company can take the analysis results to improve the scientific rationality of the route inspection and maintenance plan of the distribution network, and improve the quality of power supply service in electric power enterprises effectively.

How Do Extreme Weather Events Impact Investment in Combined Heat and Power?

Since 1980, the United States has experienced 219 separate billion dollar plus natural disaster events. The total cost of these 219 events is estimated to be $1.8 trillion dollars. This takes into account 2017, which is on record as being the most costly year for natural disasters, with a cumulative cost of over $300 billion dollars. The number and intensity of these events are causing growing concern across the globe, as well. For this study, we are curious as to whether the growing number and intensity of events has led to greater investment in more resilient power systems. A resilient power system is one that is built to lessen the likelihood of a power outage, as well as manage and deal with power outage events to decrease impacts, regrouping quickly when the power comes back on and learning from the outage event to reduce likelihood of future outages .

Sequential Service Restoration for Unbalanced Distribution Systems and Microgrids

The resilience and reliability of modern power systems are threatened by increasingly severe weather events and cyber-physical security events. An effective restoration methodology is desired to optimally integrate emerging smart grid technologies and pave the way for developing self-healing smart grids. In this paper, a sequential service restoration (SSR) framework is proposed to generate restoration solutions for distribution systems and microgrids in the event of large-scale power outages. The restoration solution contains a sequence of control actions that properly coordinate switches, distributed generators, and switchable loads to form multiple isolated microgrids. The SSR can be applied for three-phase unbalanced distribution systems and microgrids and can adapt to various operation conditions. Mathematical models are introduced for three-phase unbalanced power flow, voltage regulators, transformers, and loads. The SSR problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model, and its effectiveness is evaluated via the modified IEEE 123 node test feeder.

Field Demonstration of a Novel Reversible SOFC System for Islanded Microgrid Energy Storage

The high cost and energy security of importing fuel to islanded grids and communities has led to a growing need to generate power onsite with alternative and renewable energy technologies while reducing logistics costs of importing electrical power. The ability to provide independence, endurance, reliability, and resilience of power compels both remote and critical infrastructure loads to integrate greater capabilities into their microgrid systems. However, grid operators are being faced with the challenges of variability and intermittent energy production from renewables. Therefore, energy storage has become a critical component to balance micro and utility grids, improve efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, enable localized grid independent energy secure power in cases of emergencies or unreliable traditional grid use, and provide critical power in the event of power outages. There has been particular interest in reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs) in the energy sector for electricity, energy storage, grid stabilization and improvement to power plant system efficiency due to favorable thermodynamic efficiencies of high temperature steam electrolysis. With funding from Naval Facilities Engineering Command and Expeditionary Warfare Center (NAVFAC EXWC), Boeing’s Advanced Technologies Program, using Sunfire fuel cell technology, has developed the largest ever fully integrated grid tied RSOFC system that uses sunlight and sea water to generate and store energy with no logistical tail. In this system, excess grid energy or curtailed power generated by renewables is sent to the system operating in electrolysis mode to produce H2. The H2 is stored and then used in the system’s fuel cell mode to provide supplemental power to the grid during peak hours or as needed. The system was designed to run off of sea water for cooling and water feed for electrolysis via an internal desalination unit or via the water recycle system. As part of this program, Boeing has developed a H2 storage and compression system, power distribution system, and master controller to interface with the fuel cell subsystem developed by Sunfire. Previous results showed that the system exceeded expectations with an electrolysis efficiency of > 80% LHV and an overall system efficiency of 60% LHV with compression and liquid water feed. The system has been shipped to Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii to undergo a 6 month demonstration in the field on a working island microgrid. The intent of this demonstration is to validate the opportunity to insert reversible fuel cell systems with greater power generation (e.g. up to 1 MW) into microgrids on both remote islands and expeditionary applications. This paper will discuss test results and challenges of demonstrating a RSOFC system in island microgrid environments. It will also discuss how the RSOFC system fits into the overall microgrid concept for NAVFAC and helps to address a logistic free hydrogen economy in remote areas.

Analysis of the Power Outage Effects in RFID

During RFID inventories, transmission losses due to fading may cause power outage events to the tags, which loose their state and abandon the ongoing identification round. We develop an analytical model, which includes this effect and allows us to accurately characterize RFID anti-collision protocol performance. We show that power outage events produce deviations from ideal performance, leading to new criteria to set the optimal operation parameters in RFID.

Development and Demonstration of a Novel Reversible SOFC System for Utility and Micro Grid Energy Storage

AbstractEnergy storage is a critical component to supply local energy generation for both grid and off‐grid connected facilities and communities, enabling localized grid independent energy secure power in cases of emergencies or unreliable traditional grid use. The high cost and energy security of importing fuel to islanded grids has led to a growing need to generate power onsite with alternative and renewable energy technologies while reducing facility costs of importing electrical power. However, utility grid operators are being faced with the challenges of intermittent and variability in energy production from renewables. Therefore, energy storage is crucial to balance micro and utility grids, improve efficiency, reduce fuel consumption, and provide critical power in the event of power outages. There has been particular interest in reversible solid oxide fuel cells (RSOFCs) in the energy sector for electricity, energy storage, grid stabilization and improvement to power plant system efficiency due to favorable thermodynamic efficiencies of high temperature steam electrolysis. Boeing has been active in the development of a fully integrated, grid tied RSOFC system for micro grid and commercial utility energy storage using Sunfire fuel cell technology. In this system, excess grid energy or curtailed power generated by renewables is sent to the system operating in electrolysis mode to produce H2. The H2 is stored and then used in the system's fuel cell mode to provide supplemental power to the grid during peak hours or as needed. As part of this program, Boeing has developed a H2 storage and compression system, power distribution system, and master controller to interface with RSOFC subsystems. Sunfire developed a reversible solid oxide cell module with a power output of 50 kW in SOFC mode and 120 kW input in electrolysis mode producing 3.5 kg H2 hr−1. The system was demonstrated while connected to the local utility grid and operated in a microgrid test environment. This paper will discuss the development, integration, and demonstration of the RSOFC system.

Does it matter why power outages occur? An example of information-induced gender-heterogeneous preference on the intensive and extensive margins of choice

People experience welfare losses in the event of power outages. A higher share of wind power in the power generation mix increases difficulties in forecasting power generation. This, in turn, challenges an effective utilization of wind power and increases the risk of power outages. Using a split sample approach, we test whether private households’ preferences for power outages are sensitive to information regarding the positive influence that controlled power outages can have on the utilization of wind energy in particular. Information increases the overall acceptance of contracts with low compensation, but influences females and males differently. Relative to female respondents, information increases male respondents’ preferences for accepting a contract, whilst information reduces preferences among females, relative to males, for contracts with higher levels of compensation.

Solar Powered Cell Phone Charging Station

This study is focused on the development of a cell phone charging station that is solely operated through solar power by means of a solar cell which is attached to the charging station through a backup storage battery. The device is mainly aimed for commercial use since it can require a certain fee for a specified period to charge a mobile phone. However, in case of calamities the charging station can be used as an emergency charging station in the event of prolonged power outages. Since the device is a standalone system it can charge mobile phone as long as there is sunlight. Even during night time, the device can still charge phone as long as the battery still has power.

Willingness to Pay for Improved Electricity Supply in Ghana

One major problem facing Ghana is the unreliable supply of electricity. Unreliable electricity supply largely attributed to supply side constraints such as poor energy infrastructure, low tariffs which is below cost recovery and increasing demand has made it difficult to provide uninterrupted supply for the populace. Currently, there is a constant outcry by Ghanaians for the government and service providers to improve electricity service delivery due to the fact that households do suffer economic losses in the event of unannounced power outages to the point that many of them may be willing to pay higher tariffs if that will ensure improved service delivery. In this study we assess households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for improved electricity supply as well as the factors that influence WTP through a contingent valuation survey. Results from our analysis indicated that, households in Ghana are prepared to pay on the average about ￠0.2734 for a kilowatt-hour which is about one and a half times more than what they are paying currently. An econometric analysis of the factors that influence households’ WTP for improved electricity supply indicates that household income, sex, household size, secondary and tertiary level education are the significant factors.

Does it Matter Why Power Outages Occur? An Example of Information Induced Gender Heterogeneous Preference on the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Choice

People experience welfare losses, in the event of power outages. A higher share of wind power in the power generation mix increases difficulties in forecasting power generation. This, in turn, challenges an effective utilization of wind power and increases the risk of power outages. Using a split sample approach, we test whether private households’ preferences for power outages are sensitive to information regarding the positive influence that controlled power outages can have on the utilization of wind energy in particular. Information increases the overall acceptance of contracts with low compensation, but influences females and males differently. Relative to female respondents, information increases male respondents’ preferences for accepting a contract, whilst information reduces preferences among females, relative to males, for contracts with higher levels of compensation.

Infrastructure failure interdependencies in extreme events: power outage consequences in the 1998 Ice Storm

This paper addresses the problem of interdependent failures of critical infrastructures in disasters. Disruptions to critical infrastructure systems such as electric power or transportation frequently cause major social and economic loss in disasters, both directly and through failures in one system leading to or compounding disruptions in another. Strategic approaches regarding infrastructure failures are needed to guide community mitigation and preparedness efforts. This paper defines and provides a conceptual framework for investigating infrastructure failure interdependencies (IFIs) from the standpoint of societal impacts. In order to identify empirical patterns, a unique database has been developed of IFIs observed in major electric power outage events. This paper presents analysis of this data for a major Canadian disaster, the 1998 Ice Storm that affected the northeastern region of the country. The analysis identifies IFIs due to power outage caused by the storm that are of greatest societal concern. These represent potential foci for effective, targeted pre-disaster mitigation and preparedness efforts. The framework and approach are broadly applicable across a range of natural and human-induced hazards.

INDUSTRIAL A PPLICATIONS OF F LYWHEELS

This article examines the technical and economic factors behind theapplication of a flywheel system to an industrial application to alleviatethe damaging and costly effects of electrical sags and momentary powerinterruptions. The article examines an industrial customer who was los-ing production through sag and momentary power outage events. In asingle event, the affected customer was out of action for 11 hours follow-ing a sag in the electrical power that tripped four extrusion lines. Previ-ously, industry had considered that it is uneconomical to provide con-tinuous power ride-through for adjustable speed drive equipment in theextruder application. Now industry has a new tool that can be employedto add security to the process through the use of kinetic energy stored ina flywheel. It is very clear from the results of this demonstration projectthat there are many industrial applications that would gain from thisform of low-speed flywheel energy storage system.

Industrial Applications of Flywheels

ABSTRACT This article examines the technical and economic factors behind the application of a flywheel system to an industrial application to alleviate the damaging and costly effects of electrical sags and momentary power interruptions. The article examines an industrial customer who was losing production through sag and momentary power outage events. In a single event, the affected customer was out of action for 11 hours following a sag in the electrical power that tripped four extrusion lines. Previously, industry had considered that it is uneconomical to provide continuous power ride-through for adjustable speed drive equipment in the extruder application. Now industry has a new tool that can be employed to add security to the process through the use of kinetic energy stored in a flywheel. It is very clear from the results of this demonstration project that there are many industrial applications that would gain from this form of low-speed flywheel energy storage system.

Lessons learned from the power outages on 29 July and 21 September 1999 in Taiwan

Two of the most severe power outage events took place in Taiwan in the year 1999. One occurred at 11:31 p.m. on 29 July when the #326 transmission tower collapsed due to a landslide, which disconnected around 83% (8.46 million) of the electricity consumers from the energy supply. About two months later, a devastating earthquake struck at 1:47 a.m. on 21 September. The quake halted the power supply to over 6.8 million users. Officials estimated the minimum total cost of the damage from both events to be several billion New Taiwan Dollars (NTD) (i.e. USD $1≈NTD $35), including manufacture losses and facility damages from high-tech industrial parks, asset damages and purchasing new equipment from the utility, and business losses from other industry sectors. The paper provides a technical review of both power failures and lessons learned from the outages. The paper summarises the system characteristics and the network conditions prior to, during and after both incidents. Finally, the lessons learned from both power failures and future strategies to be adopted by Taiwan Power Company (TPC) are concluded.