Evaluation Of Setting Time Research Articles

Evaluation of Setting Time, Flowability, Film Thickness, and Radiopacity of Experimental Monocalcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers

Evaluation of Setting Time, Flowability, Film Thickness, and Radiopacity of Experimental Monocalcium Silicate-Based Root Canal Sealers

Evaluation of Setting Time, Compressive Strength, Microleakage and Antibacterial Properties of Nano Hydroxyapatite Incorporated GIC: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) is widely used as a restorative material, but it still exhibits some limitations that pose significant drawbacks in clinical use. The composition of Hydroxyapatite (HA) mimics the inorganic fraction of mineralised tissues such as bones and teeth. HA possesses osteoconductive and bioactive properties, making it favourable for orthopaedic and dental applications. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the setting time, compressive strength, microleakage and antibacterial properties of nano-HA incorporated GIC (NHaGIC) at various concentrations with Type-II GIC. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry at Sri Aurobindo College of Dentistry in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, for a duration of nine months, from May 2023 to January 2024. The study comprised five study groups as follows: Group-1- Type-II GIC (control), Group-2-NHA-GIC 4%, Group-3-NHA-GIC 8%, Group-4-NHA-GIC 10% and Group-5-NHA-GIC 15%. A total of 50 acrylic moulds containing the test material and TypeII GIC, with 10 in each group (n=10), were prepared to record the setting time, which was tested using a Gillmore needle. The compressive strength was checked using a Universal Testing Machine. Additionally, 50 primary molars were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and randomly divided into five groups (n=10) to evaluate microleakage. Microleakage was assessed using the dye penetration method under a stereomicroscope. For antibacterial properties, 50 samples (n=10) were taken for each strain, i.e., Strain A: S. mutans and Strain B: L. fermentum and the disk diffusion method was employed. Thus, a total sample size of 250 was used. The preparation of GIC-NHAp was done by adding nano- HA to GIC at selected concentrations by weight/weight percentage (w/w%). The results were analysed using a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Results: A statistically significant difference was observed (p<0.001) between Group-1 (GIC II) and Group-II (4% GICNHAp), III (8% GIC-NHAp), IV (10% GIC-NHAp) and V (15% GIC-NHAp) regarding setting time, compressive strength, microleakage and antibacterial properties. Conclusion: It can be concluded that adding NHAp crystals to GIC enhances its properties, such as compressive strength and antimicrobial efficiency, as the concentration increases. The microleakage property showed a consistent decrease with increasing concentration. However, the setting time increased with higher concentrations of NHAp in GIC.

Comparative Evaluation of Setting Time and Sealing Ability of Two Root End Filling Materials: An In vitro Study

Purpose: Incomplete root formation caused due to trauma can lead to problems in future. Treating such open apices teeth pose a challenge. Apexification is one of the treatment options for such teeth with open apex. Thus, this in vitro study intended to assess and compare two commercially available root-end filling materials mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Angelus and Biodentine™ for their setting time and sealing ability. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study assessed the setting time and sealing ability of the two materials; MTA-Angelus and Biodentine™. For setting time evaluation, 30 rings were made and divided into two groups. The evaluation was done using Vicat apparatus. For sealing ability, sixty single rooted teeth were used and were divided into four groups (two experimental and two control). The assessment was done using the linear dye penetration method. Results: Mean setting time of Biodentine and MTA was 29.2 ± 3.84 min and 15.2 ± 2.11 min, respectively. The mean linear dye penetration in MTA group was found to be 0.808 ± 1.094 mm, 3.76 ± 1.05 mm in Biodentine group, 5.28 ± 1.73 mm and 0.05 mm in positive control group. Conclusion: MTA-Angelus demonstrated a faster setting time when compared to biodentine, while biodentine showed to have a superior sealing ability.

Evaluation of Setting Time, Solubility, and Compressive Strength of Four Calcium Silicate-Based Cements

This study aimed to compare the physical properties of 4 kinds of calcium silicatebased cements (CSCs): 2 kinds of powder-liquid mix type (RetroMTA<sup>®</sup> [RTMX] and Endocem<sup>®</sup> MTA Zr [EZMX]) and 2 kinds of premixed type (Well-Root<sup>™</sup>PT [WRPR] and Endocem<sup>®</sup> MTA premixed [ECPR]) CSCs, respectively. Further, we assessed the setting times, solubility values, and compressive strengths of the cements. The shortest setting time was observed for EZMX (123.33 ± 5.77 seconds), followed by RTMX (146.67 ± 5.77 seconds), ECPR (260.00 ± 17.32 seconds), and WRPR (460.00 ± 17.32 seconds), respectively. The highest solubility was observed for WRPR (9.01 ± 0.55%), followed by RTMX (2.17 ± 0.07%), EZMX (0.55 ± 0.03%), and ECPR (0.17 ± 0.03%). Furthermore, the highest compressive strength was observed for ECPR (76.67 ± 25.67 Mpa), followed by WRPR (38.39 ± 7.25 Mpa), RTMX (35.07 ± 5.34 Mpa), and EZMX (4.07 ± 0.60 Mpa). In conclusion, the premixed type CSCs (WRPR and ECPR) exhibited longer setting times compared to the powder-liquid mix type CSCs (EZMX and RTMX). The solubility test showed that ECPR had the lowest solubility while WRPR had the highest solubility, with a statistically significant difference between them (<i>p</i> < 0.0083). Additionally, the compressive strength test showed that ECPR had the highest compressive strength, while EZMX had the lowest compressive strength, also with a statistically significant difference between them (<i>p</i> < 0.0083). ECPR is a promising material as it is premixed, eliminating the need for mixing time, and it has also demonstrated improved solubility and compressive strength, making it a potentially favorable option for clinical use.

Development of sustainable geopolymer composites for repair application: Workability and setting time evaluation

One of the most used construction materials worldwide is concrete. It has a lot of advantages over the other construction materials. However, the production process of concrete produces a huge amount of carbon dioxide. Geopolymer composites are gained attention as eco-friendly alternative to traditional cement. In this research an attempt has been done to optimize a sustainable geopolymer mortar made of ground-granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash (FA). The optimized geopolymer mortar is designed to be convenient and practical for repairing damaged reinforced concrete members. Accordingly, this research is focused on improving setting time and workability of an ambient cured geopolymer mortar. In this research an attempt has been done to study the impact of using different superplasticizer dosages, different GGBS percentages, and different alkaline activator solution ratios on the setting time and flowability of an ambient cured geopolymer mortar. The obtained findings of this study showed that, alkaline activator ratio is one of the most significant parameters that affect workability and setting time of the geopolymer mortar. In this study, fifteen different mixes were tested and evaluated. Modified Vicat apparatus and Flow Table test were used to evaluate setting time and workability for the mortars. The outcome of the optimization showed that, the most convenient and practical mix which provided the highest setting time and reasonable flowability contained of 25% GGBS, 75% FA and 5% superplasticizer. The obtained workability for the optimum mix was about 156.25 mm and the achieved setting time was about 30 min.

Evaluation of setting time, tear strength, dimensional stability and antimicrobial property of silver and titanium nanoparticles incorporated elastomeric impression material

Graph 1: Graph represents the dimensional stability of Group I and Group II samples.Image 1.

Setting Time of Calcium Hydroxide from Indonesian Limestone Paste with Various Solvent Vehicle for Intracanal Medicament

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 has been recently synthesized from natural Indonesian limestone to be used as an intracanal medicament for root canal infection. Ca(OH)2 is applied into the infected root canal in a non-setting paste form to release calcium and hydroxyl ions which elevates the pH and provide an antimicrobial effect to pathogenic bacteria. To form an injectable paste, Ca(OH)2 powder has to be mixed with a proper solvent to produce optimal consistency, ion dissociation, and maintain its property as a non-set material. Solvent is an important factor affecting ion dissociation and preserving its non-setting paste condition. The aim of this study is to synthesize Ca(OH)2 powder from Indonesian limestone, and evaluate the setting time of Ca(OH)2 paste from mixture of Ca(OH)2 powder synthesized from Indonesian limestone (limestone Ca(OH)2) with various solvent, to evaluate which solvent serve best to prevent the Ca(OH)2 paste from setting, to form an ideal paste be used as an intracanal medicament. This study consists of 5 groups (n=5); commercially Ca(OH)2 paste (Calcipex II) as positive control, Ca(OH)2 powder (Merck) + distilled water as negative control, limestone Ca(OH)2 powder + natrium carboxy methylcellulose (Na CMC) as group 1, limestone Ca(OH)2 powder + propylene glycol (PG) as group 2, and limestone Ca(OH)2 powder + polyethylene glycol (PEG) as group 3. Setting time evaluation was measured according to ISO 9917 by vicat needle in 37°C to mimic the physiological body condition. Results were analyzed by One Way Anova test and Post Hoc Tukey test. The result of this study showed that the setting time of Ca(OH)2 paste mixed with Na CMC solvent was 1:04 hours, PG 72:15 hours, and PEG did not harden until 7 days of observation. PEG is a hygroscopic high viscosity solvent, resulting in low and steady molecule interaction, thus prolonged its setting time. From this study it can be concluded that PEG inhibit Ca(OH)2 setting reaction up to 7 days and might be used as solvent for Ca(OH)2 paste as intracanal medicament.

Evaluation of Setting Time and Solubility of Bio-ceramic Sealer Before and After Mixing with Prednisolone Powder: A Comparative in Vitro Study

Evaluation of Setting Time and Solubility of Bio-ceramic Sealer Before and After Mixing with Prednisolone Powder: A Comparative in Vitro Study

Endodontic Sealers Modified with Silver Vanadate: Antibacterial, Compositional, and Setting Time Evaluation.

The incorporation of nanoparticles into endodontic sealers aims at increasing antimicrobial activity of the original material. Aim. The aim of this study is to incorporate the nanostructured silver vanadate decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgVO3, at 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) into three endodontic sealers and evaluate the antibacterial activity of freshly sealers, surface topography and chemical composition, and setting time. Material and Methods. The AgVO3 was incorporated into AH Plus, Sealer 26, and Endomethasone N at concentrations 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10% (in mass). The antibacterial activity of freshly sealers was assessed by direct contact with Enterococcus faecalis and CFU/mL count (n=10), surface topography, and chemical composition were measured by SEM/EDS, and the setting time was measured by Gillmore needle (n=10). The Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests were applied (α=0.05). Results. All groups of sealers evaluated inhibited E. faecalis (p>0.05). The incorporation of AgVO3 altered the atomic proportions between components of the endodontic sealers, and the percentage of silver (Ag) and vanadium (V) increased proportionally to the concentrations of AgVO3. Topography analysis showed differences in components distribution on the surface of the specimens. The sealers incorporated with AgVO3 of AH Plus presented a lower setting time than the control group (p<0.05). For Sealer 26 and Endomethasone N, the incorporation of AgVO3 increased the setting time in relation to control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. The modification of endodontic sealers by AgVO3 increased the atomic percentage of Ag and V proportionally to the concentration of the nanomaterial and changed the atomic percentage of the sealer components and setting times. It cannot be affirmed that the AgVO3 promote differences in the antimicrobial activity of freshly sealers, and further investigations of the antimicrobial activity of the set sealers should be carried out.

The Evaluation of Setting Time and FTIR Spectroscopy of Carbonate Apatite Cement as Endodontic Sealer

The carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) cement as an endodontic sealer play an essential role for endodontics treatment due to its potential to obturate root canal system as one of the most important part in endodontic treatment. Moreover, the CO3Ap has probability of similarities with composition of root dentin. Recently, the setting time of commercial endodontic sealer has 4 hours to 1 day. Therefore, the aim of this present study is to evaluate setting time and to determine the functional group of the new material composition for endodontic sealer. CO3Ap cement sealer was prepared by mixing dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA), vaterite and calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH)2] with 0.2 mol/L Na2HPO4 containing 1% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and 32 μg thymoquinone, with liquid to powder ratio of 0.6. The setting time was evaluated by Vicat needle method as describe on modification ISO 1566 for zinc phosphate cement. Five compositions of powder ratio were prepared in this study. The set CO3Ap cement sample was evaluated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to define the functional group of the sample. Setting time evaluation indicated that the average setting time of CO3Ap cement was 21 minutes of five compositions. The FTIR analyses revealed that the CO32- groups were detected, so the results could determine as B-type CO3Ap.The CO3Ap cement was considered fast setting as an endodontic sealer compared to sealers made from other base and proven to have similarities with the components of root dentin.

Evaluation of setting time and compressive strength of a new bone cement precursor powder containing Mg-Na-Ca.

Taking the advantage of a novel magnesium phosphate precursor containing Na and Ca, the cementation rate of the cement, including only Mg/Mg-Na-Ca, was studied. Besides, two effective parameters, that is, calcination temperature, 650 °C and 800 °C, and powder-to-cement liquid ratio, 1 and 1.5 g/mL, were assessed. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ion chromatography, particle size analyser, Vicat needle and compression test were used to characterize the powders and obtained cements. The sample containing Mg-Na-Ca, calcined at 800 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5, obtained the highest compressive strength, 20 MPa, but set fast. To control the kinetics of cementation, the powder containing Mg-Na-Ca calcined at 950 °C with powder-to-cement liquid ratio of 1.5 and 2 g/mL was assessed and the one with 2 g/mL set in 9 min possessing 22 MPa compressive strength was selected as optimal condition to be used as a candidate, injectable bone cement.

Moldable setting time evaluation between sodium alginate and bovine gelatine of glutinous rice mixture as dental putty materials

Putty elastomeric material is a viscous, moldable material that can be used as a dental impression to record and duplicate the tooth structure. Commercially available putty materials are hardly found in the Indonesian market. The aim of this work is to develop an alternative putty dental material from glutinous rice with two different gelling agents; sodium alginate and bovine gelatine. A commercially putty material was used as a control. The length of time required for the putty materials to set (setting time) was evaluated with compression set test. The result showed that sodium alginate and bovine gelatine gelling agents resulted in moldable putty materials that comparable to the commercial product. Glutinous rice mixed with sodium alginate gelling agent demonstrated longer setting time (more than 1 hours) compared to bovine gelatine (6 minutes). These may occur due to heat treatment applied to the bovine gelatine, while sodium alginate mixture has a chemical reaction since CaCl2 crosslink agent had been added to the mixture. Glutinous rice with bovine gelatine mixture is a promising candidate to be used as a dental putty material.

Evaluation of Setting Time, Ions Release, Sealing Ability and Adhesion of a Novel Experimental Endodontic Cement

The aim of this work was to evaluate the setting time, adhesion, sealing ability, and ion release of a novel endodontic sealer (CEOE) and of the commercial Sealer 26® cement. The setting time was determined in accordance with ANSI/ADA specifications #57. The adhesion of the materials to the canal walls was evaluated through bond strength using the push-out technique. The sealing ability was assessed by fluid filtration measurements. The released ions of interest to be analyzed are OH1- and Ca2+. The concentration of hydroxyl and calcium ions was evaluated by pH measurements and atomic absorption spectroscopy technique, respectively. The data were analyzed statistically using the analysis of variance and the Tukey’s test. The results obtained showed that the setting time of CEOE cement is 35% shorter than of Sealer 26® and both cements meet the British Standard BS (1988) recommendation. No significant difference was observed in the bonding strength and permeability values for both cements. Statistically, the CEOE released more hydroxyl ions than Sealer 26® in the first 72 h, and more calcium ions in the first 48 h.

The impact of the addition of iodoform on the physicochemical properties of an epoxy-based endodontic sealer

Due to the low radiopacity of Sealer 26, iodoform is frequently empirically added to this sealer. Thus, the interference of this procedure with the physicochemical properties of Sealer 26 must be evaluated.Objective This study evaluated the influence of the addition of iodoform on setting time, flow, solubility, pH, and calcium release of an epoxy-based sealer. Material and Methods The control group was pure Sealer 26, and the experimental groups were Sealer 26 added with 1.1 g, 0.55 g or 0.275 g of iodoform. Setting time evaluation was performed in accordance with the ASTM C266-03 speciflcation. The analysis of flow and solubility was in accordance with the ISO 6876-2001 speciflcation. For the evaluation of pH and calcium ion release, polyethylene tubes were filled with the materials and immersed in flasks with 10 ml of deionized water. After 24 h, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 45 days pH was measured. In 45 days, the calcium released was evaluated with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results The addition of iodoform increased setting time in comparison with pure sealer (P<0.05). As for flow, solubility, and calcium release, the mixtures presented results similar to pure sealer (p>0.05). In the 24 h period, the mixture with 1.1 g and 0.55 g of iodoform showed lower pH than pure sealer and than sealer added with 0.275 g of iodoform (P<0.05). Conclusions The iodoform added to Sealer 26 interferes with its setting time and solubility properties. Further studies are needed to address the clinical signiflcance of this interference.

An Evaluation of Setting Time of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and EndoSequence Root Repair Material in the Presence of Human Blood and Minimal Essential Media

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to compare the ability of MTA (Dentsply Maillefer, Tulsa, OK) and EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ESRRM; Brasseler USA, Savannah, GA) to set in the presence of human blood and minimal essential media. MethodsA model was created using polymethyl methacrylate blocks each prepared with 10 standardized wells (2-mm diameter × 3-mm depth). Prepared ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Maillefer) and ESRRM were each placed in 6 separate blocks. The samples were distributed among the 4 different media (ie, blood, minimal essential media, blood and minimal essential media, and sterile saline as the control). Each block was submerged for 4, 5, 6, 8, 24, 36, and 48 hours in an incubator at 37°C with 100% humidity. ResultsThe results revealed that regardless of the type of media exposure, neither of the materials set at 4 or 6 hours. ESRRM was not set at 48 hours, whereas all of the MTA samples were set at 36 hours. ConclusionsThis outcome draws into question the proposed setting time given by each respective manufacturer. Furthermore, despite ESRRM being marketed as a direct competitor to MTA with superior handling properties, MTA consistently set at a faster rate under the conditions of this study.

Evaluation of Setting Time in Ultra High Performance Concrete

Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC), characterized by a high strength and high ductility, is also subjected to large shrinkage due to its low water-to-binder ratio and its large content in high fineness materials. The large amount of autogenous shrinkage of UHPC can induce crack on structural member when it was restrained with reinforcement and form. However, shrinkage of UHPC in plastic state is not generating confining stress, which is the main cause of initial crack. Normally, the setting time in concrete is an index to distinguish shrinkage which occur confining stress or not. An estimation of setting time is conducted in compliance with ASTM C 403 till now however, that test standard reveals error of results due to discordance of test condition as following with concrete type. This study therefore evaluated setting time of UHPC through the modified test method which was proposed by KICT. Test results and analyses proved a discrepancy of setting time between ASTM and proposed method. The proposed method put faith in evaluation of setting time in accordance with UHPC.

Compressive Strength and Setting Time of MTA and Portland Cement Associated with Different Radiopacifying Agents

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength and setting time of MTA and Portland cement (PC) associated with bismuth oxide (BO), zirconium oxide (ZO), calcium tungstate (CT), and strontium carbonate (SC). Methods. For the compressive strength test, specimens were evaluated in an EMIC DL 2000 apparatus at 0.5 mm/min speed. For evaluation of setting time, each material was analyzed using Gilmore-type needles. The statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA and the Tukey tests, at 5% significance. Results. After 24 hours, the highest values were found for PC and PC + ZO. At 21 days, PC + BO showed the lowest compressive strength among all the groups. The initial setting time was greater for PC. The final setting time was greater for PC and PC + CT, and MTA had the lowest among the evaluated materials (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that all radiopacifying agents tested may potentially be used in association with PC to replace BO.

Effect of Different Radiopacifying Agents on the Physicochemical Properties of White Portland Cement and White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to evaluate the pH, calcium ion release, setting time, and solubility of white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) and white Portland cement (WPC) combined with the following radiopacifying agents: bismuth oxide (BO), calcium tungstate (CT), and zirconium oxide (ZO). MethodsFifty acrylic teeth with root-end filling material were immersed in ultrapure water for measurement of pH and calcium release (atomic absorption spectrophotometry) at 3, 24, 72, and 168 hours. For evaluation of setting time, each material was analyzed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials guidelines 266/08. The solubility test was performed according to American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association specification no. 57/2000. Solubility, setting time, and pH values were compared by using analysis of variance and Tukey test, and the values of calcium release were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis and Miller tests. The significance level was set at 5%. ResultsThe pH and calcium release were higher at 3 and 24 hours. WPC was the material with the higher values for both properties. WMTA had the greatest solubility among all materials (P < .05). All radiopacifiers increased the setting time of WPC, and WMTA had the shortest setting time among all materials (P < .05). ConclusionsAll materials released calcium ions. Except for WPC/CT at 168 hours, all materials promoted an alkaline pH. On the basis of the obtained results, ZO and CT can be considered as potential radiopacifying agents to be used in combination with Portland cement.

PH, Calcium Ion Release, and Setting Time of an Experimental Mineral Trioxide Aggregate–based Root Canal Sealer

Introduction An experimental mineral trioxide aggregate sealer (MTAS) has been developed for use as a root canal sealer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the setting time, pH, and calcium ion release of MTAS compared with white Portland cement (CPB-40; Votorantin Cimentos, Camargo Correa SA, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil), white MTA Angelus (MTA; Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil), and AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany). Methods For the evaluation of setting time, each material was analyzed using Gilmore-type needles. Polyethylene tubes with the materials were immersed in distilled water for the measurement of pH (digital pH meter) and calcium release (atomic absorption spectrophotometry). The evaluations were performed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 7, 14, and 28 days. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Tukey test at 5% significance level. Results MTAS showed higher calcium release at all experimental periods, a greater increase in pH up to 48 hours and the longest setting time. Conclusions MTAS presented favorable properties for its indication as a root canal sealer.

On the Evaluation of Setting Time of Cement Paste Based on ASTM C403 Penetration Resistance Test

Abstract The standard setting test for setting of cement paste, ASTM C191, uses a very stiff dough with a low water content and does not give information about the gradual microstructural development over time due to hydration; but the standard test for concrete, ASTM C403, can be used on cement paste, is not limited to paste with low water content, and does give information about microstructural development. In this study, the C403 test procedure was modified to provide more reproducible data for cement paste, with the most important modification being to not remove bleed water. Since the purpose of ASTM C403 is to measure time of setting of mortar extracted from concrete, the values of penetration resistance in paste that correspond to initial and final set in concrete were determined: These values were 2 MPa for initial set and 14 MPa for final set.