Breaking Events Research Articles

Feasibility Analysis of Timber Sales Business Reviewed from Financial Aspects (Case Study of UD. Langgeng Jaya in Tawangsari Village, Jombang)

The furniture industry is an industry that converts wood into processed wood in the form of goods such as tables, chairs, cupboards, etc. Demand for processed wood is increasing along with population growth. The financial feasibility of UD Langeng Jaya was the focus of this research for five years, namely from 2017 to 2021. This location was chosen deliberately because there had been no previous research at UD. Langgeng Jaya is one of the wood sales industries that is currently developing. The data analysis used is the calculation of Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PP), and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the research show that UD Langgeng Jaya in Tawangsari Village, Mojowarno District, Jombang Regency, is financially feasible to develop in terms of Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR 2,742,319,730,- > 0, Payback Period (PP) for wood sales is 1 year, 9 months 7 days and the Break Even Point for sales of UD Langgeng Jaya wood is IDR 3,123,716,-, while the breakeven point for sales of beams and wood is 51 pieces.

A Comparative Investigation of Monsoon Active and Break Events over the Western North Pacific

Abstract This study identifies 86 active events and 66 break events of the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM) from 1979 to 2020. These active and break events exhibit sharp contrast in large-scale convection and circulation fields. During the active period, deep convection almost covers the entire WNP domain (0°–25°N, 120°–170°E), accompanied by the strengthening of a local monsoon trough and monsoon westerlies extending from the Arabian Sea to the WNP. In contrast, during the break period, along with weakened monsoon westerlies, the subtropical high replaces the monsoon trough to dominate the WNP domain, leading to the disappearance of deep convection. Results about the convection evolution at multiple time scales indicate that active/break events are primarily contributed to by the wet/dry phases of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). The phase transitions of ISOs are nearly symmetric between active and break events. However, these two types of events present notable asymmetric features in convection anomalies relative to climatology, which can be attributable to the modulation of the seasonal mean component. Specifically, both active and break events correspond to anomalously strong seasonal mean convection, which amplifies (weakens) the convection enhancement (suppression) during the active (break) period and results in normal (enhanced) convection during adjacent periods. The preferred occurrence of active and break events in strong summer monsoons is because related mean backgrounds, including increased low-level positive vorticity, specific humidity, and easterly vertical shear, facilitate the intensification of ISOs. These mean backgrounds are likely induced by SST cooling in the north Indian Ocean and warming in the equatorial central Pacific during the simultaneous summer. Significance Statement The subseasonal variation in monsoon rainfall typically manifests as fluctuations between active events with abundant rainfall and break events with deficit rainfall, which can induce converse extremes such as floods and droughts, significantly affecting water management, agriculture planning, and economic activities. This study aims to reveal the characteristics, formation, and occurrence regularity of active and break events during the western North Pacific summer monsoon (WNPSM). We note that the occurrence of these active and break events is determined not only by intraseasonal oscillations but also by seasonal mean backgrounds, which result in certain asymmetrical features between the two types of events. These results will enhance our understanding of the monsoon’s intraseasonal variability and the physical association between multiple time scales over the WNP domain (0°–25°N, 120°–170°E).

Intraseasonal Variability and Physical Characteristics of the Break and Active Phases of the Mainland Indochina Southwest Monsoon

ABSTRACTThe term ‘break’ is traditionally meant only for dry spells occurring after monsoon onset in the region. Simply put, the daily rainfall of the monsoon pauses across the region for a few days, which is called a ‘break spell’, and the revised pattern is called ‘active’. Researchers have suggested that standardised anomalies of three consecutive days of rainfall prevail when categorising active and break spells. This study examined break spells and active spells at interannual, intraseasonal, and decadal scales by examining the frequency and spatial distribution of three consecutive days of rainfall occurrences of different intensities linked to break and active events over the mainland Indochina region. The difference in the surface‐to‐upper wind circulation between active spells with excessive moist convection and intense break events with less rainfall was explained by various atmospheric parameters. During active phases, the easterly jet migrated south, while subtropical westerly entered lower latitudes during the break. During break spellings, the upper and lower troposphere jet winds will be weaker and dislocated over the study area but stronger during active time. La Niña encourages more break days than active days and distinguishing between vertical meridional circulation and intense break events with a heat trough‐type circulation and active spells with moist convection is crucial for developing suitable prediction tools.

Finite Element Simulation of Acoustic Emissions from Different Failure Mechanisms in Composite Materials

Damage in composite laminates evolves through complex interactions of different failure modes, influenced by load type, environment, and initial damage, such as from transverse impact. This paper investigates damage growth in cross-ply polymeric matrix laminates under tensile load, focusing on three primary failure modes: transverse matrix cracks, delaminations, and fiber breaks in the primary loadbearing 0-degree laminae. Acoustic emission (AE) techniques can monitor and quantify damage in real time, provided the signals from these failure modes can be distinguished. However, directly observing crack growth and related AE signals is challenging, making numerical simulations a useful alternative. AE signals generated by the three failure modes were simulated using modified step impulses of appropriate durations based on incremental crack growth. Linear elastic finite element analysis (FEA) was applied to model the AE signal propagating as Lamb waves. Experimental attenuation data were used to modify the simulated AE waveforms by designing arbitrary magnitude response filters. The propagating waves can be detected as surface displacements or surface strains depending upon the type of sensor employed. This paper presents the signals corresponding to surface strains measured by surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors. Fiber break events showed higher-order Lamb wave modes with frequencies over 2 MHz, while matrix cracks primarily exhibited the fundamental S0 and A0 modes with frequencies ranging up to 650 kHz, with delaminations having a dominant A0 mode and frequency content less than 250 kHz. The amplitude and frequency content of signals from these failure modes are seen to change significantly with source–sensor distance, hence requiring an array of dense sensors to acquire the signals effectively. Furthermore, the reasonable correlation between the simulated waveforms and experimental acoustic emission signals obtained during quasi-static tensile test highlights the effectiveness of FEA in accurately modeling these failure modes in composite materials.

Analysis of Alternative Clean Water Supply in Bira Beach Tourism Area, Bulukumba Regency

Clean water is used daily for drinking, sanitation, and other activities that support human life. Clean water has requirements in terms of quality and quantity. Clean water requirements include physical, chemical, and biological parameters with specific threshold values so that, it will not cause side effects when consumed. The quantity of clean water provided can be seen from the amount of raw water available to meet regional needs. This study aims to determine the potential for a clean water supply in the Bira Beach Tourism Area of Bulukumba. The alternatives include boreholes, Regional Drinking Water Company, rainwater harvesting, domestic wastewater reuse, and seawater desalination. The method used in this research is Break Event Point (BEP) to determine the economic price of each alternative water supply and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method to choose the most suitable alternative to be used by calculating six criteria, namely quality, quantity, continuity, ecology, and technology. The results of this study indicate that the lowest BEP value is a borehole at IDR 302, then Regional Drinking Water Company at IDR 2,500, seawater desalination at IDR 4,022, domestic wastewater reuse at IDR 6,300 and rainwater harvesting at IDR 16,834, and the results of research using the AHP method rainwater harvesting and wastewater reuse get the highest value of 108.52 and 69.04 respectively.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF NUTRIENT USE IN BIOFLOC SYSTEM VANAME SHRIMP TO MAXIMIZE FARMING PROFITS

Aquaculture is one of the alternative activities in increasing fisheries production. Shrimp is the commodity with the highest number of exports, which is 239.28 million kilograms. The key to the growth of cultured biota is by feeding nutrients in order to increase company profits. The purpose of this research is to determine whether nutritional formulas may reduce feed costs for cultivation and are able to accelerate the growth of biota to be cultivated and determine the results of profit comparisons between cultivation using nutritional formulas and not using nutritional formulas. This research applies descriptive approach method by means of observation and interviews and business feasibility analysis including income, TR (Total Revenue), BEP (Break Event Point), PBP (Payback Period) and FRR (Financial Rate of Return). The results of this research indicated that the provision of nutrients in biofloc system vaname shrimp farming can maximize the benefits of cultivation, BEP and PBP are also much faster and FRR > Bank interest rates.

Feasibility of snakehead fish hatchery (Channa striata) using a round pond in Labuan Amas Selatan district, Hulu Sungai Tengah regency, Kalimantan Selatan province, Indonesia

<p>This study aims to determine the technicalities and analyze the feasibility of <em>snakehead fish</em> (<em>Chana striata</em>) hatchery using round ponds in Labuan Amas Selatan District. The data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis used is a qualitative descriptive analysis to determine the technical aspects of the fish hatchery, financial analysis to determine the feasibility of the business with profit analysis, Payback Period (PP), Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost (Net B/C), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The study results show that <em>snakehead fish</em> hatchery using round ponds produces <em>snakehead fish</em> seed in 7 cycles in one year; in each cycle, 6–10 pairs of <em>snakehead fish</em> are used, which can be spawned with an average nursery time of 1.5 months. <em>Snakehead fish</em> cultivation techniques include broodstock maintenance, broodstock selection, spawning, larval transfer and maintenance, nursery, harvesting, and marketing. The results of the business feasibility analysis obtained a profit value of IDR 63,465,000/year with a speedy return on investment for 1.64 years, the BEP value of production = 20,742 seed < the production value = 56,000 seed, and the BEP price of IDR 667/seed < the current price = IDR 1,800/seed. The NPV value at the hatchery reached IDR 366,007,925, meaning NPV > 0, Net B/C > 1 value of 4.62, and IRR value of 62.81%, which means it is greater than the current interest rate of 6%. Based on various financial analyses, the <em>snakehead fish</em> hatchery business using round ponds is profitable and feasible.<strong></strong></p>

Mechanical fatigue in microtubules

Mechanical failure of biological nanostructures due to sustained force application has been studied in great detail. In contrast, fatigue failure arising from repeated application of subcritical stresses has received little attention despite its prominent role in engineering and potentially biology. Here, paclitaxel-stabilized microtubules are up to 256 times bent into sinusoidal shapes of varying wavelength and the frequency of breaking events are observed. These experiments allow the calculation of fatigue life parameters for microtubules. Repeated buckling due to 12.5% compression–equal to the compression level experienced by microtubules in contracting cardiomyocytes – results in failure after in average 5 million cycles, whereas at 20.0% compression failure occurs after in average one thousand cycles. The fatigue strength (Basquin) exponent B is estimated as − 0.054±0.009.

Pengolahan Tamagiri Nasi Uduk Buah Naga pada Resto Kebun Naga Poernama Garut

The purpose of this innovation is to add to the menu at Resto kebun Naga Poernama. Data collection was carried out by organoleptic tests on 25 people conducted by lecturers, industry and consumers. Based on the tabulation of organoleptic test data, the author can conclude that the Dragon Fruit Uduk Rice at Resto Kebun Naga Poernama. from the results of the calculation on the level of liking obtained the value in the main test as follows: appearance 80% (very like), 20% (like). Color 68% (very like), 32% (like). Aroma 44% (very like). 56% (like). Texture 76% (like), 24% (like). Taste 84% (like very much), 16% (like). Taste 80% (really like), 20% (like). so it is stated that Tamagiri Dragon Fruit Shrimp Rice is liked and acceptable by panelists. After obtaining the results of the Break Event Point calculation, it is concluded that for 1 portion of Tamagiri Dragon Fruit Shrimp Rice, it is Rp.6,075, while the selling price per portion is Rp.16,000 with a food cost of 37%, BEP of 166 pcs, fixed cost of Rp. 1,500,000 and it is concluded that in order to get a target margin of Rp. 2,000,000,- / month, it must sell as many as 388 pcs / month or 13pcs / day. The author's suggestion for future researchers is to make eggshells that are not fishy and add more varied fillings.

Development of an exposure assessment industrial model for Bacillus cereus in rice matrix containing insect chitosan.

An exposure assessment model for industrial use has been developed by using kinetic data from inactivation and growth of Bacillus cereus spores. It can provide a valuable tool for estimating the concentration of B. cereus after a storage period of 24 h at a specified temperature (20 °C) and for an estimation of the percentage of contaminated portions according to the input data of the model. This model considers a rice-derived product that has undergone a standard cooking process at 95 °C for 20 min. According to the results, the presence of chitosan affects the final microbial load after storage, potentially serving as an additional control measure in the event of cold chain abuse or break. Chitosan's antimicrobial properties likely play a role in reducing microbial growth during storage, thereby contributing to enhanced food safety. In practical terms, this suggests that incorporating chitosan into food products, especially those susceptible to microbial contamination like rice derivatives, could help mitigate risks associated with temperature abuse or cold chain disruptions. By acting as a protective barrier against microbial proliferation, chitosan offers a preventive measure to maintain product quality and safety throughout the supply chain. Considering two scenarios, 104 or 107 as initial contamination the model estimated that the 55 and 100% of portions would be respectively contaminated, according to a Performance Criteria of 4 log reductions.

Sweet Bread Teaching Factory's Feasibility Projection at Banyuwangi State Polytechnic

This study aims to provide an overview of sweet bread production as an alternative in planning and developing teaching factories based on business feasibility projection analysis. A quantitative technique was applied in this research. Survey techniques and statistical tests were used to examine the hypotheses. To demonstrate that an institution can and should continue its sweet bread business, several variables were measured, including the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Return on Investment (ROI), Benefit–Cost Ratio (B/C ratio), Payback Period (PBP), and Break Event Point (BEP), providing further information for Business Model Canvas analysis of a business model. Based on the BMC, the value propositions are a variety of sweet bread, ease of access, affordable prices, quality, and taste. Key activities include sweetbread production, stock management, marketing and promotion, and customer service. Customer segmentation involves students, lecturers, staff, and institutional visitors. An analysis of financial projections reveals that business is feasible. This can be seen from IRR = 53,19%; the NPV > 0 is equal to IDR 85,222,327; ROI = 216.69%; B/C ratio =1.07; BCR > 1; PBP = 41 months; and BEP = IDR 5,528,669.25. Keywords: teaching factory, sweet bread production, business feasibility, financial projection

Surface temperature modulations induced by Rossby Wave Breaking over Indian region

Abstract Upper-level Rossby Wave Breaking (RWB) significantly affects surface weather patterns in the subtropical Indian region through influencing wind circulation often resulting in extremes in rainfall and surface temperatures. While the impact of RWB on rainfall is relatively well understood, its role in modulating surface temperatures within the Indian subcontinent is less explored. This study examines the link between pre-monsoon (March to May) RWB events and the occurrence of extreme surface temperatures and heatwaves by considering long-term data of 43 years between 1979 and 2021. We identify 139 RWB events using a potential vorticity (PV) contour searching algorithm over the Indian sub-continent. Our analysis reveals a significant amplification in temperature both to the west and east of the breaking PV streamers. These temperature anomalies, which last for 3–4 days during the breaking events, strongly correlate with the maximum day of breaking. Further, regression analyses explain the reasons behind the temperature enhancement mainly on the western and eastern flank of RWB. It indicates a positive association between upper-level PV anomalies and anticyclonic circulations at 250 hPa, along with subsidence at 500 hPa, leading to drier conditions in the western and eastern regions of the PV streamers. Additionally, the decomposition of temperature anomalies during RWB events reveals that surface warming is primarily driven by diabatic heating on both sides of the centroid, with stronger adiabatic heating in regions of upper-level anticyclonic circulation and significant temperature advection predominantly on the western side of the centroid, resulting in dry weather and the poleward movement of warm air toward the ridges near the PV streamers.

Байланған мультикоптердің эскиздік моделін зерттеу

The components of the multicopter were analyzed, and its drawing was created in the AutoCAD program, after which an experimental sample was developed. One of the design features of multicopters is the ability to fold them. There are several models that are convenient to fold for transportation and easy to prepare for use. Despite the advantages such as high maneuverability and the ability to hover in place, multicopters also have some disadvantages: limited flight time, low speed and lightness compared to fixed wings. To extend the time in the air, the multicopter can be connected by cable to a power source on the ground. An inverter with a battery in the multicopter component provides autonomy in the event of a cable break, allowing it to be temporarily held in the air. These studies were carried out on the topic of grant financing AR19679602 «Development of a tethered unified dual-purpose multicopter platform with an inverter with increased frequency switching and a high voltage conversion coefficient».

Dam Break Analysis of Batu Dam Using Hec-Ras

In Malaysia, dams are commonly built because they benefit the local community in several ways, especially through agricultural production and flood control. Nevertheless, an unexpected containment breach could result in the loss of life and property in a populated area downstream due to its huge potential energy reservoir. Dam break event simulations are essential for identifying and mitigating risks associated with possible dam breaches. Batu Dam has the highest percentage of the population at risk (PAR) and most likely exposed to the flood disaster due to dam break. From flood boundary maps, it was estimated that 78% of residential areas would be affected if a dam break disaster occurs. From the simulation, the maximum depth can reach up to 18 m with an estimated flow speed between 0.2 m/s – 3 m/s. At these depth and flow speed, people may lose strength and unable to control themselves in flood and would cause death and injury. Flood arrival time took 15 to 22 hours for flooding to arrive downstream with a maximum flood depth of 5.07 m at Persiaran Jasa Utama and the highest depth of 12.62 m at Kampung Baru Batu Caves with flood velocity between 1.60 m/s to 1.46m/s. Analysis and simulation of embankment dam breach events and the resulting floods are crucial for distinguishing and mitigating dangers from potential dam failures. Accurate forecast of inundation levels and the time of flood wave arrival at downstream key places is required for the development of effective emergency response plans.

Hydrodynamic modeling of dam breach floods for predicting downstream inundation scenarios using integrated approach of satellite data, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and Google Earth Engine (GEE)

Dam breach floods pose significant threats to downstream areas, necessitating accurate prediction of inundation scenarios to mitigate potential damage. This paper presents a novel methodology for hydrodynamic modeling of dam breach floods, leveraging a comprehensive approach that integrates satellite imagery, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and Google Earth Engine (GEE) to forecast downstream inundation scenarios. Specifically, UAVs were utilized to generate high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) of the flood-affected areas, ensuring precise representation of topography in the model. The approach incorporates Cartosat DEM data for catchment modeling, while NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement mission data, integrated with GEE, facilitated accurate estimation of rainfall in ungagged catchment areas. Furthermore, the Hydrological Engineering Center-Hydrological Modeling System was employed for rainfall-runoff simulation and flood hydrograph derivation, followed by application of the HEC River Analysis System (RAS) for hydrodynamic modeling under dam breach conditions. This integrated modeling approach was applied as a case study of Banaskantha district, Gujarat, India. The outcome was the generation of scenario maps based on HEC-RAS results, which include flood extent, water depth, and flow velocity, highlighting downstream areas affected by flooding. Validation of the hydrodynamic dam breach model performance was conducted using actual field measurements and simulated results, employing statistical analysis methods including Support Vector Regression (SVR) and linear regression to determine coefficient of determination (R2), Root-Mean-Square Error, and Mean Absolute Error of observed and simulated data. The coefficient of determination (R2) values for measured and simulated flow (0.91) and water level (0.86) calculated using SVR demonstrate strong correlation between observed and simulated values. This integrated study of hydrodynamic modeling in data-scarce areas aids in accurate estimation of future probable flooding in downstream areas in the event of a dam break, underscoring the potential of advanced surveying and modeling techniques in flood assessment and management. Ultimately, this integration of technologies aims to enhance community resilience and mitigate socioeconomic costs associated with dam breach floods.

Warps and breaks in circumbinary discs

ABSTRACT Disc warping, and possibly disc breaking, has been observed in protoplanetary discs around both single and multiple stars. Large warps can break the disc, producing multiple observational signatures. In this work, we use comparisons of disc time-scales to derive updated formulae for disc breaking, with better predictions as to when and where a disc is expected to break and how many breaks could occur. Disc breaking is more likely for discs with small inner cavities, cooler temperatures, and steeper power-law profiles, such that thin, polar-aligning discs are more likely to break. We test our analytical formulae using three-dimensional grid-based simulations of protoplanetary discs warped by the gravitational torque of an inner binary. We reproduce the expected warp behaviours in different viscosity regimes and observe disc breaking at locations in agreement with our derived equations. As our simulations only show disc breaking when disc viscosity is low, we also consider a viscous criterion for disc breaking, where rapid alignment to the precession vector can prevent a break by reducing the maximum misalignment between neighbouring rings. We apply these results to the GW Orionis circumtriple disc and find that the precession induced from the central stars can break the disc if it is relatively thin. We expect repeated or multiple disc breaking to occur for discs with sufficiently steep power-law profiles. We simulate a polar-aligning disc around an eccentric binary with steep power-law profiles and observe two separate breaking events at locations in rough agreement with our analytical predictions.

An analytical treatment to spatially inhomogeneous population balance model

In modern liquid–liquid contact components, there is an increasing use of droplet population balance models. These components include differential and completely mixed contractors. These models aim to explain the complex hydrodynamic processes occurring in the dispersion phase. The hydrodynamics of these interacting dispersions include droplet breaking, coalescence, axial dispersion, and both entry and exit events. The resulting equations for population balance are represented as integro-partial differential equations, which rarely have analytical solutions, especially when spatial dependency is apparent. Consequently, the pursuit predominantly lies in seeking numerical solutions to resolve these complex equations. In this study, we have devised analytical solutions for inhomogeneous breakage and coagulation by employing the population balance equation (PBEs) applicable to both batch and continuous flow systems. The innovative approaches for solving PBEs in these systems leverage the Adomian decomposition method (ADM) and the homotopy analysis method (HAM). These semi-analytical methodologies effectively tackle the significant challenges related to numerical discretization and stability, which have often plagued previous solutions of the homogeneous PBEs. Our findings across all test examples demonstrate that the approximated particle size distributions utilizing these two methods converge to the analytical solutions continuously.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHATANI PADI ORGANIK DAN KONVENSIONAL DI KECAMATAN MOJOGEDANG KABUPATEN KARANGANYAR

Rice farming is the dominant farming business in Java, one of which is Central Java. Rice is still the primadonna commodity because the staple food of most Indonesian people is rice. Currently, there is starting to be a shift from previously conventional farming techniques to organic farming to maintain soil fertility and environmental safety. This research aims to analyze the income and feasibility of organic rice farming and conventional rice farming in Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency and was carried out in June-August 2023. This research was carried out using a quantitative approach and descriptive analysis. The research location was determined purposively in the Tani Mulyo 1 Group, Mojogedang District, Karanganyar Regency, involving 25 organic rice farmers and 25 conventional rice farmers. This research uses cost, revenue, income analysis, and also feasibility analysis using the R/C ratio and Break Event Point (BEP). The results of the analysis show that the total cost of organic rice farming is IDR. 9,960,600,- and costs for conventional rice farming are IDR. 10,117,375,-. Average revenue from organic farming is Rp. 47,094,000,- and the average revenue from conventional rice farming is Rp. 40,414,400. Based on these results, the difference between revenues and costs is known so that the income obtained in organic rice farming is Rp. 37,133,400,- and conventional rice farming income is Rp. 30,297,025,-. The R/C ratio value for organic rice farming is 4.73 and for conventional rice farming is 3.99. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that organic rice farming and conventional rice farming are both feasible to run, but organic rice farming will provide a higher level of profit.

ANALISIS KELAYAKAN USAHA SAYURAN HIDROPONIK DI KOTA BANJARBARU KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Hydroponics comes from two Greek syllables, namely hydro which means water and ponos which means power. The definition of hydroponics is cultivating plants without using a planting medium in the form of soil which is replaced with water and other media are added such as gravel, sand or white cork. Based on the background and problem formulation that has been put forward, the aim of this research is to analyze the feasibility of the hydroponic business. Hydroponik farmer Banjarbaru based on non-financial aspects and analyzing the feasibility of the hydroponics business. Hydroponik farmer based on financial aspects. This research was conducted in Landasan Ulin District, Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan Province. This research was chosen purposively for the reason that Banjarbaru City, especially Landasan Ulin District, has many hydroponic businesses. Research data collection was carried out from May 2024 to June 2024. After that, an analysis was carried out regarding financial aspects consisting of costs and income along with profits. Hydroponik farmer is analyzed using ROI (Return on Investment), NPV (Net Present Value), IRR (Internal Rate of Return), Net B/C ratio, PP (Payback Period), and BEP (Break Event Point). Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, this research is concluded as follows: From a non-financial aspect, Hidroponik FarmerBanjarbaru has been said to be feasible to run, provided that environmental aspects must be improved. Handling of production waste must be managed better, not just piled up at the back of the garden. From a financial aspect, Hydroponik farmer has been said to be feasible to run because it has an ROI value of 24.17%, an NPV of Rp. 79,557,052, IRR of 18.36 %, Net B/C ratio of 1.78, Payback Period of 6 years, 1 months, 16 days, BEP price of Rp. 14,557.60 per kilogram and production BEP of 4.571 per year

Mid-frequency acoustic tracking of breaking waves.

Large surface wave breaking events in deep water are acoustically detectable by beamforming at 5-6 kHz with a mid-frequency planar array located 130 m below the surface. Due to the array's depth and modest 1 m horizontal aperture, wave breaking events cannot be tracked accurately by beamforming alone. Their trajectories are estimated instead by splitting the array into sub-arrays, beamforming each sub-array toward the source, and computing the temporal cross-correlation of the sub-array beams. Source tracks estimated from sub-array cross-correlations match the trajectories of breaking waves that are visible in aerial images of the ocean surface above the array.