Rates Of Evaporative Water Loss Research Articles

Aspects of the physiology of terrestrial life in amphibious fishes. II. The Chilean clingfish, Sicyases sanguineus.

ABSTRACT A study has been made of major aspects of the physiological adaptations for terrestrial life possessed by the amphibious clingfish, Sicyases sanguineus, on the coast of central Chile. These fish can survive for more than 112 days out of water, if not exposed to severe dehydration or thermal stresses. Rates of evaporative water loss while out of water are low. Upper lethal temperatures are also low, reflecting the uniformly cool water temperatures of their environment. In nature the fish rarely leave areas in which they are frequently washed over by waves. These fish demonstrate an unusual combination of metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments to emersion. Metabolic rates (oxygen consumption) of small (1–5 g weight) fish are higher out of water than in water. Larger fish show a pattern of intermittent oxygen uptake when out of water. Heart rates respond to emersion (and associated cessation of breathing movements) in the pattern of the diving syndrome. Lactic acid concentrations in the blood gradually increase above control levels during the first few hours of emersion, then remain constant at about × 3 control level. There is no indication of peripheral vascular shutdown during emersion. Emersion produces a marked shift towards ureotelism in waste nitrogen production. There appears to be no systemic accumulation of ammonia during emersion. The generality of the results, and also their physiological significance, are discussed.

Seasonal changes in the water and electrolyte metabolism of Amphibolurus lizards in the field

1. 1. Survival of Amphibolurus lizards in the field is enhanced by sodium retention during periods of water deprivation. 2. 2. The water and electrolyte physiology of A. ornatus is conditioned by the growth rate of the individual. 3. 3. Slow-growing A. ornatus are exceptionally tolerant to hypernatraemia and resist plasma sodium levels of almost 300 mmM/l for long periods in the field without loss of condition. 4. 4. Fast-growing A. ornatus are unable to restrict indefinitely the sodium load to the extracellular fluid and penetration of the cells by sodium ions is accompanied by drastic weight losses which lead ultimately to death. 5. 5. During weight loss the circulating fluid volume in maintained at the expense of other fluid compartments. Sodium levels in the tissues increase progressively but potassium levels are regulated by excretion. 6. 6. Desert-living Amphibolurus species have a reduced rate of evaporative water loss which is evident in both cutaneous and pulmonary components.

The effects of temperature on the metabolic rate and evaporative water loss of the sage sparrow Amphispiza belli nevadensis

1. 1. The thermoneutral zone of the sage sparrow, Amphispiza belli nevadensis, extended from ca. 28 to 37°C. The standard metabolic rate at 35°C was 7·41 kcal/day (mean body wt. = 18·6 g 2. 2. The temperature coefficient (5·8 per cent) and thermal conductance (3·96 kcal/m 2 per hr per °C) were relatively high, indicating poor insulation which is adaptive for desert existence. 3. 3. Between 10 and 35°C the rate of evaporative water loss was constant and averaged 6·7 mg H 2O/g per hr. Evaporative cooling began above 35°C. 4. 4. At high temperatures (43°C) and low humidities (25 per cent) sage sparrows dissipate up to 110 per cent of their metabolic heat production by evaporative cooling. 5. 5. The heat dissipating characteristics and evaporative cooling efficiency of the sage sparrow are somewhat less than in other desert birds.

Evaporative water loss in bats

1. 1. There is no difference in rate of evaporative water loss ( EWL) between adult male and female Natalus stramineus, Glossophaga soricina, and Myotis nigricans irrespective of the reproductive conditions of the females. EWL in pregnant Artibeus cinereus is significantly less than other adults. 2. 2. EWL in bats is related to body weight ( W) by the equation log EWL = log 0.398 + 0.672 log W, where EWL is g of water/animal per day and W is g. 3. 3. EWL increases with level of activity in torpid, active, and flying bats. 4. 4. EWL in active bats is inversely or directly related to ambient temperature ( T a ) at temperatures below the thermal neutral zone ( TNZ) in different species. Above the TNZ, EWL is directly related to T a and water vapor pressure ( WVP). Below the TNZ, EWL is inversely related to WVP. 5. 5. Depending on the species, grouping may result in significant increases, decreases or no difference in EWL.

Cyclic changes in carbohydrate concentrations during hibernation in the arctic ground squirrel.

Cyclic changes in carbohydrate concentrations during hibernation in the arctic ground squirrel.

Evaporative cooling in the rat: effects of dehydration.

Previous investigations demonstrated that the water loss of rats associated with increased salivary evaporation during heat stress is derived from both intracellular and intravascular sources. The present studies indicate that sufficient dehydration of either fluid compartment will impair temperature regulation. Salivary excretion from all dehydrated rats was virtually abolished at ambient temperatures below 38–40 °C, but temperature regulation was still possible if a large temperature gradient existed between the animals and the environment. Above these ambient temperatures, where increased evaporation is essential to survival, the rate of evaporative water loss returned to normal. However, body water reservoirs in dehydrated rats were rapidly depleted, salivary evaporation could not be maintained, and survival times were shortened. In contrast, access to drinking water significantly increased thermal tolerance. These results emphasize the importance of adequate body fluid hydration for evaporative cooling through saliva spreading by rats in the heat. In addition, they indicate that allocation of body water for evaporation takes precedence over conflicting demands for water conservation during heat stress.

A comparison of metabolism and evaporative water loss of baltimore and bullock orioles

1. 1. Both Baltimore and Bullock orioles use about 2·4 ml O 2/g per hr at thermoneutrality; this value is approximately 14 per cent lower than the 2·8 value predictable on the basis on mass alone. 2. 2. At 44·0°C, the highes T a used in this study, Baltimore orioles used significantly more O 2 than did Bullock orioles. 3. 3. The rate of evaporative water loss increased only gradually with an increase in T a at lower T a s, but increased markedly as T a approached T b ; at 44°C, approximately 100 per cent of the heat produced by metabolic activity was dissipated by evaporative water loss. 4. 4. Both forms showed an increase in T b at higher T a s; at moderate T a s, the T b of Bullock orioles is somewhat lower than that of Baltimore orioles, but at 44°C, Bullock orioles appeared to be higher; 25 per cent of the Baltimore orioles tested died at 44°C whereas none of the Bullock orioles died at this T a . 5. 5. The physiological responses of these two orioles correlate well with their ecological preferences. Where their ranges come into contact, Bullock orioles distributionally replace Baltimore orioles probably because they are physiologically better adapted to hot, dry regions.

Studies on Water Loss and Rehydration in Anurans

Studies on Water Loss and Rehydration in Anurans

Water economy of the stark's lark and grey-backed finch-lark from the Namib Desert of South West Africa

1. 1. Water budgets of two species of larks (Aves, Alaudidae), Spizocorys starki and Eremopterix verticalis, were determined from average measurements of pulmocutaneous evaporation rate, metabolic rate, excretory water loss and food consumption, at moderate ambient temperatures and humidities. 2. 2. When air-dried millet seed was their only source of water, the bird's mean daily water loss exceeded water gain by about 0·6 g/bird; but water loss could be balanced against water gain by calculating the budgets with values of water loss from the lower end of the observed ranges of values. 3. 3. Many individuals could survive indefinitely without drinking when consuming only millet seed. 4. 4. The birds could not utilize NaCl solutions more concentrated than 0·30 M as drinking water. 5. 5. The very low rates of evaporative and excretory water loss of these two species are adaptive to a dry environment.

The Effects of Environmental Temperature Upon Domestic Fowl Deprived of Feed and Water

THE avian kidney is more efficient in the elimination of nitrogenous waste than the mammalian kidney (Sturkie, 1965). The main advantage is that less water is used in the excretion of uric acid, the major nitrogenous product of birds, than is required in the excretion of urea the chief constituent of mammalian urine. Another factor in water conservation of birds is the relatively high production of metabolic water in proportion to body size (Bartholomew and Cade, 1963). Conversely, birds have a higher rate of evaporative water loss than do most animals.Sufficient research has been conducted to determine the normal water requirements of domestic fowl. Several researchers have reported a water to feed ratio for chickens of about 2 ml. of water consumed per gram of feed consumed. Wilson (1948) and Wilson et al. (1957) found that an increase in environmental temperature caused an increase in water consumption. Joiner and .

The Tolerance of Different Ages of Domestic Fowl to Body Water Loss

LIKE all animals, birds produce water by their metabolism. Because of their high metabolic rates, the quantity of water thus produced by birds is greater in relation to body size than for other vertebrates. Birds, however, from the standpoint of water conservation, have a high rate of evaporative water loss, but they have one important physiological advantage over mammals; their nitrogen excretion involves uric acid instead of urea. Uric acid can be excreted in a semi-solid suspension, whereas urea must be excreted in an aqueous solution which inevitably, involves a considerable loss of water (Sturkie, 1965). The kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, which has an unusually efficient kidney, can excrete urea in a concentration only 20 to 30 times greater than that in its blood whereas birds can excrete uric acid in a concentration some 3,000 times greater than that in the blood (Smith, 1956).Although it seems unlikely that any .

Oxygen consumption, temperature, and water loss in bats from different environments.

Oxygen consumption, temperature, and water loss in bats from different environments.

Studies on the water economy of some Australian frogs.

The rate of evaporative water loss of several species of frog found in Australia and their ability to survive at high temperatures were studied at various temperatures in both dry and in humid air, and at constant vapour pressure deficit. The species studied were: Bufonidae, Bufo marinus (L.); Leptodactylidae, Crinia signifera Girard, Pseudophryne bibroni Gunther, Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Gunther, L. dorsalis (Gray), L. ornatus (Gray), Neobatrachus pictus Peters, N. centralis (Parker); Hylidae, Hyla ewingi (Dumeril & Bibron) and H. rubella Gray. To a certain extent, the trend for increased adaptation to terrestrial conditions follows the trend for reduced water loss. The rate of water uptake after dehydration is greatest in the burrowing frogs inhabiting arid and semi-arid regions. Survival at high temperatures in dry air was found to be a good criterion for judging the degree of adaptation of these frogs to life in arid regions.

Body composition as related to heat regulation in women.

Heat loss in psychrometrically controlled comfortable, cool and hot environments and basal heat production were related to body size and body composition in young, aged, obese and hyperthyroid women. Total basal heat production was equally well correlated with 'lean body mass,' 'cell mass' and surface area. The rate of basal oxygen consumption of 'cell mass' is not constant, being lower for obese than for nonobese women. The 'cell mass' basal oxygen consumption rate decreases curvilinearly with increases of body size (surface area) independent of body composition, and decreases curvilinearly with increases of 'cell mass' (as % body weight) independent of body size. There was no evidence of either decreased mean skin temperatures or rates of evaporative water loss per unit area in the obese women as compared with normals in cool environments. There was no evidence that the thicker layer of subcutaneous fat in obesity provides an insulating effect to heat loss. Hyperthyroid women had significantly increased mean skin temperatures and rates of evaporative water loss in cooling environments despite a need for restriction of heat loss. This suggests that under these conditions the changes may be concomitants of the hyperthyroid state which are not the result of excess heat production. There was a close relationship of rates of basal heat production and heat loss to surface area despite marked differences in body size and body composition. Surface area remains as an important and reliable parameter in studies of heat regulation in normal and obese women. Submitted on October 3, 1955

Development of temperature regulation in the dog.

ArticleDevelopment of Temperature Regulation in the DogClayton Jensen, and H. E. EderstromClayton JensenFrom the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, and H. E. EderstromFrom the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North DakotaPublished Online:31 Oct 1955https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.183.2.340MoreSectionsPDF (783 KB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByOutbreaks of canid herpesvirus 1 disease in puppies in southern BrazilPesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, Vol. 35, No. 6Canine Behavior of Sensory and Neural OriginPhysiologische Hypothermie der Katzenwelpen bis zur 6. LebenswocheJournal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, Vol. 40, No. 1-10Postnatal changes in hypothermic response in farmborn blue foxes and raccoon dogsJournal of Thermal Biology, Vol. 16, No. 2The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and thermoregulation in the virginia opossumDevelopmental Psychobiology, Vol. 13, No. 5Development of thermoregulation in the kittenPhysiology & Behavior, Vol. 23, No. 3Body temperature, oxygen consumption, evaporative water loss and heart rate in the fennecComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 62, No. 3The homeothermic status of the neonatal dogNature, Vol. 251, No. 5471Symposium: Neonatal Diseases of the Dog: III: Thermal Regulation in the New-born DogJournal of Small Animal Practice, Vol. 9, No. 9Suckling Behaviour in Natural and Artificially Fed Neonate Calves126 April 2010 | Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, Vol. 25, No. 2Neuro-Behavioral ontogenyBrain Research, Vol. 2, No. 1THE RESISTANCE OF ANIMALS TO COOLING AND FREEZINGBiological Reviews, Vol. 33, No. 2 More from this issue > Volume 183Issue 2October 1955Pages 340-344 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1955 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1955.183.2.340PubMed13268690History Received 6 June 1955 Published online 31 October 1955 Published in print 31 October 1955 Metrics

Water metabolism of desert mammals 1.

ArticlesWater Metabolism of Desert MammalsKnut Schmidt-Nielsen, and Bodil Schmidt-NielsenKnut Schmidt-Nielsen, and Bodil Schmidt-NielsenPublished Online:01 Apr 1952https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1952.32.2.135MoreSectionsPDF (5 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByBody mass-specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity in the medullary thick ascending limb: implications for species-dependent urine concentrating mechanismsMun Aw, Tamara M. Armstrong, C. Michele Nawata, Sarah N. Bodine, Jeeeun J. Oh, Guojun Wei, Kristen K. Evans, Mohammad Shahidullah, Timo Rieg, and Thomas L. Pannabecker16 April 2018 | American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, Vol. 314, No. 4Humidity sensing in insects — from ecology to neural processingCurrent Opinion in Insect Science, Vol. 24Oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic distinction in sequentially sampled tooth enamel of co-localized wild and domesticated caprines: Complications to establishing seasonality and mobility in herbivoresPalaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 485Severe acute dehydration in a desert rodent elicits a transcriptional response that effectively prevents kidney injuryMatthew David MacManes1 August 2017 | American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, Vol. 313, No. 2Evaluation of physiological and blood serum differences in heat-tolerant (Romosinuano) and heat-susceptible (Angus) Bos taurus cattle during controlled heat challenge1Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 88, No. 7Laurence Irving: An AppreciationPhysiological and Biochemical Zoology, Vol. 80, No. 1A mathematical model for estimating the amount and composition of slurry from fattening pigsLivestock Production Science, Vol. 31, No. 1-2Validation of the Doubly Labeled Water Method ( 3 HH 18 O) for Measuring Water Flux and CO 2 Production in the Tropical Hummingbird Amazilia saucerotteiPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 64, No. 1Metabolic rate and evaporative water loss in the least seed-snipe, Thinocorus rumicivorusComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 73, No. 2Seasonal variation in the rate of evaporative water loss in the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys panamintinusComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 71, No. 4Water balance and kidney structure in the fennecComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 62, No. 3Water and Energy Flux in Elephant Seal Pups Fasting under Natural ConditionsPhysiological Zoology, Vol. 51, No. 2Regulatory drinking: Do the physiological substrates have an ecological niche?Biobehavioral Reviews, Vol. 1, No. 4Water loss in the turtle Gopherus polyphemusComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 56, No. 4Roles of metabolic level and temperature regulation in the adjustment of Western plumed pigeons (Lophophaps ferruginea) to desert conditionsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 44, No. 2Respiration during flight in birdsRespiration Physiology, Vol. 14, No. 1-2Oxygen consumption and water metabolism in a carnivorous mouseComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 40, No. 3Temperature regulation in the somali donkey (Equus asinus)Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 39, No. 3The Effect of Heat Stress and Water Deprivation on the Environmental Physiology of the Bushbuck, the Reedbuck and the Uganda Kob9 December 2015 | East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1Reduced evaporation from rodents during prolonged water restrictionLife Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 19Nitrogenous constituents of urine and blood of Egyptian desert rodents as affected by season and dietZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 57, No. 4Tissue constituents of reptiles in relation to their mode of life—II. Lipid contentComparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Vol. 6, No. 2Water, nitrogen and lipides content of tissues of Varanus griseus, DaudZeitschrift f�r Vergleichende Physiologie, Vol. 42, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 32Issue 2April 1952Pages 135-166 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1952.32.2.135PubMed14929697History Published online 1 April 1952 Published in print 1 April 1952 Metrics

An Apparatus and Method for the Continuous Measurement of Evaporative Water Loss from Human Subjects

The rate of evaporative water loss is measured by recording the difference in water vapor concentration in a stream of air before and after it passes over a man enclosed in a sealed chamber. An infra-red gas analyzer is employed for measuring the difference in water vapor concentration. Construction and application of the apparatus are discussed.