Evening Chronotype Research Articles

Chronotype, Unhealthy Lifestyle, and Diabetes Risk in Middle-Aged U.S. Women : A Prospective Cohort Study.

Evening chronotype may promote adherence to an unhealthy lifestyle and increase type 2 diabetes risk. To evaluate the role of modifiable lifestyle behaviors in the association between chronotype and diabetes risk. Prospective cohort study. Nurses' Health Study II. 63 676 nurses aged 45 to 62 years with no history of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes in 2009 were prospectively followed until 2017. Self-reported chronotype using a validated question from the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. The lifestyle behaviors that were measured were diet quality, physical activity, alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and sleep duration. Incident diabetes cases were self-reported and confirmed using a supplementary questionnaire. Participants reporting a "definite evening" chronotype were 54% (95% CI, 49% to 59%) more likely to have an unhealthy lifestyle than participants reporting a "definite morning" chronotype. A total of 1925 diabetes cases were documented over 469 120 person-years of follow-up. Compared with the "definite morning" chronotype, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes was 1.21 (CI, 1.09 to 1.35) for the "intermediate" chronotype and 1.72 (CI, 1.50 to 1.98) for the "definite evening" chronotype after adjustment for sociodemographic factors, shift work, and family history of diabetes. Further adjustment for BMI, physical activity, and diet quality attenuated the association comparing the "definite evening" and "definite morning" chronotypes to 1.31 (CI, 1.13 to 1.50), 1.54 (CI, 1.34 to 1.77), and 1.59 (CI, 1.38 to 1.83), respectively. Accounting for all measured lifestyle and sociodemographic factors resulted in a reduced but still positive association (HR comparing "definite evening" vs. "definite morning" chronotype, 1.19 [CI, 1.03 to 1.37]). Chronotype assessment using a single question, self-reported data, and homogeneity of the study population. Middle-aged nurses with an evening chronotype were more likely to report unhealthy lifestyle behaviors and had increased diabetes risk compared with those with a morning chronotype. Accounting for BMI, physical activity, diet, and other modifiable lifestyle factors attenuated much but not all of the increased diabetes risk. National Institutes of Health.

Mediterranean diet and chronotype: Data from Italian adults and systematic review of observational studies

Scientific evidence suggests a relation between dietary factors and sleep. Several studies show that higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with better sleep quality, but the relation with chronotype has been only recently explored. The aim of this study was to better understand the relation between chronotype and Mediterranean diet adherence. For this purpose, an analysis of 1936 adults (age 18–90 y) living in Italy was performed to investigate the association between chronotype (assessed with a short form of the morningness-eveningness questionnaire) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (assessed through a 110-item food frequency questionnaire and the Medi-Lite literature-based Mediterranean adherence score). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) describing the association between chronotypes and high adherence to the Mediterranean diet (>14 points). Moreover, a systematic review of other observational studies published so far was performed. Individuals reporting having intermediate (n = 614) and evening (n = 173) chronotypes were less likely to have high adherence to the Mediterranean diet compared to morning chronotype (OR = 0.28, 95 % CI: 0.18, 0.42 and OR = 0.08, 95 % CI: 0.03, 0.27, respectively). When the analysis was conducted in subgroups of age, the results were similar in mid-age (>50 y) participants (for intermediate and evening chronotypes, OR = 0.21, 95 % CI: 0.10, 0.43 and OR = 0.92, 95 % CI: 0.01, 0.69, respectively) while the association with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet of evening compared to morning chronotype lost significance in older (>60 y) participants (for intermediate and evening chronotypes, OR = 0.27, 95 % CI: 0.09, 0.82 and OR = 0.22, 95 % CI: 0.02, 1.92, respectively). Out of 10 studies (date range of publication 2020–2022) included in the systematic review, there was a general consistence of findings showing higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet among morning chronotypes, although few studies reported null results. In conclusion, current evidence suggests that an intermediate and evening chronotype could be associated with lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet, but the association could be modified by other factors when considering older individuals.

Differences in Dietary Intake, Eating Occasion Timings and Eating Windows between Chronotypes in Adults Living with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Chronotype studies investigating dietary intake, eating occasions (EO) and eating windows (EW) are sparse in people with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This analysis reports data from the CODEC study. The Morningness-Eveningness questionnaire (MEQ) assessed chronotype preference. Diet diaries assessed dietary intake and temporal distribution. Regression analysis assessed whether dietary intake, EW, or EO differed by chronotype. 411 participants were included in this analysis. There were no differences in energy, macronutrient intake or EW between chronotypes. Compared to evening chronotypes, morning and intermediate chronotypes consumed 36.8 (95% CI: 11.1, 62.5) and 20.9 (95% CI: -2.1, 44.1) fewer milligrams of caffeine per day, respectively. Evening chronotypes woke up over an hour and a half later than morning (01:36 95% CI: 01:09, 02:03) and over half an hour later than intermediate chronotypes (00:45 95% CI: 00:21; 01:09. Evening chronotypes went to sleep over an hour and a half later than morning (01:48 95% CI: 01:23; 02:13) and an hour later than intermediate chronotypes (01:07 95% CI: 00:45; 01:30). Evening chronotypes' EOs and last caffeine intake occurred later but relative to their sleep timings. Future research should investigate the impact of chronotype and dietary temporal distribution on glucose control to optimise T2DM interventions.

Chronotype and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Preliminary Findings.

Cardiometabolic alterations are very common in bipolar disorder (BD). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between chronotype and cardiometabolic parameters in patients with a primary diagnosis of BD. This study is an observational clinical investigation including 170 subjects consecutively admitted to the Psychiatric Inpatient Unit of the IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (Genoa, Italy), recruited over a period of 48 months. A psychometric tool assessing chronotype was administered and blood tests were performed. Furthermore, the atherogenic coefficient ((total cholesterol-HDL cholesterol)/HDL cholesterol), and Castelli risk index-I (total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol) and -II (LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol) were calculated. Patients with BD and an eveningness chronotype showed a higher body mass index, total and low-density lipotrotein cholesterol compared to patients with BD and an intermediate or morning chronotype. Furthermore, the Atherogenic Coefficient and Castelli Risk-Index I-II were found to be higher in bipolar patients with an evening chronotype. The role of chronotype in the development of obesity and cardiovascular risk is, therefore, a relationship worth being investigated, especially in the context of BD, to ameliorate the clinical and therapeutic approach, aiming at increasing the quality of life and reducing the mortality.

Relationship between sleep outcomes and lifestyle factors in young adults who sustained traumatic brain injury in childhood

This study investigated the relationships between subjective and objective sleep outcomes and lifestyle factors (i.e., nap duration, screentime, chronotype, use of tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and medications) in young adults who sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood. The study was conducted at the Murdoch Children’s Research Institute and Royal Children’s Hospital (Australia). It reports cross-sectional data collected at 20 years post-childhood TBI, as part of a prospective study. Participants included 54 young adults with TBI (mean age, 27.7; standard deviation [SD], 3.2 years) who were assessed at 20 years post-injury (mild [n = 14], moderate [n = 27], and severe [n = 13] TBI) and 13 healthy controls (mean age, 26.0; SD, 2.1 years). Sleep was assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and actigraphy, and lifestyle factors were assessed with a study-designed questionnaire. Objective sleep efficiency was not significantly different between the TBI and control groups, but the control group presented with significantly better subjective sleep quality compared to the mild and moderate TBI severity groups. Poor subjective sleep quality was significantly associated with evening chronotype (P < 0.001) and tobacco use (P < 0.001), while being a parent (P = 0.038) and alcohol use (P = 0.035) were significantly associated with poorer objective sleep efficiency in the TBI group. These preliminary findings highlight interesting associations between poor sleep quality and lifestyle factors in young adults who sustained TBI in childhood. They highlight the need to further explore these relationships in this TBI population to inform on potential avenues for sleep interventions.

Effect of chronotype on course of treatment in patients with schizophrenia under long-acting injectable antipsychotic treatment: one-year community mental health center experience.

A chronotype is defined as the behavioral manifestation underlying the biological clock, which is formed by the effects of physical and genetic factors. It has recently been found to be associated with many mental and physical illnesses. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of chronotypes on the treatment course of schizophrenia. This is a clinical retrospective study. The study population was composed of subjects with schizophrenia who received long-acting, injectable antipsychotic medication. The Demographic Data Form, Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)were administered to the patients. In addition, the retrospective follow-up files of the patients for the last year were investigated. The obtained data were analyzed statistically. The chronotypes of 97 patients with schizophrenia who volunteered to participate in the study were 38.2% (n = 37) eveningness, 27.8% (n = 27) morningness, and 34% (n = 33) intermediate type. Compared to morningness and intermediate type, eveningness was associated with a higher number of acute exacerbations in patients with schizophrenia, while intermediate type and morningness did not differ significantly from each other. Our study, as a clinical study, supports the relationship between eveningness and poor prognosis in schizophrenia. It may be helpful to consider the chronotype in the clinical follow-up of patients with schizophrenia and to be aware of individuals with the evening chronotype, which is predicted to have a higher risk of exacerbation.

Impact of chronotype, insomnia symptoms, sleep duration, and electronic devices on nonrestorative sleep and daytime sleepiness among Japanese adolescents

ObjectivesNonrestorative sleep (NRS) and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are important indicators of daytime dysfunction. Electronic media use before bedtime greatly affects adolescent sleep quality. However, few studies have examined factors associated with these symptoms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of chronotype, electronic device use before bedtime, and insomnia symptoms on NRS and EDS in Japanese adolescents. MethodsA web-based cross-sectional survey of 2067 adolescents was conducted in 2022 to mainly assess sleep-related issues (sleep duration, chronotype, insomnia symptoms, NRS, and EDS), time spent using electronic devices, physical activity, and mental health. ResultsWe analyzed data of 1880 adolescents (age, 16.4 ± 0.8 years; males, 56.7%). NRS and EDS prevalence rates were 54.9% and 39.4%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, evening chronotype [odds ratio (OR): 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.58–2.89], difficulty initiating sleep (OR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.43–2.64), <5 h sleep (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.24–2.54), 5–6 h sleep (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.20–1.93), and using electronic devices just before bedtime (OR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.08–2.04) were associated with NRS. Evening chronotype (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.07–1.82), early morning awakening (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.02–2.50), using electronic devices just before bedtime (OR: 2.08, 95% CI: 1.48–2.93), and using electronic devices 30 min before bedtime (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.07–2.29) were associated with EDS. ConclusionChronotype may be an important factor influencing NRS and EDS. Discontinuing electronic device use at least 30 min before bedtime could benefit affected adolescents.

Associations of social jetlag with physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sleep and daytime movement behaviours occur co-dependently with each other within a finite 24 h day. Sleep parameters other than sleep duration, such as social jetlag and chronotype, have been linked to health problems and unhealthy behaviours among children and adolescents. Given the increasing number of studies examining sleep timing/chronotype and weight-related behaviours, including physical activity and sedentary behaviour, in the past decade, this systematic review and meta-analysis collated and evaluated the evidence on the relationships of social jetlag and chronotype with physical activity and sedentary behaviour among children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. Seven databases were searched on 16 March 2022, and 52 studies were identified as eligible for inclusion, 47 of which were suitable for the meta-analysis. A positive association was found between social jetlag and screen media use (r = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.04-0.24; I2 = 96%; p = 0.008). The morning chronotype was associated with a higher level of physical activity and a lower level of sedentary behaviour than the evening chronotype. No relationship was found between social jetlag and physical activity. The magnitude of heterogeneity among the included studies was high. Further experimental studies are urgently required to understand how circadian preference or misalignment affects activity behaviours. Interventions to promote an active lifestyle in young populations should consider their circadian preference, especially among individuals with the evening chronotype.

ADHD, chronotype, and circadian preference in a multi-site sample of college students.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and an evening chronotype are both common among college students, and there is growing interest in understanding the possible link between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and circadian function. However, mixed findings have been reported, and many of the existing studies have used small samples that were unable to examine chronotype across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder presentations. Participants were 4751 students (73% female; 80% White), aged 18-29 years (M = 19.28, SD = 1.50), from five universities who completed measures assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire to assess chronotype (categorical) and circadian preference (dimensional). Participants with either attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive presentation or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined presentation had higher rates of being an evening type (47.2% and 41.5%, respectively) than participants without elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (28.5%), and participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly inattentive presentation also had higher rates of being an evening type than participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (30.7%). Dimensional analyses indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattentive symptoms were more strongly associated than hyperactive-impulsive symptoms with eveningness preference. Finally, greater eveningness preference strengthened the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder inattention and depressive symptoms but not anxiety symptoms. This is the largest study to document that college students with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms are more likely to be evening types than other college students, and inattentive symptoms in particular are associated with later circadian preference.

P07-001-23 A Tendency Towards Evening Chronotype Associates With Unhealthier Sleep Habits and Diet Among Preschoolers

P07-001-23 A Tendency Towards Evening Chronotype Associates With Unhealthier Sleep Habits and Diet Among Preschoolers

Chronotype and Its Relationship with Sleep Quality among Professional Students at Indian University

Context: Chronotype varies from one individual to others and thus results in individual difference in physical performance and quality of sleep. Aims: This study’s goal was to determine the chronotype and its relationship to sleep quality in university-level professional students. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional survey of professional students at university level. Subjects and Methods: A total of 240 students completed the Horne and Ostberg morningness–eveningness questionnaires (MEQs) to determine their chronotype and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) to determine the quality of sleep at university students. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with Spearman’s correlation test and Chi-square test. Results: A total of 240 students, 72 (30%) females and 168 (70%) males, participated in this study (age 18–28 years): 137 (57.1%) intermediate types, 75 (31.3%) morning types, and 28 (11.7%) evening types. Morning typology was more common among Indian males. In terms of MEQ typology, there was no discernible gender difference (P = 0.06 &gt; 0.05). A noteworthy inverse relationship has been observed between the chronotype score (MEQ) and the sleep quality (PSQI) (rho = −0.15). It was noted that 10.4% of individuals had poor sleep quality. Conclusion: The majority of Indian university professionals are of the intermediate type, and it appears that Indian students, particularly males, are slightly more likely to be morning type than people from some Western societies. Evening chronotype students have poor quality of sleep.

Variations of olfactory function with circadian timing and chronotype.

Cumulative animal studies have suggested that olfaction can be regulated by circadian clock. However, human studies on the topic are relatively limited. The present study thus aimed to investigate diurnal variation in olfaction in healthy adults while examining potential modulating factors. We conducted four rounds of testing on 56 healthy adults (32 women) aged 31 ± 12 years, throughout a single day, during morning (8:00-10:00 h), noon (12:00-14:00 h), afternoon (16:00-18:00 h), and evening (20:00-22:00 h). At the first appointment, participants completed full olfactory function testing using the Sniffin’ Sticks, questionnaires on medical history, nasal symptoms, sleep quality, and chronotype, and were assessed for blood pressure, heart rate, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), attention level, and rated their smell ability, nasal patency, wakefulness, and concentration level using visual analog scale (VAS) ratings. Subsequent appointments measured olfactory threshold, attentional level, PNIF, blood pressure, heart rate and VAS ratings repeatedly. Olfactory threshold (OT) scores varied significantly between different times of the day, with the highest score in the evening and the lowest in the morning. Similar differences were also observed in PNIF, with the highest value in the evening and the lowest in the morning. However, there were no significant correlations between OT score and PNIF across all four-time testing, as well as between differences in [OT evening â€" OT morning] and [PNIF evening â€" PNIF morning]. Furthermore, a generalized linear mixed model indicated that the testing time of the morning, evening chronotype, self-reported body mass index (BMI), rated smell ability, and rated nasal patency significantly predicted the Sniffin' Sticks OT score. Olfactory function fluctuates throughout the waking hours of the day, with the highest olfactory sensitivity observed in the evening and the lowest in the morning. This pattern is also seen in nasal patency. However, it appears that the circadian changes of nasal airflow may not significantly depend on the circadian changes of the olfactory sensitivity. In addition, chronotype and BMI may regulate such olfactory-circadian variation. These findings provide important insights for future research on the accurate diagnosis and treatment of olfactory dysfunction.

Gender peculiarities of blood pressure changes in patients with arterial hypertension and different biorhythms

Background. It is known that the risk of cardiovascular diseases, especially in conditions of increased rhythm of life, psycho-emotional stress, social cataclysms, is associated with various biorhythms, therefore, the study of the influence of various factors on the course of hypertension, taking into account the patient's chronotype, remains relevant. Aim of the study was to analyze the level of blood pressure in patients with arterial hypertension with different chronotypes of the female and male genders. Materials &amp; Methods. The study included 42 patients with diagnosed essential arterial hypertension who were receiving inpatient treatment. The inclusion criterion was patients with arterial hypertension of the 2nd degree. Measurements of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (mmHg) were performed using the Korotkoff method. To study the chronotype, we used the validated questionnaire "Composite Scale of Morningness" and scales from official available sources. Results &amp; Conclusions. Arterial hypertension was diagnosed in 33.33% of patients with the evening chronotype, 7.17% with the morning chronotype, and 59.53% with the intermediate chronotype. Taking into account gender, female patients with evening and morning chronotypes and male patients with an intermediate chronotype predominated. Patients with evening chronotype compared to patients with intermediate and morning chronotypes had significantly higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (by 62.69% and 40.33%), disease duration (by 42.68% and 6.23%) and SBP (by 8.21% and 12.21%), respectively. At the same time, BMI in patients with arterial hypertension with an evening chronotype was as close as possible to obesity. The obtained results can be used in the practical work of nurses for the prevention of arterial hypertension by adjusting the duration of sleep and wakefulness and the diet. Keywords: chronotype, gender, age, body mass index, relationships.

Chronotype, Daytime Sleepiness, and Related Factors Effects on Skipping Classroom among Medical Students in Tabuk

Background: Lecture attendance is very critical in medical practice. Good sleep hygiene is crucial for academic performance. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the relationship between daytime sleepiness and the chronotype, and skipping the classroom.&#x0D; Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical Students in Tabuk from April 2022 to July 2022. Three hundred and thirty-four medical students were randomly selected. A standardized questionnaire based on the daytime sleepiness scale, morningness–eveningness questionnaire, and risk for skipping classrooms was used. The students detailed their sleeping habits for two weeks and then responded to the questionnaire distributed directly by the researchers who attended to solve any difficulties.&#x0D; Results: Out of the 334 students,74.7% skipped the classroom last month. The most common reason for absence was the lecturer directly reading from the slide show (72.8%), followed by late lectures (67.8%), lecturers’ presentation skills (65.6%), and lack of interest (57.9%). Daytime sleepiness was evident in 40.1% of the students and was associated with skipping lectures (Wald, 3.86, P-value, 0.049, and 95% CI, 0.19–0.91). The majority were intermediate chronotypes (66.4%), followed by evening chronotypes (24.2%) with no association with skipping classrooms.&#x0D; Conclusion: Skipping lectures is common among medical students in Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia; the causes were lecture timing, daytime sleepiness, and lecturers’ presentation skills. Most students were an intermediate chronotype that was not associated with classroom absence. Further larger multi-center studies are needed.

For Whom (and When) the Time Bell Tolls: Chronotypes and the Synchrony Effect

Circadian rhythms are powerful timekeepers that drive physiological and intellectual functioning throughout the day. These rhythms vary across individuals, with morning chronotypes rising and peaking early in the day and evening chronotypes showing a later rise in arousal, with peaks in the afternoon or evening. Chronotype also varies with age from childhood to adolescence to old age. As a result of these differences, the time of day at which people are best at attending, learning, solving analytical problems, making complex decisions, and even behaving ethically varies. Across studies of attention and memory and a range of allied areas, including academic achievement, judgment and decision-making, and neuropsychological assessment, optimal outcomes are found when performance times align with peaks in circadian arousal, a finding known as the synchrony effect. The benefits of performing in synchrony with one’s chronotype (and the costs of not doing so) are most robust for individuals with strong morning or evening chronotypes and for tasks that require effortful, analytical processing or the suppression of distracting information. Failure to take the synchrony effect into consideration may be a factor in issues ranging from replication difficulties to school timing to assessing intellectual disabilities and apparent cognitive decline in aging.

Chronotypes, Disruptive Behaviour, and Schedules in Classrooms: ‘Morningness’ and Psychomotor Agitation

This empirical cross-sectional study explored the effect of chronotypes on classroom behaviour. One hundred and forty young Portuguese children, from 1st to 4th grades, were examined regarding their chronotype and disruptive behaviours occurring in the classroom. Three groups of chronotypes (i.e., morning, intermediate and evening) were identified. The Chronotype Questionnaire for Children evaluated the chronotype of children, and the Conners Scale - reduced version for teachers (self-report) identified the frequency of the following behaviours in the classroom: psychomotor agitation, inattention, and opposition. Multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of regression parameters showed that morning children are more agitated and impulsive compared to evening peers. Concerning academic achievement, students did not differ in the subjects Portuguese and Mathematics for both semesters when considering chronotype and controlling for covariates such as age and gender. Parental qualifications appeared as an influential covariate for the chronotype effect in disruptive behaviour. This evidence addresses the contributions of school policies and family supervision regarding young children: children have earlier evening chronotypes; chronotypes impact specific disruptive behaviours in the classroom; parents’ education influences the sleep habits and behaviours of children in school; parents and schools need more support and evidence to correctly identify children’ chronotypes, to understand how chronotype and sleep habits affect behaviours in the classroom, and to recognise that more studies should be replicated attending to the contextual factors of health outbreaks and war conflict. With reliable data, this study highlights concerns and novelties for education and psychology.

Expression of periferal core molecular clock genes in oral mucosa depends on the chronotype in patients with maxillofacial cellulitis

IntroductionAccurate determination of the patient's chronotype is one of the problems of personalized medicine. Recent studies have shown that determining of the expression of timing genes is a valuable method that can help gain molecular insight into a patient's intrinsic circadian timing. Odontogenic cellulitis is very common pathology. Since acute inflammatory diseases are an urgent pathology, the time of surgical intervention can correspond depend on the time of the patient's hospitalization. Materials and methodsThe level of mRNA expression of peripheral circadian clock genes clock and bmal1, per1, cry1 in buccal epithelial cells in patients with odontogenic purulent inflammatory diseases of maxillofacial area in the morning and evening was investigated. ResultsDuring analyzing the results of the mRNA expression study of the genes of the negative regulatory link of the peripheral molecular clock, per1 and cry1, in patients with Cellulitis of the maxillofacial area, a significant decrease (P = 0.0003) in the mRNA expression level of the cry1 gene by 2.61 times in the evening compared to its morning mRNA expression values. ConclusionThe obtained data indicate that in patients with odontogenic purulent inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area with an evening chronotype, a violation of the expression profile of the per1 gene in the cells of the buccal epithelium is noted, which is manifested by an increase in its evening expression in comparison with patients with a morning chronotype.

The association between chronotype and wages at mid-age

Sleep has been shown to affect economic outcomes, including wages. The mechanisms by which sleep affects wages remain unclear. We examine the relationship between chronotype – morning larks, evening owls – and wages at mid-age. We propose a novel model relating chronotype to wages in consideration of human, social, and health capital constructs. Empirically, we explore the effects of chronotype mediated through life course choices, such as work experience, trust, and health behaviour. The data come from the 46-year-old follow-up study of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort (1966) and from registers of the Finnish Tax Administration. We find evening chronotype to have a significant indirect negative effect on wages, which occurs through accumulating less work experience and through poor health outcomes. The effect is largest for male workers, with a total indirect effect on average wages of − 4%. We also provide evidence that chronotype has a long-term association with wages between 29 and 50 years of age. We conclude that evening-type workers are less suited to typical working hours and accumulate less human, social and health capital which in turn negatively affects their wages. Our findings are of great socio-economic importance because evening chronotypes make up a significant part of the population.

Clinical characterization of patients with bipolar disorder and a history of asthma: An exploratory study

IntroductionBipolar disorder (BD) and asthma are leading causes of morbidity in the US and frequently co-occur. ObjectivesWe evaluated the clinical features and comorbidities of patients with BD and a history of asthma. MethodsIn a cross-sectional analysis from the Mayo Clinic Bipolar Biobank, we explored the clinical characteristics of the BD and an asthma phenotype and fitted a multivariable regression model to identify risk factors for asthma. ResultsA total of 721 individuals with BD were included. From these, 140 (19%) had a history of asthma. In a multivariable model only sex and evening chronotype were significant predictors of asthma with the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals being 1.65 (1.00, 2.72; p=0.05) and 1.99 (1.25, 3.17; p < 0.01), respectively. Individuals with asthma had higher odds of having other medical comorbidities after adjusting for age, sex, and site including hypertension (OR = 2.29 (95% CI 1.42, 3.71); p < 0.01), fibromyalgia (2.29 (1.16, 4.51); p=0.02), obstructive sleep apnea (2.03 (1.18, 3.50); p=0.01), migraine (1.98 (1.31, 3.00); p < 0.01), osteoarthritis (2.08 (1.20, 3.61); p < 0.01), and COPD (2.80 (1.14, 6.84); p=0.02). Finally, individuals currently on lithium were less likely to have a history of asthma (0.48 (0.32, 0.71); p < 0.01). ConclusionA history of asthma is common among patients with BD and is associated with being female and having an evening chronotype, as well as with increased odds of having other medical comorbidities. A lower likelihood of a history of asthma among those currently on lithium is an intriguing finding with potential clinical implications that warrants further study.

Correlation Between Chronotypes and Depressive Symptoms Mediated by Sleep Quality Among Chinese College Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the mental health of the population. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances among Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic and investigate the correlations between chronotypes, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms. In the current study, 2526 college students responded anonymously to an online questionnaire survey from 26 May 2020 to 20 July 2020. The participants' chronotypes, sleep quality, and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Chinese version of the Morning and Evening Questionnaire-5 (MEQ-5), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Sociodemographic information of the participants was also acquired. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 19.0 software, with the mediating effect assessed by Hayes' PROCESS Macro. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of depressive symptoms and sleep disturbances among Chinese college students surveyed was 54.95% and 48.18%, respectively. From absolute evening chronotype to absolute morning chronotype, the surveyed college students' chronotypes were negatively correlated with their depressive symptoms. Moreover, the mediation analysis showed that the correlation between chronotypes and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by sleep quality. Eveningness college students with poorer sleep quality were more likely to report higher levels of depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that during the COVID-19 pandemic, delayed circadian preference (ie, eveningness) may be linked to worse depressive symptoms among Chinese college students, and call for more attention to the sleep quality of Chinese college students as sleep quality fully mediated the correlation between chronotypes and depressive symptoms among them. Reasonable adjustment in bedtime/circadian preference and improvement in sleep quality may help to reduce the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms among Chinese college students.