Sporting Events Research Articles

Abordagem da teoria fundamentada: revelando novas perspectivas sobre a participação em esportes por meio da realização de eventos no Irã

AbstractObjective of the Study: This research aims to examine the impact of hosting sports events on Iranian society, seeking to establish a correlation between event hosting and sports participation across diverse demographic segments.Methodology: Employing a qualitative approach, this study conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 experts. The interview questions were meticulously designed to address the central research question comprehensively. Grounded theory analysis, involving open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, was applied to the collected data, ensuring a thorough exploration of emerging concepts and themes. Originality/Relevance: This research is distinctive in its approach by not delineating boundaries, instead aiming to comprehensively explore the effects of hosting sports events on all segments of the Iranian population. Despite recent political constraints limiting Iran's ability to host major international events, the study critically evaluates the significance of such occurrences and elucidates missed opportunities for societal advancement. The study's focus on diverse demographic segments and its exploration of causal, contextual, and intervening factors contribute to its originality and relevance.Main Results: The study unfolds a nuanced interplay of social, cultural, techno-managerial, legal, economical, and socio-cultural factors, shedding light on the multifaceted relationship between event hosting and sports participation. While recognizing the significance of regular physical activity in promoting overall health, the main results highlight the motivational impact of sports events on individuals' increased physical engagement.Theoretical/Methodological Contributions: The research makes theoretical contributions by developing a coherent framework grounded in the qualitative data, explaining the complex relationship between sports events and sports engagement.

Sportswashing with Chinese Characteristics

The use of sportswashing to enhance a country’s international reputation is often described in academic discourse as a foreign relations strategy adopted primarily by Muslim governments in the Middle East and Eurasia. However, sportswashing actually has far broader applicability within business and society than previous researchers have recognized. Looking closely at the relationship between the government of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the hosting of international sports, this article shows that the PRC, beginning under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, has engaged in efforts to host global, commercial sporting events for purposes of detracting attention from the country’s alleged human rights abuses and its perception of being weak during the Century of Humiliation.1 This article is important to the broader study of business, law, and society because it helps us to better understand the intersection between the hosting of international sporting events, big business, government interests, and social outcomes. It also allows us to better understand how, if at all, public and private law could be applied to sportswashing behaviors.

Bone stress injuries in athletics (track and field) championships: findings from a prospective injury surveillance conducted across 24 international championships with 29,147 registered athletes

BackgroundAthletics (track and field) athletes are prone to develop bone stress injuries (BSIs) but epidemiological data on BSIs from top-level sports events are scarce.ObjectiveTo describe the incidence and characteristics of BSIs during 24 international athletics championships held from 2007 to 2023.MethodsBSI-related data were prospectively collected during 24 international athletics championships, including the Olympic Games (n = 3), World Outdoor Championships (n = 4), European Outdoor Championships (n = 6), World Indoor Championships (n = 3) and European Indoor Championships (n = 8). Descriptive and comparative statistics were used to assess the epidemiological characteristics of BSIs.ResultsBSIs accounted for 1.5% of all reported injuries (n = 36; 1.2 per 1000 registered athletes (95%CI 0.8 to 1.6)). No significant difference of BSI incidence was detected between female (2.0 per 1000 athletes (95%CI: 0.9 to 2.3)) and male athletes (0.9 per 1000 athletes (95%CI: 0.4 to 1.4)) (relative risk (RR) = 1.73, 95%CI: 0.88 to 3.40). BSI incidence was significantly higher during outdoor championships (1.6 per 1000 registered athletes (95%CI: 1.0 to 2.1)) as compared to indoor championships (0.2 per 1000 registered athletes (95%CI: 0.0 to 0.5)) (RR = 10.4, 95%CI: 1.43 to 76.0). Most BSIs were sustained in the foot (n = 50%) or leg (n = 33%). BSIs were reported in athletes participating in endurance disciplines (52.8%) or in explosive disciplines (47.2%).ConclusionsBSIs represent a small portion of injuries sustained during international athletics championships. Collective results suggest that injury rates are higher in outdoor competitions as compared to indoor competitions. The most common injury locations comprise the foot and leg.Clinical Trial NumberNot applicable.

Research on Marketing Strategy and Brand Building of Sports Events

Research on Marketing Strategy and Brand Building of Sports Events

Study on Life-Cycle Carbon Footprints and an Uncertainty Analysis of Mega Sporting Events: An Analysis in China

This study proposes a model for the quantitative evaluation of the life-cycle carbon footprints of large sporting events and the uncertainties related to them. The model was used to analyze the case of a mega sporting event in Beijing, China. First, the quantitative model for the evaluation of the carbon footprints of mega sporting events includes a preparation stage, a holding stage, and an end stage. These stages consider the energy and resources used for construction, operation, transportation, catering, and accommodation. Second, this study proposes a prediction model using model-based and simulation-based methods to address the difficulty of obtaining traffic activity. Third, a semi-quantitative method that combines a data quality indicator and stochastic simulation is adopted for the uncertainty analysis of mega sporting events. Finally, a case study is used to indicate that the preparation stage of a mega sporting event accounts for the highest CO2 emissions at 92.1%, followed by 7.5% in the holding stage and 0.4% in the end stage. The total life-cycle CO2 emissions of a sustainable scenario of a mega sporting event in Beijing amount to 205,080.3 t CO2e, and the per capita CO2 emissions during the event’s holding stage amount to 0.26 t CO2e/person. The uncertainty in the input parameters is 0.0617, indicating that the uncertainty of the model is low, and the reliability of the results is high.

The 2022 FIFA world cup in Qatar: resident interests and attitudes

ABSTRACT This study examined residents’ attitudes towards the staging of the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar and assess their interest and level of support or opposition to this mega sport event. Guided by the Social Exchange Theory (SET) and the Social Representation Theory (SRT), the study used a survey conducted in 2019, involving 2031 residents: 1017 Qataris and 1014 non-Qataris. T-test and ANOVA analyses were employed. Examination of the factors shaping residents’ attitudes towards and interest in Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup revealed strong and positive associations between respondents’ demographic characteristics and their interest. Significant relationships were identified between respondents’ gender, nationality and educational level and interest in the 2022 World Cup. Findings suggest directions for sports policy makers and sport event managers to improve strategic planning for hosting major sporting events. Future research can draw on this study’s findings for adaption to other contexts.

A novel quantum security multi-party extremum protocol in a d-dimensional quantum system

Secure multi-party extremum computation (SMEC) is a specific application scenario of secure multi-party computation, which allows multiple participants to compute the extremum of data without disclosing private information. The extremum includes maximum, minimum, sum of extremums, and difference of extremums. SMEC has wide applications in financial transactions, market analysis, sports events, healthcare, etc. Current protocol research mainly exists in the classical domain and cannot withstand quantum computing attacks. To address this issue, we propose a novel QSME protocol based on a d-dimensional quantum system, capable of computing the maximum and minimum values among multi-party data under unconditional security, and can compute the sum and difference of extremums without disclosing the maximum and minimum values, to adapt to complex application scenarios. The article proposes a coding method for a d-dimensional quantum system to further enhance security, provides correctness analysis, security analysis, robustness analysis, and comparative analysis, and proposes an experimental method for a d-dimensional quantum system to verify the effectiveness of the protocol, demonstrating strong practicality.

Optimized Application of the Decision Tree ID3 Algorithm Based on Big Data in Sports Performance Management

In the rapidly evolving landscape of sports performance management, the integration of Big Data analytics has become a game-changer. This paper established a sports performance management system on big data decision tree ID3 algorithm and analyzed the accuracy and time of the improved decision tree ID3 algorithm in sports performance management. The research results show that the data query and data display functions are widely used in the system, and the utilization rate of each function of big data in the system can be clearly seen. In the accuracy of sports performance management, the improved ID3 algorithm is obviously higher than the ID3 algorithm, and the accuracy is improved by 4.16%. In the average time of sports performance management, the improved ID3 algorithm takes less time than the ID3 algorithm, and the time is reduced by 31.50%. The big data technology used has greatly changed the performance information management system of colleges or sports events and provides a research reference for the management of sports performance.

A Study on the Characteristics of Sports Athletes' YouTube Channels and User Reactions.

This study examined the content characteristics and user responses of athlete-run sports YouTube channels, providing empirical insights for content production strategies and contributing to the development of athlete-run sports YouTube channels. Content analysis was conducted on 3306 videos posted on 20 popular YouTube channels of South Korean athletes from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2021. The formal characteristics analyzed included video length, the presence of foreign language subtitles, paid advertisements, and information sources. The content characteristics examined were the types of sports events, main content themes, and whether the content matched the athlete's sport. Results revealed significant differences in content characteristics and user responses based on whether the athletes were active or retired. This study's distinctive contribution lies in highlighting the evolving role of athletes as content creators and providing strategic implications for enhancing the competitiveness of athlete-run sports YouTube channels. Future research should consider a broader range of sports YouTubers and a wider variety of YouTube channels to gain comprehensive insights into the sports content ecosystem on this platform.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Related Measures on the Sports Industry in Slovakia

Stopping competitions and the training process was a shock that sports organizations had to deal with. Financial problems forced them to rethink the situation. In Slovakia, this became critical. This is why we started to research this issue to provide an answer to the research question: What are the actual consequences of government measures on the sports industry? A survey was conducted including two questionnaires made available between the pandemic waves. The first questionnaire was designed for athletes and sports professionals (N = 1040). The second addressed sports organizations (N = 626). Questionnaires were accessible via sports organizations’ portals. The ban on organizing mass sports events affected this industry. More than 80% of respondents had an experience of having to cancel a competition or training activity. This had an impact on their income as well as their future activities. We cooperate with government institutions and sports associations in Slovakia, so the results were provided to government officials. However, due to political changes accompanied by changes in the ministries responsible for the sports industry in Slovakia, it is relevant to summarize the research results in their present form. In this way they can serve as background for future sports policies.

Virtual Reality and Higher Education Sporting Events: Social Anxiety Perception as an Outcome of VR Simulation.

This study investigates the relationship between Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) and social anxiety in sport environments. Social anxiety is a mental health condition that manifests people's intense fear of being watched and judged by others and worrying about humiliation It is important to research potential tools like VRET that could help to mitigate the impact of social anxiety as people with social anxiety often avoid attending live events due to the venue's sensory stimuli and the social encounters they anticipate. VR simulation could allow socially anxious individuals to fully experience a sporting event simulation minus the anxiety induced by potential social encounters. VR's therapeutic effects on social anxiety should be explored when considering several findings of VR intervention to mental health. The study aims to assess the impact of exposing socially anxious people to a virtual sporting game by measuring their levels of social anxiety, team identification, and intentions to attend a live sporting event before and after the VR exposure. Due to VR's positive experience, social anxiety is expected to decrease. However, team identification and intentions to attend live sporting events are expected to increase because of VR's ability to develop sport fanship. Fourteen students with symptoms of social anxiety participated in the study. To create the VR simulation stimuli, the researchers used six 360° cameras to record an NCAA Division-I women's volleyball game. Participants experienced the sporting event via VR simulation. Data were analyzed via one-group pre- and post-comparison. Significant results were found for behavioral intentions of participants after experiencing the simulation. Social anxiety's difference was negative 0.22, t(13) = 3.47, p < 0.01. After watching the game in VR, the respondents' social anxiety decreased significantly. Team identification's difference was 0.53, t(13) = -3.56, p < 0.01. Lastly, event visit intentions' difference was 0.24, t(13) = -2.35, p < 0.05. Team identification and intentions to visit a sporting event rose significantly after viewing the game in VR.

The effectiveness of quadrupled semitendinosus graft technique in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A network meta-analysis assessing various graft preparation techniques.

This study aims to perform a network meta-analysis of hamstring graft preparation techniques to enhance anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction guidelines and inform clinical decision-making in patients with primary ACL rupture. A review of the literature, from 1 January 1990, to 31 August 2023, was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, focusing on the clinical outcomes of various hamstring graft preparation techniques. Forty-six studies (over 4800 knees) were analysed. Eight graft compositions: doubled hamstring (ST/G)-1978 grafts, doubled hamstring with augmentation (ST/G+A)-586 grafts, tripled semitendinosus (3ST)-124 grafts, quadrupled semitendinosus (4ST)-1273 grafts, five-strand tripled semitendinosus + doubled gracilis (3ST/2GR-839 grafts, six-strand tripled semitendinosus + tripled gracilis (3ST/3GR)-335 grafts, seven-strand quadrupled semitendinosus + tripled gracilis (4ST/3GR)-11 grafts and ≥eight strands-24 grafts were compared, considering graft sizes, laxity, muscle strength, range-of-motion, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), return to sport (RTS) and adverse events. The 4ST grafts fared better than the ST/G grafts in the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) Sport, KOOS Q and RTS (mean difference [MD], -1.69; p = 0.0159; MD, -1.55; p = 0.0325; MD, -1.93; p = 0.001; odds ratio: 3.13; p < 0.0001). The IKDC differed significantly between the 4ST and ST/G+A groups (MD, 1.88; p = 0.046). The ST/G+A resulted in the lowest knee laxity, surpassing the ST/G, 3ST and 4ST. The ST/G had the smallest diameter (ST/G vs. ST/G+A: MD, 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67-1.86, p < 0.0001). Reduced failure rates were noted with the 3ST/2GR (3ST/2GR vs. ST/G: MD, 6.93; p = 0.009) and 3ST/3GR (3ST/3GR vs. ST/G: MD, 53.64; p = 0.006). The ideal hamstring graft for ACLR should be individualized. A 4ST graft is likely to yield good PROMs. For high stability and rapid RTS, adding augmentation to the graft is advisable. The ST/G is the thinnest graft possible. Network meta-analysis of level I-III studies.

A societal perspective on nostalgia in satellite sports fandom: insights from the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions

ABSTRACT Nostalgia has been identified as a critical influence on sport fans. Although researchers have explored various aspects of satellite fans’ nostalgia, none have approached it from a societal standpoint. Therefore, this study explored the relationship between social connectedness needs and sport nostalgia among satellite fans. In addition, we examined how nostalgia is related to affective relationships, subjective well-being, and travel intention based on Fredrickson’s broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Data were collected from 222 Singapore satellite fans using an online questionnaire. Results showed that satellite fans’ nostalgic feelings, which arose from social connectedness needs, positively impacted their affective relationships and subjective well-being. These feelings motivated them to travel to sporting events. The findings enhance our understanding of how social connectedness needs influences satellite fans’ psychology and behaviour. Furthermore, it illustrates how nostalgia can expand and strengthen emotional connections and subjective well-being, underscoring its ability to affect travel intentions.

Practical study on the introduction of the Japanese traditional school sports event “undokai” to an Indonesian junior high school

Practical study on the introduction of the Japanese traditional school sports event “undokai” to an Indonesian junior high school

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic modified microchip for detecting multiple gene doping candidates using CRISPR-Cas12a and RPA

With significant advancements in understanding gene functions and therapy, the potential misuse of gene technologies, particularly in the context of sports through gene doping (GD), has come to the forefront. This raises concerns regarding the need for point-of-care testing of various GD candidates to counter illicit practices in sports. However, current GD detection techniques, such as PCR, lack the portability required for on-site multiplexed detection. In this study, we introduce an integrated microfluidics-based chip for multiplexed gene doping detection, termed MGD-Chip. Through the strategic design of hydrophilic and hydrophobic channels, MGD-Chip enables the RPA and CRISPR-Cas12a assays to be sequentially performed on the device, ensuring minimal interference and cross-contamination. Six potential GD candidates were selected and successfully tested simultaneously on the platform within 1 h. Demonstrating exceptional specificity, the platform achieved a detection sensitivity of 0.1 nM for unamplified target plasmids and 1 aM for amplified ones. Validation using mouse models established by injecting IGFI and EPO transgenes confirmed the platform's efficacy in detecting gene doping in real samples. This technology, capable of detecting multiple targets using portable elements, holds promise for real-time GD detection at sports events, offering a rapid, highly sensitive, and user-friendly solution to uphold the integrity of sports competitions.

Upholding human rights in mega sports: A study of governance practices within the IOC and FIFA through the lens of the Ruggie Principle

The human rights and mega sport events (SMEs) discourses gain massive importance and have grown immensely in recent years. Most of the time, the sports governance bodies are responsible for administration and management of these sport mega events. Keeping in consideration the situation regarding increasing involvement, the study focuses on the field of sport along with pleasure and basic rights. Through re-evaluation the commercial factors of sports, the mega governing bodies of sport (IOC & FIFA), and researchers discuss what is referred to commonly as Ruggie Principle, and both would be applied to IOC & FIFA practices, operation, and management regarding their events. This study is essential as it emphasizes the contribution and importance of carrying out human rights impact assessments, particularly in the context of hosting rights. The survey's findings reveal that human rights and due diligence assessments are integral components of organizations such as FIFA and the IOC. This study, being an empirical investigation, allowed us to arrive at some normative conclusions that had significant implications for practices and policy issues. Additionally, it laid the groundwork for future research in the crucial area of SMEs globally.

Sports Event Data Management System and Its Application in Competition Organization

Sports Event Data Management System and Its Application in Competition Organization

Risk-based management of international sporting events during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Mass gatherings include a diverse range of events such as sporting competitions, religious ceremonies, entertainment activities, political rallies and cultural celebrations, which have important implications for population well-being. However, if not managed properly, these events can amplify health risks including those related to communicable diseases, and place undue strain on health systems in host countries and potentially in attendees' home countries, upon their return. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has provided a unique opportunity to evaluate the risk factors associated with mass gatherings and the effectiveness of applying mitigation measures during infectious disease emergencies. The pandemic has also allowed event organizers and health officials to identify best practices for mass gathering planning in host countries. To guide decisions about whether to hold, postpone, modify or cancel a mass gathering during the COVID-19 pandemic, the World Health Organization and its partners developed normative guidance and derivative tools promoting a risk-based approach to mass gathering planning. This approach involves three steps to guide decision-making around mass gatherings: risk evaluation, risk mitigation and risk communication. The approach was applied in the planning and execution of several mass gathering events, including the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Lessons identified from these large-scale international events offer insights into the planning and implementation of mass gathering events during a pandemic, and the broader impacts of such events on society. These lessons may also further inform and refine planning for future mass gatherings.

The Impact of E-sports Event on Urban Economic Development: A Case Study of the Hangzhou Asian Game

With the continuous development of society, the importance of urban economy has become particularly important. At the same time, sports events have also become an important way to enhance the competitiveness of cities and realize the government's improvement of urban economy. this article takes Hangzhou as a representative to conduct corresponding research and analysis. It is found that the Hangzhou urban government has issued relevant policies for sports events to drive the city's economy in order to better organize events, in order to promote the linkage between event preparation and urban development. This article is based on the perspectives of public management, economics, sports and other disciplines, and comprehensively uses research methods such as literature review and case analysis to study the empowerment of urban economic development by the Hangzhou Asian Games e-sports project. This paper mainly explores three aspects: first, how international events promote urban economy, second, how events promote urban infrastructure construction, and finally, how electronic competitions promote urban economic development. Through the research results, it has been found that as the influence and scale of the e-sports industry gradually increase, the proportion and linkage effect of the industry continue to increase. The development of the e-sports industry-enabled city is also full of uncertainties. On the other hand, from the perspective of driving urban economic development through the e-sports industry, it is proposed to strengthen the development foundation of the e-sports industry, improve the development system of the e-sports industry, and expand the implementation path of the e-sports industry development direction.

The evolution of the effectiveness of the forces to ensure and restore public order and security in the context of sports events

The evolution of the effectiveness of the forces to ensure and restore public order and security in the context of sports events