Evaluation Of Surface Roughness Research Articles

Non-contact surface roughness evaluation of milled Al and Cu specimens by 1D and 2D wavelet transformation using histogram based linear regression model

Non-contact surface roughness evaluation of milled Al and Cu specimens by 1D and 2D wavelet transformation using histogram based linear regression model

Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Different Rotary Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Files After Autoclaving: An Atomic Force Microscopic Study.

Introduction Canal preparation is a critical step in endodontic therapy. Introducing nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments has significantly reduced the likelihood of errors in curved canals. However, due to their price, these instruments are often reused following autoclaving. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the surface characteristics of two designs of rotary NiTi files used in curved canals and subjected to multiple autoclaving cycles, utilizing an atomic force microscope for detailed analysis. Methods A total sample size of 24 files was taken, 12 files of Hyflex EDM (Coltene/Whaledent, Germany) files andWaveOne Gold (Dentsply Sirona, USA) fileswere then divided into four groups (n=6) as follows:Group I: Hyflex EDM control group;Group II: WaveOne Gold control group;Group III: Hyflex EDM experimental group; Group IV: WaveOne Gold experimental group. Sterilization using an autoclave was performed thrice for Groups I and II files. The files in Groups III and IV were used in simulated curved canals three times and autoclaved after each use. Atomic force microscopy was used to assess the surface roughness of the files after the first and third autoclave cycles. Results The results showed that, without statistical significance, Hyflex EDM exhibited the highest surface roughness after the first usage among the two file systems. Conclusion It can be concluded that both Hyflex EDM and WaveOne Gold files produced similar levels of surface changes when subjected to multiple usage and autoclaving cycles.

Study of stress-assisted nano-cutting mechanism of gallium arsenide

The high-performance manufacturing of hard-brittle materials by single-point diamond turning (SPDT) is a very active and challenging research area. The stress-assisted nano-cutting is a promising method for improving the machinability of hard-brittle materials. However, the simulation results in the existing stress-assisted nano-cutting model would contradict the actual condition due to the pre-stress being released before tool entry into the workpiece. A modified stress-assisted nano-cutting model with a virtual boundary between the workpiece and tool is proposed for the first time in this paper to investigate the nano-cutting process of GaAs material under different external stresses. The emergence of an atomic flow vortex during stress-assisted nano-cutting significantly enhances the quality of the machined surface, leading to a substantial reduction in both machined surface roughness (34.4 %) and subsurface damage (56.2 %), compared to the normal nano-cutting. By evaluating surface roughness, subsurface damage depth, morphological accuracy, cutting force, and removal efficiency, a pre-strain of 0.06 is determined to be the optimal pre-strain for stress-assisted nano-cutting. Moreover, the selection of optimal pre-strain remains unaffected by variations in the nano-cutting depth. TEM results demonstrate that the nano-cutting mechanism elucidated by the MD analysis accurately reflects the genuine deformation of the GaAs material.

Evaluation of tool wear and surface roughness in high-speed dry turning of Incoloy 800

Evaluation of tool wear and surface roughness in high-speed dry turning of Incoloy 800

Laminin 332 functionalized surface improve implant roughness and oral keratinocyte bioactivity

ObjectiveThe biological seal (BS) at the implant-tissue interface is essential for the success of dental implants (DIs), and the absence of a proper BS can lead to peri-implantitis. The basement membrane (BM) and junctional epithelium are critical for sealing the peri-implant mucosa, and laminin 332 is an important protein in binding the epithelium to the implant surface. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of oral keratinocytes to titanium dental implant surfaces biofunctionalized with laminin 332. DesignThe dental implant surface was treated with a piranha solution to create hydroxyl (OH) groups, facilitating biofunctionalization with laminin 332. The modified surface underwent scanning electron microscopy, surface roughness evaluation, and chemical composition analysis. Human keratinocytes from the Cal-27 line were then cultured on the modified implants for 24 and 48 h to assess viability, morphology, cytokine secretion, and mRNA expression of tissue repair-associated genes. ResultsThe results showed that laminin 332 biofunctionalization of the implant surface resulted in lower values of Ra, Rq and positive surface roughness parameters Rsk, Rku and Rv. The elemental composition showed an increase in nitrogen and carbon content corresponding to protein binding. The biofunctionalized surfaces did not affect cell viability and promoted cytokine secretion (IL-1a and IL-8) and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in MCP-1, EGF, FGF, TGF and VEGF gene expression compared to the control. ConclusionIn conclusion, laminin 332 coating Ti implants was shown to be effective in promoting keratinocyte adhesion, spreading, and viability. This approach could be an alternative way to improve biocompatibility.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Bulk-fill and Nanohybrid Composite after Exposure to Different Beverages at Various Time Intervals - An In vitro Study.

The aim of the study was to compare the surface roughness and microhardness of bulk-fill composite and nanohybrid composite resin after exposure to three different beverages at different time intervals. In this study, 60 composite discs each for bulk fill and nanohybrid, of dimensions 10 mm × 2 mm were made. Both composites were randomly divided into four subgroups, i.e., 15 samples each for artificial saliva, tea, coffee, and soft drinks which were further subdivided into five samples for three time intervals. Composite resin discs were immersed in beverages for 4 min in 24 h for 7, 15, and 30 days. All samples were evaluated for surface roughness and microhardness before and after immersion. Both the composites showed a significant increase in surface roughness in all the beverages with maximum change in surface roughness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. Furthermore, the microhardness of both the composites was decreased significantly in all beverages with maximum change in microhardness observed in nanohybrid composite resin immersed in soft drinks. Bulk-fill composite resin has better resistance to surface roughness and higher microhardness as compared to nanohybrid. Furthermore, acidic beverages highly affect the physical properties of both composite resins for longer periods.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Acrylic Denture Bases Polished Using Algishine, a Novel Polishing Material: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Surface roughness (Ra) significantly impacts the aesthetic and functional qualities of dental prosthetics. Traditional polishing involves pumice, a material routinely used in dental practice. This study introduces Algishine as a potential cost-effective eco-friendly alternative. Materials and methods A 3D design software (Geomagic) created a Standard Tesselation Language (STL) file of 10 mm x 10 mm x 2 mm. 30 STL file outputs were generated. The output was milled in wax. This was then flasked and processed. 30 acrylic resin specimens were fabricated and divided into two groups. Group A was polished using traditional pumice, and Group B was polished using Algishine. The Ra of each sample was measured using surface profilometry, with three readings per sample averaged for each group. Results Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to compare the two groups with the pre-testing samples, which showed p<0.05; indicating that there was a significant difference between the two groups. The average Ra value for unpolished acrylic was 7.105, while the specimens polished with pumice showed an Ra value of 2.218; specimens polished with novel materialAlgishine showed an Ra value of 1.743. This illustrates that Algishine achieves surface smoothness significantly superior to commonly used polishing agent andpumice. Discussion The results of our study demonstrate that Algishine, a novel polishing material derived from recycled alginate, effectively reduces the Ra of acrylic resin. This finding has significant implications, both clinically and environmentally. The primary clinical benefit of a smoother acrylic resin surface is the enhanced aesthetic appearance and increased patient comfort. A polished surface reduces plaque accumulation, thereby decreasing the risk of oral infections and improving the longevity of the dental prosthesis. The results show that Algishine achieves surface smoothness comparable to or better than pumice indicating that it can maintain, if not enhance, these clinical outcomes. Dental professionals can confidently use Algishine, knowing it meets the high standards required for patient care. Conclusion Algishine effectively reduces the Ra of acrylic resin, suggesting it is a viable, eco-friendly alternative to traditional pumice for dental polishing procedures. This indicates potential benefits in maintaining clinical outcomes while promoting environmental sustainability.

Evaluation of Surface Roughness of Translucent Zirconia After Applying Nd:YAG and CO2 Lasers: An In Vitro Study.

Surface roughness is one of the most important factors that play an important role in increasing the connection between the surface of the tooth and the applied restoration. Due to the increased interest in zirconia and the improvement of its mechanical and aesthetic properties, studies have increased that work to improve and increase its surface roughness so that it can be used as a veneer in the future. This study aims to compare the effect of two types of lasers on the surface of highly transparent zirconia to evaluate the surface roughness resulting from the two techniques. The study sample consisted of 20 ceramic cubes made of translucent zirconia (DD cubeX2, Dental Direct, Germany). It was made using a CAD-CAM Zircodenta device (Imes-Icore, Germany) and a zirconia sintering furnace (Imes-Icore, Germany). The study sample was divided into two groups; the first group consisted of 10 cubes exposed to Nd:YAG laser and the second group consisted of 10 discs exposed to continuous wave CO2 laser. The surface roughness test was conducted for the study samplesin each of the groups using a surface roughness tester. Data were collected and analyzed using SPSS v25 software. The surface roughness was measured and its mean was 1.208±0.22in the Nd:YAG laser group and 0.809±0.21in the CO2laser group. There was a significant difference between the study groups according to the independent sample T-test. This study concluded that the Nd:YAG laser surface roughensof zirconia isgreaterthan the continuous wave CO2 laser, with a substantially significant difference.

Comparative Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Color Stability Between Single-Shade Composite and Multi-Shade Composite: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction Composite resin materials are a popular choice for direct tooth-colored restorative purposes due to their excellent aesthetic qualities and versatility. The key determinants that impact the visual aspect of the restoration are gloss, surface roughness, and color stability. Research indicates that there is a direct correlation between the level of roughness on a composite resin surface and the likelihood of discoloration. The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the surface roughness and color stability of a single-shade and multi-shade composite resin after subjecting it to toothbrush simulation and immersion in coffee and an aerated drink. Materials and methods Ten single-shade composite resinsand 10 multi-shade composite resins were packed into a Teflon mold and light cured. Pre-operative surface roughness values were evaluated using a surface profilometer. Toothbrush abrasion was simulated using a toothbrushing simulator. All these resin molds were then evaluated for initial color using a spectrophotometer machine (Konica Minolta, Japan). Five resin molds were then immersed in a beaker containing coffee for seven days and five resin molds were immersed into a beaker containing an aerated drink for seven days. Following this, the resin molds were re-evaluated for color stability using a spectrophotometer machine. Results The results of this study show that single-shade composite showed increased discoloration when compared with multi-shade composite resin. Also, there is a statistical difference between the single-shade composite and multi-shade composite when it comes to surface roughness and discoloration. Conclusion With the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that single-shade composite resins have more discoloration potential in beverages than multi-shade composite resins.

Effect of Grinding and Polishing Protocols on Surface Roughness, Flexural Strength, and Phase Transformation of High-Translucent 5 mol% Yttria-Partially Stabilized Zirconia

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated surface roughness, biaxial flexural strength, and phase transformation of 5Y-PSZ after grinding and polishing with different protocols. Material and Methods Two commercial 5Y-PSZ, Lava Esthetic (L) and Cercon xt (C), were used and divided into 3 groups: LC and CC represented unpolished control groups; LE and CE were polished with protocol I (EVE DIASYNT® PLUS HP following with EVE DIACERA RA); and LJ and CJ were polished with protocol II (Superfine diamond bur following with Jota ZIR Gloss polishing kit). Surface roughness was evaluated after polishing step-by-step with a contact-type profilometer. After high-gross polishing, the specimens were subjected to biaxial flexural strength test, crystallographic microstructure analysis using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and surface micro-topography using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical Analysis Surface roughness differences after each step and biaxial flexural strength between groups were evaluated with one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Changes in surface roughness across four different time points within groups were assessed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Results After high-gross polishing, both polishing protocols showed significantly lower surface roughness than the grinding group (p &lt; 0.05). The LE and CE groups exhibited the highest surface roughness values, which were significant differences from the LJ and CJ groups (p &lt; 0.05). The LE group showed significantly lower biaxial flexural strength compared to the LC group (p &lt; 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the CE and CJ groups compared to the control group (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, all polishing protocols did not change the phase transformation of zirconia. Conclusion Polishing protocol II provided a smoother surface than the protocol I after high-gross polishing, while the biaxial flexural strength of materials remained unaffected.

In vitro evaluation of surface roughness of titanium abutments after air polishing with different abrasive powders

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of air polishing with sodium bicarbonate and erythritol powders on surface roughness and morphological changes in titanium abutments.MethodsA total of 45 grade V titanium discs were divided in three groups: Group A (Control) air polished with air/water; Group B, air polished with sodium bicarbonate powder; and Group C, air polished with erythritol powder. After air polishing, the samples' roughness (Sa) in micrometres were analysed with an optical profilometer. The samples' surface morphology study was conducted via scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Data were described using mean and standard deviation of roughness values (Sa). Inferential analysis was performed using the ANOVA multiple comparison test followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Both tests used a 5% level of significance.ResultsAfter air polishing, average roughness of group A, B and C were 0.036, 0.046 and 0.037 μm, respectively, with statistically significant differences between groups A and B (p &lt; 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between group A and group C, as well as between group B and C (p &gt; 0.05). As for the morphology analysis, damages to the titanium surface were only observed in group B.ConclusionsThe study indicates that air polishing with erythritol powder maintains titanium abutment integrity better than sodium bicarbonate, which increased surface roughness and caused damage. Erythritol is preferable for minimizing surface alterations and maintaining morphological stability.

Evaluation of surface roughness and fracture resistance of maxillary conventional &amp; digital complete dentures: An Invitro study

Evaluation of surface roughness and fracture resistance of maxillary conventional &amp; digital complete dentures: An Invitro study

Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of enamel surface roughness and remineralization after interproximal reduction: An in vivo study

Interproximal reduction (IPR) damages the caries protective superficial layer of the enamel, making the enamel surface prone to caries because of the increase in surface roughness. Remineralizing solutions can help in preventing these undesirable side effects. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effect of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and sodium fluoride (NaF) application on enamel remineralization after IPR and to evaluate changes in surface roughness, composition, and microhardness of the treated enamel. A total of 25 patients with Angle's Class I malocclusion, requiring 4 premolar extractions, were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups (n= 5). Group 1 served as the control. In group 2, the extraction of premolars was done immediately after IPR, and in group 3, the extraction of premolars was done 3 months after IPR. In group 4, the extraction of premolars was performed 3 months after IPR with weekly application of nHAp serum. In group 5, the extraction of premolars was performed 3 months after IPR, along with once-a-month application of NaF varnish. The proximal reduction of premolars in all the groups was done using Strauss IPR burs (Strauss Diamond Instruments, Palm Coast, Fla). The extracted teeth were sectioned, and the enamel surfaces were subjected to energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy to evaluate elemental composition. Vicker's microhardness test was used to evaluate enamel hardness and atomic force microscopy for enamel surface roughness. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the 5 groups using a 1-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's multiple post-hoc test was used for intergroup comparison. Calcium-to-phosphorous ratio, enamel microhardness, and surface roughness were found to be closest to untouched enamel in patients treated with nHAp, followed by patients who were treated with NaF. A lower calcium-to-phosphorous ratio and weakened and roughest enamel surface was seen in teeth, which were extracted immediately after IPR. Among the remineralizing agents tested, nHAp serum can be recommended for better remineralization of enamel surfaces after IPR.

Surface Topography in Cutting-Speed-Direction Ultrasonic-Assisted Turning.

Ultrasonic vibration has been employed to assist in turning, introducing intermittent machining to reduce average cutting force, minimize tool wear, and enhance machining efficiency, thereby improving surface roughness. However, achieving intermittent cutting necessitates specific conditions, with a cutting speed or feed rate falling below the critical speed associated with the ultrasonic vibration parameters. This study presents a theoretical model for surface formation in cutting-speed-direction ultrasonic-assisted turning (CUAT), covering both continuous and intermittent machining regimes. Experimental validation was conducted on C45 carbon steel and 201 stainless steel to demonstrate the applicability of the theoretical model across different materials. Digital microscope analysis revealed 3D topography consistency with the theoretical formula. Surface roughness evaluations were performed for both CUAT and CT (conventional turning) methods. The results indicated a significant reduction in roughness Ra for C45 steel samples machined with CUAT, up to 80% compared to CT at a cutting speed of 20 m/min, while only exhibiting slight fluctuations when turning 201 stainless steel. Detailed analysis and explanation of these phenomena are presented herein.

Cutting force and surface roughness evaluation of cryogenic treated inserts for machining en24 grade alloy steel: RSM modelling approach

Cutting force and surface roughness evaluation of cryogenic treated inserts for machining en24 grade alloy steel: RSM modelling approach

The Process of Digital Data Flow in RE/CAD/RP/CAI Systems Concerning Planning Surgical Procedures in the Craniofacial Area

This paper presents the process of digital data flow in RE/CAD/RP/CAI systems to develop models for planning surgical procedures in the craniofacial area. At the first RE modeling stage, digital data processing, segmentation, and the reconstruction of the geometry of the anatomical structures were performed. During the CAD modeling stage, three different concepts were utilized. The first concept was used to create a tool that could mold the geometry of the cranial vault. The second concept was created to prepare a prototype implant that would complement the anterior part of the mandibular geometry. And finally, the third concept was used to design a customized prototype surgical plate that would match the mandibular geometry accurately. Physical models were made using a rapid prototyping technique. A Bambu Lab X1 3D printer was used for this purpose. The process of geometric accuracy evaluation was carried out on manufactured prototypes of surgical plates made of ABS+, CPE, PLA+, and PETG material. In the geometric accuracy evaluation process, the smallest deviation values were obtained for the ABS plus material, within a tolerance of ±0.1 mm, and the largest were obtained for CPE (±0.2 mm) and PLA plus (±0.18 mm). In terms of the surface roughness evaluation, the highest value of the Sa parameter was obtained for the PLA plus material, which was 4.15 µm, and the lowest was obtained for the CPE material, equal to 3.62 µm. The knowledge of the flow of digital data and the identification of factors determining the accuracy of mapping the geometry of anatomical structures allowed for the development of a procedure that improves the modeling and manufacturing of anatomical structures within the craniofacial region.

In Vitro Evaluation of Surface Roughness and Color Variation after Two Brushing Protocols with Toothpastes Containing Different Whitening Technologies

The aim was to evaluate the effect of different whitening toothpastes on the enamel surface roughness and color variation. Twenty-four molars were sectioned and divided into eight groups (n = 3) considering the following two factors under study: toothpaste type (Colgate® Total Original, Oral B® 3D White Luxe Perfection, Curaprox® Black is White, and Signal® White Now) and brushing protocol (short- and long-term). Surface roughness was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and color change (ΔE) was measured using the CIE L*a*b* system. Data were statistically analyzed using comparative parametric tests at a 5% significance level. In the short-term protocol, only the Signal® White Now toothpaste increased surface roughness (p = 0.038) compared to the Colgate® Total Original group. No significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed in surface roughness in the long-term protocol. Regarding color variation, no statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed in either protocol. Overall, the whitening toothpastes did not affect enamel surface roughness or color, except for Signal® White Now, which caused increased roughness in the short-term protocol. However, all toothpastes induced a visual change in color.

Surface roughness and optical characteristics evaluations after chairside adjustment of different zirconia types.

Limited evidence is available for the effect of chairside adjustment using rotary cutting instruments on the surface roughness and optical properties of different zirconia types. To evaluate the effect of simulated adjustments on surface roughness and optical properties of different zirconia types. Three Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PSZ) types based on mole percent yttria (Y) concentration from the same manufacturer (Katana; Kuraray) were used: 3Y-PSZ, 4Y-PSZ, and 5Y-PSZ. Thirty disk-shaped specimens (Ø14 × 1.2 mm) from different zirconia types (N = 90) were prepared. Specimens were either left without adjustment (NA), adjusted with Dialite ZR finishing and polishing system (Brasseler) (APol), or adjusted with course diamond instruments only (ADia). The specimens were distributed into 9 groups (n = 10): Group 3Y-PSZ/NA, Group 3Y-PSZ/APol, Group 3Y-PSZ/ADia, Group 4Y-PSZ/NA, Group 4Y-PSZ/APol, Group 4Y-PSZ/ADia, Group 5Y-PSZ/NA, Group 5Y-PSZ/APol, and Group 5Y-PSZ/ADia. The surface roughness of specimen was analyzed using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) (Bruker's Dimension Icon, Bruker) and Root Means Square (RMS) were recorded (nm). Surface Gloss (SG), Translucency Parameter (TP), and Contrast Ratio (CR) values of all groups were recorded using an integrating sphere spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparison tests for pairwise comparisons at p < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. APol had no effect on the surface roughness (p = 0.88) while ADia had a significant negative effect (p < 0.05) despite the type of zirconia. Out of the three testes optical properties, only SG was negatively affected by ADia for all types of zirconia (p < 0.05). The two adjustment types did not affect the TP of all the tested zirconia (p = 0.91). The CR was not affected by the tested adjustments for all zirconia types (p = 0.726). Proper zirconia adjustment following a sequence of burs and polishers can maintain acceptable roughness and optical properties. Adjustment of zirconia with rough diamond can lead to deleterious effects and should be avoided. Chairside adjustment of zirconia could lead to rougher surface and unpredictable changes of surface gloss. Therefore, zirconia adjustment should be minimized to the greatest extent possible and a proper protocol should be followed if had to be done.

Influence of Tool Inclination and Effective Cutting Speed on Roughness Parameters of Machined Shaped Surfaces

Free-form surfaces in the automotive or aviation industry where the future shape of the product will contain complex surfaces raises the question of how to achieve the necessary shape of the required quality in the milling process. One of the methods of their production is the use of 5-axis milling, in which it is necessary to consider not only the input data of the process itself, but also the methodology for evaluating the desired results. Correctly answered questions can thus facilitate the choice of the inclination of the tool when machining parts of the surfaces defined in the experiment. The primary goal of the paper was to monitor the influence of tool inclination on the quality of the machined surface and effective cutting speed by evaluating surface roughness and surface topography. The experiment was designed to show the effect of different tool positions while the feed per tooth fz for the finishing operation remained constant. The best result in terms of surface quality was achieved with a tool inclination of 15° in the cutting process. The most unfavorable result was obtained with a tool axis inclination of zero degrees due to unfavorable cutting conditions.

The mechanism on surface integrity and fatigue performance of double‐sided micro‐cutting enhanced FeCoCrNiAl0.6 high entropy alloy

AbstractThis study examines the impact of cutting parameters on the fatigue properties of FeCoCrNiAl0.6 high‐entropy alloy under bi‐directional micro‐cutting. Utilizing Abaqus/fe−safe for analysis, we evaluated surface roughness, internal stress distribution, and fatigue longevity. Enhanced cutting speed resulted in smoother surfaces, whereas increased cut depth intensified surface roughness. Optimal cutting at 60,000 mm/min and 40 μm depth yielded a notable 91% rise in compressive stress (207 MPa) compared to slower speeds (108 MPa at 30,000 mm/min). Yield strength remained stable at 700 MPa across conditions. Fatigue resistance improved post‐bi‐directional cutting, with a 21.8–26.6% boost in life cycles, highlighting a consistent 10% advantage over single‐direction cutting.