Eve Of War Research Articles

Three Summers: A Memoir of Sisterhood, Summer Crushes, and Growing Up on the Eve of War by Amra Sabic-El-Rayess and Laura L. Sullivan (review)

Three Summers: A Memoir of Sisterhood, Summer Crushes, and Growing Up on the Eve of War by Amra Sabic-El-Rayess and Laura L. Sullivan (review)

1920 թ. թուրք-հայկական պատերազմի նախօրյակի ռազմաքաղաքական իրավիճակի լուսաբանումը խորհրդահայ պատմագրության մեջ

In1920, on various issues of the Turkish-Armenian war, the Soviet-Armenian historiography expressed its special word in Armenian historiography. The article presents the military-political situation on the eve of the war in Soviet Armenian historiography as the explanation of the causes of the war, the period that determines the nature of the war, its course and end. Methods and materials: The primary basis for the methodological study of the work was monographs and articles by historians of the Soviet period, by the methodology of comparison, and analysis of the materials contained in them, in 1920 an attempt was made to identify the coverage of the military-political situation on the eve of the Turkish-Armenian war in Soviet Armenian historiography.

OPTIMAL MOBILIZATION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY SEARCHING AND THE CRISIS OF THE SOVIET ECONOMIC SCHOOL ON THE EVE OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

The paper deals with the issue of the efforts undertaken by the bodies of party and state administration to fulfill plans and accelerated accumulation of reserves on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. The study is novel in that the analysis of attempts to work out a mobilization strategy for the socio-economic development of the USSR on the eve of the war was carried out based on a wide range of previously unpublished documents on file. The article delves into the loss of opportunities, and ignoration of several most appropriate value propositions to have proven their effectiveness but was introduced into practice only during the war years. The relevance of the research is due to the need to learn lessons from the historical experience of elaborating strategic plans for the country’s development, involving leading scientists in this work concerning scientifically grounded, objective data.

Israeli Independence Day, 1967: Mixed Messages on the Eve of War

ABSTRACT Israel’s 19th Independence Day preceded the Six-Day War by three weeks. Amid worsening regional tensions, the Eshkol government supplemented traditional diplomacy and deterrence by modifying Independence Day rituals with the intention of deterring further Arab provocations; reassuring Israelis of their leaders’ competency; leading the West to blame the Arabs, should war erupt; and asserting freedom of action in Jerusalem. A close analysis of this tinkering with the press, a poem, and a parade illuminates Eshkol’s management of the deteriorating security situation and Israel’s assumptions about Arab and global actors during the “waiting period eve” (erev ha-hamtana) preceding the three-week countdown to the war. The modified rituals failed to deter the Arabs, fully reassure Israelis or appease the West, instead exacerbating tensions, but successfully demonstrated Israel’s sovereignty in Jerusalem.

“This Most Atrocious Crusade Against Personal Freedom” Anti-abolitionist Violence in Boston on the Eve of War

Abstract This essay explores increasing organization among anti-abolitionists in Boston on the eve of the Civil War and the combination of mob violence and political tactics they employed in an attempt to silence abolitionists. This opposition did not fade away on its own but was actively shut down by abolitionists who knew how to navigate politics and public opinion.

Editorial

Editorial

О состоянии Пермского пушечного завода к началу Первой мировой войны в оценках исследователей отечественного военно-промышленного комплекса

In the early twentieth century Perm Cannon Factory played an outstanding role in the military industry of Russia. It was the most powerful enterprise in the state mining industry, the largest enterprise produced artillery shells and the third in manufacturing artillery guns in Russia. Perm Cannon Factory was the only one manufacturing artillery pieces but located at a great distance from the border and so was inaccessible to German troops. At the same time, by the beginning of the war, it turned out to be weaker than its competitors the Obukhov and Putilov plants, and the adoption of the Perm plant reconstruction program was delayed. The purpose of this work is to analyze the opinions expressed by the native researchers about the state of Perm Cannon Factory on the eve of the First World War. The main attention in the article was paid to the fact of explaining by the researchers the unsatisfactory situation of the plant on the eve of the war. The study has been carried out with the use of comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods. It is concluded that in the process of discussing the reasons of the Perm Cannon Factory unpreparedness for the First World War a wide range of opinions, often directly opposite has developed. In fact, the authors who dealt with this issue tried all possible options for its resolution. It is concluded that Perm Cannon Factory, being the part of the state economy, depended primarily on the bureaucracy. And, despite all attempts of private capital (both foreign and domestic) to influence or subdue a competitor, the state of Perm Plant was the result of the policy of the state apparatus - the government, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of War and the Maritime Ministry.

The USSR and Nazi Germany on the eve of war: final preparations

The USSR and Nazi Germany on the eve of war: final preparations

ВІЙСЬКОВЕ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВО УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАРОДНОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ТА ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ НАПЕРЕДОДНІ РОСІЙСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ 1920 РОКУ

Little-known pages of the history of establishing military cooperation between the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Polish Republic on the eve of the Russo-Polish War of 1920. The factors revealed the military-political, military- economic and military-technical nature, which contributed to the military cooperation of both neighboring states, the signing of the Warsaw agreements from 21 to 24 April 1920 at the eve of the war. Previously documented role and place of political leaders of countries that directly took part in the effectiveness of establishing Ukrainian-Polish military cooperation. Polish Republic built the Commonwealth second led by the first Marshal of Poland Józef Pilsudski for full support of the Entente countries: Great Britain and France. Its leader planned for the foreseeable future to establish the Federation of Independent States in eastern Poland: Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. Head of the UNR directory and the chief ataman of troops and navy of UNR Simon Petliura all possible efforts directed that through allied arrangements and signed agreements with the Polish Republic to achieve eventually the recognition of the UPR as an independent state, the Entente countries, and Accordingly, their help to win the Ukrainian national statehood. The list of known factual materials on the state and the number of the United Ukrainian army, changes in its number and readiness during August – November 1919. Revealed reason for the failure of the army of UNR and UGA, which accelerated to the transition of UGA on the side of General Denikin and departure of the effective UNR army in winter hike in the Zapillya of the volunteer and Red armies. Clearly indicated the main causes of defeats and failures of the Ukrainian People’s Republic, causes of contention between the leaders of Galitsk and Dnipro citizens during 1919, on the main factors that contributed to the adoption of compromise political decisions on all sides of the armed Confrontation on the eve of the Russian- Polish War of 1920.

The Russian Red Cross Society and staff replenishment of sisters of mercy on the eve of the First World War (1908–1914)

This article deals with the problem of recruiting sisters of mercy by the Russian Red Cross Society (also RRCS, Red Cross) in 1908-1914s. In case of war, Red Cross had to send sisters of mercy to its own institutions and to medical institutions of the military Department. The war ministry was developing a mobilization plan, which included a plan for the deployment of medical facilities. The ministry sent this plan to the administration of the Red Cross. In accordance with the request of the ministry, the RRCS strengthened its efforts to attract new staff of sisters of mercy. This activity led to certain results. On the eve of the war, there was a number of sisters of mercy that were required to replenish the medical institutions of the Red Cross and the military Department. That means that according to the pre-war plan, in the matter of creating a cadre of sisters of mercy, the RRCS was ready for the war. However, the Great War took on a wide scale, a situation which the army, the industry, and the medical service were not prepared for. The Russian Red Cross Society was forced to quickly open new medical institutions and to urgently train new personnel. Sometimes the duties of nurses were performed by those who did not have the necessary education.

The Invention of Madness: State, Society, and the Insane in Modern China by Emily Baum

Reviewed by: The Invention of Madness: State, Society, and the Insane in Modern China by Emily Baum Nicole Elizabeth Barnes Emily Baum. The Invention of Madness: State, Society, and the Insane in Modern China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 267 pp. $112.50 (cloth), $37.50 (paper). The first English-language monograph on the history of madness in modern China, this book offers far more than a compelling story with new information. With clear writing and persuasive argumentation, Emily Baum argues that the treatment of “mad” people and evolving understandings of madness reflect China’s engagement with Western medicine and science, as well as with modernity itself. Following current interpretations of modernity as an interpolated and ongoing encounter, Baum treats Chinese people’s responses to Western psychiatry as means of molding imported institutions and ideas for themselves. She grants agency to intellectual elites and the gravely poor, noting that literary disquisitions and everyday applications of medical care alike constituted key facets of “inventing” forms of modern madness that suited a panoply of needs. In order to analyze Chinese modernity through the story of madness, Baum crafts a narrative that is simultaneously diachronic and synchronic. She traces developments in the understanding of madness from the nineteenth century through the onset of war in 1937 but focuses on Beijing and periodically isolates specific moments to explore the intersections between madness and gender, chronic poverty, and the reconciliation of Chinese and Western medical nosologies and treatment regimes. Such deft combination of two distinct types of historical narrative is difficult to achieve. Baum makes the sutures seamless, granting her readers a pleasurable encounter with a world that is at once deeply contextualized and subject to seismic shifts. Chapter 1 introduces madness in late imperial China as a temporary condition rather than an ontological state. No single medical theory or legal definition applied. Families and patients resorted to a variety of interpretations and treatment methods, including religious healing. The dominant medical theory located pathology in the chest, beginning when an excess of mucous obstructed the function of the seat of consciousness: the heart. Based on an androgynous body, this theory displayed no obvious gendered component. In contrast, both cultural explanations of madness were distinctly gendered. The first theory posited that the root of madness lay in excessive emotion—primarily worry for men, and a host of emotions for women (jealousy, lust, grief, etc.). Many people identified with these experiences and displayed sympathy for those who displayed pathological responses thereto. The second theory attributed madness to moral transgressions. This linked the condition to guilt and shame and caused families to hide or confine their mad relatives. Baum presents these nineteenth-century interpretations as indigenous constructions of madness, wholly consonant with Chinese medical theory and cultural practices and betraying no influence of Western beliefs. Her close attention to this “pre-contact” moment allows her to analyze ensuing developments as Chinese responses to and adaptations of [End Page E-1] Western ideas. It also sets up the narrative in keeping with medical anthropology frameworks that treat illness as a simultaneously biological and cultural phenomenon. Perhaps fortuitously, this also accords with Chinese understandings of mental illness, both then and now, and therefore supports an analysis that grants ontological parity to Chinese and Western belief systems. Chapters 2 through 7 move from the founding of the Beijing insane asylum (the nation’s first) in 1908 through the eve of war in 1937. Chapter 2 details the tremendous pressure that both the late Qing and Republican governments faced to prove their political legitimacy by policing the public in a manner that, Baum argues, transformed madness from a temporary condition to a permanent identity that marked one as deviant and open to discipline. This she terms “an act of political invention” (62) because it satisfied political rather than cultural needs. Chapter 3 employs a clever interpretation of agency to argue that Beijing poor who availed themselves of free institutionalization at the insane asylum served their own needs but also legitimized the expansion of police power and expanded definitions of madness to include socially troublesome but not necessarily ill individuals. Though not directly juxtaposed in Baum’s structure, chapters 4...

“An Independent Little Sausage”: Sexual Agency and Desire On Dearborn Street

In the teeming public space of modern U.S. cities at the end of the long nineteenth century, New Women carved out a place for themselves and navigated the opportunities and constraints associated with love and vocation on the eve of war. I address these representations, and focus on sexual agency and desire through the lens of Australian feminist Stella Miles Franklin's New Woman novel, On Dearborn Street. I examine Franklin's portrayals of a nuanced and somewhat contradictory sexual self-determination influenced by her personal and political life in Chicago, and emphasise the ways the novel resists romance narratives by refusing the choice between marriage and independence.

Memory in the Present Tense: Vera Frenkel’s Diaspora Art

AbstractVera Frenkel’s video and installation work focuses on the complexities of intercultural relations and identities, always raising issues of uncertainty, fantasy, and cultural expectations. Born in Bratislava in 1938, carried by her mother out of Europe on the eve of war, Frenkel came to Canada as a teenager, studied sociology at McGill University, and turned to art to explore the passages and perplexities of Canadian diasporic life. While there is little that is insistently Jewish in her art, the work draws unmistakeably on modern Jewish experience, and extends its impact to a wider, multi-cultural world.My paper focuses on four works. With a ground-breaking use of internet technology, String Games (1974) plays on the game of Cat’s Cradle to link disparate and distant communities. …from the Transit Bar (1992–) constructs a train station bar as a site of social and political flight, with Yiddish prominent among a babble of languages. Body Missing (1993), an interactive internet site, continues the journey—as viewers follow clues in pursuit of the Shoah’s ‘missing bodies.’ The recent video installation Blue Train (2014) again invokes flight and promise, melding danger and opportunity. With Jewish history and experience a recurrent theme, Frenkel’s art explores the pressures of and pleasures in Canada’s cultural mosaic.

The Field Artillery Revolution and the European Military Balance, 1890–1914

ABSTRACTThis article centres on the introduction of the French 75mm light field gun, and its impact on the European military balance in the two decades before the First World War. It argues that the 75mm (and particularly its new recoil-absorption mechanism) dramatically accelerated the rate of fire and gave France a major military advantage over Germany between c. 1899 and 1906. Subsequently the application of the new technology to howitzers and heavy artillery enabled Germany to redress the balance. On the eve of war, however, Germany's leaders feared a new round of French and Russian emulation, and this fear influenced their policy in the July 1914 crisis. The article also examines the failure to forestall the quick-firing revolution at the First Hague Peace Conference; the new technology's role in the First Moroccan Crisis; its dissemination across Europe and the Franco-German competition to amass reserves of shells.

World's Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, and Modernity, 1937–1942

World's Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, and Modernity, 1937–1942

World’s Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, & Modernity, 1937–1942 by Robert H. Kargon et al.

Reviewed by: World’s Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, & Modernity, 1937–1942 by Robert H. Kargon et al. Cheryl R. Ganz (bio) World’s Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology, & Modernity, 1937–1942. By Robert H. Kargon, Karen Fiss, Morris Low, and Arthur P. Molella. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015. Pp. 216. $34.95. Four scholars of technology have pooled their research to illuminate how five nations—France, Germany, the United States, Japan, and Italy—engaged in and showcased contemporary ideological struggles to shape a future before World War II. World’s Fairs on the Eve of War is the collaborative result. During the interwar years, governments in the five nations purposefully reshaped the thinking of their citizenry by using radio, television, film, art, architecture, graphics, and exhibits to propagandize. Each combined this media impact and amplified it by staging international expositions, at which millions of visitors actually experienced a redefining of their relationship to the state and its future. At the same time, governments intentionally projected other messages of identity at these same fairs to reach worldwide visitors and dignitaries. At the five world’s fairs held or planned between 1937 and 1942, states displayed scientific and technological progress and prowess to make statements about national character tied to modernity. The study includes individual chapters for the three fairs by Axis nations and two by Allied nations: the 1937 Paris Exposition, the 1937 exhibit Schaffendes Volk (A People at Work) in Düsseldorf, the 1939 New York World’s Fair, the 1940 Grand International Exposition of Japan, and the 1942 Esposizione Universale di Roma (EUR). War interrupted plans for the Japanese and Italian fairs, but various proposals left in archives detail intended propaganda messages. Besides hosting fairs, both Axis and Allied powers participated with pavilions and displays at international expositions in other countries. By examining these, the authors also offer glimpses at British and Soviet posturing. To emphasize change over time and the redefining of new roles in the emerging global order, the final chapter explores the first postwar world’s fair, held in Brussels in 1958. While organizers of the 1937 French exposition joined art, craft, and science to emphasize human creativity over the mechanical to spotlight France’s leadership in aesthetic taste and creative modernity, many foreign [End Page 273] pavilions projected overt political messages. The Soviet Union and National Socialist Germany positioned massive, towering buildings across from each other on a main axis. The Soviets demonstrated their resources, industrialization, and modernization, and Germany demonstrated its superiority in futuristic technology. Italy’s exhibits stressed its ancient traditions, all linked to conquest, industry, and public works under Mussolini. Japan combined its traditional arts and crafts with European modernist construction to show its mastery of Western ideas. The U.S. pavilion promoted New Deal projects and the upcoming New York fair. The four chapters that follow articulate how these nations changed their identity and messages at world’s fairs during the next five years as they prepared for and entered war. Classroom opportunities abound with this book. The chapter texts total 148 of the 216 pages, offering a readable, illustrated work that students can easily digest and find inspiring. Connections weave throughout. The authors wisely did not spend the concluding chapter pointing out all of these contrasts and comparisons. Instead, students can do so in discussions and papers on any number of themes. World’s Fairs on the Eve of War successfully places ephemeral world’s fairs and the reasoning behind their multifaceted displays into the context of a world relentlessly marching toward calamity. The book diverges from the traditional presentation of world’s fair studies by examining multiple, intertwined themes on a global scale at a crucial moment in history. As a result, the authors offer fresh insights on these nations as they prepared for war. Historians and scholars of the twentieth century, popular culture, visual arts, world’s fairs, science and technology, and the military will find here a plethora of information and ideas. Historiography and other resources for readers offer paths for expanding their knowledge on the themes and fairs. Warning: thoughts of how your own research intersects with...

Проявление общенационального кризиса России в Сибири осенью 1917 г.

The paper considers the problem of the systemic crisis development in the Russian Siberian region in the autumn of 1917 as a part of the national crisis on the eve of the October political coup in the country. The purpose of the paper is to identify the essence of the general Siberian region crisis of this period, to define its internal and external manifestations, to understand the scenarios and ways of its overcoming in the concept of region public attitudes and social forces. The issue is investigated on the basis of dialectical materialism method through the historicism principles, the specific historical experience in connection with other historical events of the time. The First World War caused the huge over-extension of all society life areas in Russia. Socio-economic problems, unresolved on the eve of war, grew worse. The ruling elite failed to create the crisis management system adequate to the situation requirement, which led to the autocracy downfall and the democratic revolution in February of 1917. Having emerged from the wreckage of the old management system, the February power regime trying to carry out the revolutionary transformation in conditions of total war only worsened the national crisis and led to the state collapse. There appeared the projects to overcome the national crisis and revive the country, proposed by the Bolsheviks ("the proletariat tasks in the revolution") and the cadets ("the Kornilov action program") There were also the crisis separate overcoming scenarios offered by national and regional elites. This plan required the situation research in the Siberian region with the specific form of the systemic crisis, caused by both national problems and historical "Siberian issues". Moreover there appeared the regional scenario of crisis overcoming.DOI 10.14258/izvasu(2017)2-10

The Civil Magistrates of Geneva and the Placement of Pastors in France on the Eve of the First War of Religion (1562)

Abstract This article analyses excerpts from letters sent by French Reformed congregations and politically-engaged Calvinist laymen in 1562. In these dispatches, the churches, lay notables, and local magistrates of Montpellier, Grenoble, Gap, Nîmes, Issoire and Rouen requested pastors to Geneva or thanked the town’s authorities for ministers previously sent there. However, these six letters were not addressed to the Venerable Company of Pastors, but specifically to the syndics and Small Council of Geneva. While the role of the Company in the sending of Geneva-trained pastors to France on the eve of the Wars of Religion is known, the participation of the Republic of Geneva’s political authorities in these activities needs more scholarly attention. This article seeks to offer a discussion of this topic through analysis of correspondence and other sources held in the Archives d’État de Genève.

World's fairs on the eve of war: science, technology & modernity, 1937-1942

World's fairs on the eve of war: science, technology & modernity, 1937-1942

World's Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology and Modernity, 1937-1942 - by Robert H. Kargon, Karen Fiss, Morris Low and Arthur P. Molella

CentaurusVolume 57, Issue 4 p. 274-276 Review World's Fairs on the Eve of War: Science, Technology and Modernity, 1937–1942 - by Robert H. Kargon, Karen Fiss, Morris Low and Arthur P. Molella Kate Kangaslahti, Kate Kangaslahti KU LeuvenSearch for more papers by this author Kate Kangaslahti, Kate Kangaslahti KU LeuvenSearch for more papers by this author First published: 24 July 2016 https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12108Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume57, Issue4November 2015Pages 274-276 RelatedInformation