Evaluation Of Micronuclei Research Articles

Evaluation of micronuclei in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders via different staining techniques

Evaluation of micronuclei in oral squamous cell carcinoma and potentially malignant disorders via different staining techniques

Evaluation of micronuclei, cytomorphometric and cytologic changes of the oral mucosa in hookah and cigarette smokers

To analyze the effect of hookah and cigarettes on the oral mucosa of smokers through the use of exfoliative cytology. Smear samples were collected by exfoliative cytology from the tongue of 33 hookah smokers, 22 cigarette smokers, and 30 non-smokers. The selected analyses include micronuclei (MN), metanuclear anomalies, epithelial maturation, and cytomorphology (nuclear area [NA], cytoplasmic area [CA], and NA/CA ratio). The largest differences observed for MN and metanuclear anomalies were between cigarette smokers and the control group (notably 1 MN P = .04; total cells with MN P = .039; total MN P = .042; karyorrhexis and binucleation, P = .0001). The hookah group, compared with the control group, showed the greatest differences for karyolysis (P = .0023), binucleation (P = .0003), and broken egg (P = .008). Significant differences were found between the smokers and the control groups regarding changes in the superficial cell without nucleus, perinuclear halo, vacuolization, color change, mucus, and keratohyalin granules. There was a significant increase in the NA and NA/CA ratio in the smoker groups. This study showed that a combined analysis of exfoliative cytology associated with other diagnostic methods is a useful tool for studying oral carcinogenesis. Hookah and cigarettes showed similar effects in terms of displaying substantial cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage.

ОЦЕНКА ГЕНОТОКСИЧЕСКОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ МИТОМИЦИНА С НА ПРИМЕРЕ APOE НОКАУТНЫХ МЫШЕЙ

BACKGROUND Mitomycin C (MMC) has a wide spectrum of genotoxicity, including inhibition of DNA synthesis, clastogenesis and mutagenesis. As an immediate-action clastogen requiring exclusively intracellular reductive activation, MMC initiates efficient DNA cross-linking. Most studies are aimed at studying single-stage acute effects, which are caused by high doses of mutagen. In turn, there are no or very few studies aimed at studying the chronic effects of MMC. Polychrome red blood cells have been accepted as a suitable target for the evaluation of micronuclei in both acute and cumulative injury. The in vivo micronucleus test is well established as a standard assay for assessing genotoxicity at the chromosomal level of mouse erythrocytes. THE AIM OF THE STUDY To create a chronic genotoxic effect of mitomycin C without lethal outcome in ApoE knockout mice while selecting the optimal dose of MMC. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design included 6 groups of ApoE-/- mice, two doses of MMC with a concentration of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, one-time and three-time administration. To assess genotoxicity, 1000 polychrome erythrocytes (PCEs) extracted from the bone marrow of a mousefemur were counted on each sample, and PCEs with micronuclei were identified. RESULTS This study aimed to find the optimal dose of MMC that has a clear genotoxic effect and does not lead to death in an ApoE knockout mouse model. With a single injection, PCEs with chromosomal damage were more common (more than 2 times; p < 0.05) in groups of mice with MMC administration (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg; 0.39 % and 0.26 %, respectively) compared to the control group (0.15 %). We also found that the frequency of occurrence of PCEs with micronuclei in groups of mice with MMC dose of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg (0.36 % and 0.47 %, respectively) and three-time administration exceeded this indicator in mice from the control group (0.2 %). CONCLUSION The present study on the determination of the optimal dose of mitomycin C provides further evidence that 0.1 mg/kg is the threshold value for genotoxic effects caused by MMC. An increase in the frequency of micronucleated immature red blood cells in animals exposed to a mutagen is an indicator of induced structural or numerical chromosomal aberrations. Our results further suggest that careful selection of MMC dose is critical. Dose-response studies in rodents can provide useful information on mechanisms and dose selection for long-term toxicity studies.

Evaluation of micronuclei and antioxidant status in hospital radiation workers occupationally exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation

PurposeThere is scientific evidence that ionizing radiation (IR) can be responsible for various health hazards that are one of the concerns in occupational exposure. This study was performed to evaluate DNA damage and antioxidant status in hospital workers who are occupationally exposed to low doses of IR.Materials and methodsIn this study, twenty occupationally exposed to low doses of IR (CT and angiography) comprising with control groups which matched them. In order to investigate the effects of chronic irradiation of radiation workers, Micronuclei (MN) frequency and the antioxidant activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) were measured. Then, to check adaptation against high challenge dose, the samples (in all groups) were irradiated in vitro and MN frequency was compared. Finally, to investigated the effect of the high dose after the acute and chronic low dose of ionizing radiation, MN frequency was compared in two groups (the control group that was to in-vitro irradiated (acute low dose + high dose) and radiation workers (chronic low dose + high dose)).ResultsMN frequency in the occupationally exposed group (n = 30) increased significantly when compared to the control group (p-value < 0.0001). However, chronic irradiation of radiation workers could not lead to an adaptive Sresponse, while acute low-doses could produce this effect (p-value ˂ 0.05). In addition, the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and TAC were not statistically different between the radiation workers and the control group (p-value > 0.05).ConclusionsWe observed that exposure to low doses of IR leads to increased cytogenetic damage, could not cause an adaptive-response, and improve antioxidant capacity in radiation workers. Controlling healthcare workers' exposure is the first step to improving the health of hospital workers and the quality of patient care, thus decreasing human and economic costs.

Evaluation of Micronuclei in Buccal Smears of Mobile Phone Users: A Comparative Study

Background: The mobile uses have been increased drastically, creating increased health concern about radiation effects emitted from mobile phone. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the micronuclei (MN) frequency in exfoliated oral mucosal cells in high and low mobile users. Materials and Methods: The total of 50 subjects was divided into two major groups: low mobile phone users and high mobile phone users. Further, subjects who use mobile phone for more than 10 h a week were considered high talk time users and &lt;4–5 h a week was low talk time users. The buccal mucosa cells are extracted by scraping the oral cavity with a wooden spatula. MN was evaluated in 1000 cells per individual at the microscope. Results: There was a significantly increase in MN count in high mobile users compared to low mobile users. There was a highly significant difference in the mean MN count of participants using code division multiple access than global system for mobiles mobile phones. The MN mean count was found to be significantly increased in nonheadphone users in comparison to headphone users. Furthermore, the MN count on the frequently used side of mobile phone was found to be statistically significantly elevated compared to the opposite side. Conclusions: Mobile phone radiation, even in the permissible range when used for a longer duration, can cause significant genotoxicity. The genotoxicity is noted when the mobile phone is used more frequently on the same side, which may be due to more amount of radiation and increase in the temperature. Headphone usage reduces the genotoxicity of mobile phone radiation to some extent.

Evaluation of micronuclei in potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers: A cytological assay

Evaluation of micronuclei in potentially malignant disorders and oral cancers: A cytological assay

Evaluation of micronucleus in exfoliated epithelial cells and seminal fluid quality in petrol station workers in Samarra city-Iraq

The use of cytogenetic parameters, including micronuclei and seminal fluid quality, is one of the most important indicators relied upon to determine the harm that a person may suffer during his work. Benzene is an important organic product. When exposed to it continuously, it may lead to many disorders. As well as exposure to gasoline, vapors can cause damage to the DNA, which is one of the possible causes of cancer in humans. The study was conducted on 80 individuals, 50 workers in filling stations who are permanently exposed to petroleum derivatives by inhaling them while refueling vehicles, and {the control group} also consisted of 30 individuals collected from rural areas. Cells of Exfoliated buccal and seminal fluid were obtained from each subject to examine. The frequency of micronucleus among workers in filling stations results showed a significant increase compared to the control group. The hesitance of micronuclei among workers in filling stations was (106± 3.23) compared to the control group which was (27.6 ± 3.26), as well as the results obtained showed that there were statistically significant differences between semen indicators for workers in filling stations compared to the control group, there is exception.

Re: Evaluation of Micronuclei and Cytomorphometric Changes in Patients with Different Tobacco Related Habits Using Exfoliated Buccal Cells

Re: Evaluation of Micronuclei and Cytomorphometric Changes in Patients with Different Tobacco Related Habits Using Exfoliated Buccal Cells

Early Diagnosis of Oral Mucosal Alterations in Smokers and E-Cigarette Users Based on Micronuclei Count: A Cross-Sectional Study among Dental Students.

The presence of micronuclei in oral epithelial cells is considered a marker of genotoxicity, which can be identified using exfoliative cytology. The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of micronuclei in the oral mucosa of smokers and e-cigarette users compared to nonsmokers. We obtained smears from the buccal mucosa of 68 participants divided in 3 groups (smokers, e-cigarette users and nonsmokers), which were further processed with Papanicolaou stain. The frequencies of micronuclei and micronucleated cells were recorded and statistically analyzed at a level of significance of p < 0.05. The mean micronuclei values per 1000 cells were 3.6 ± 1.08 for smokers, 3.21 ± 1.12 for e-cigarette users and 1.95 ± 1.05 for nonsmokers. The mean values of micronucleated cells per 1000 cells were 2.48 ± 0.91 for smokers, 2.39 ± 1.07 for e-cigarette users and 1.4 ± 0.68 for nonsmokers. Smokers and e-cigarette users had significantly higher values of micronuclei and micronucleated cells compared to nonsmokers, but there were no significant differences between smokers and e-cigarette users. We concluded that the micronuclei count can be used as an early indicator for alterations of oral mucosa and exfoliative cytology represents an accessible tool which could be applied for mass screening.

Staining criteria, collection and number of cells evaluated to identify micronuclei in buccal mucosa cells of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides.

Although there are several publications that refer to the basic criteria established for the micronucleus (MN) test in exfoliated buccal cells, there is still a difference in the quantity, method of obtention and staining of the cells for the evaluation of the presence of micronuclei. Objective. Identify the criteria for evaluation of MN in oral mucosa cells exposed to pesticide in investigations carried out. Material and methods. A systematic review was carried out on the internet, based on articles published in Crossref, JCR, Scopus, PubMed, Google academic, using keywords such as: micronuclei, buccal mucosa cells, genotoxic damage, pesticides and biomarker. Results. In the six selected articles, four presented statistically significant values ​​with the presence of MN when comparing the exposed groups with respect to the control groups, and the criteria for staining, collection and number of cells evaluated to identify micronuclei were very varied. Conclusions. It is important to follow validated and standardized protocols for the MN oral cytoma assay. Being considered in all the parameters suggested in the protocol will increase the reliability of the studies and will give the possibility of comparing the results obtained.

Evaluation of Micronuclei and Cytomorphometric Changes in Patients with Different Tobacco Related Habits Using Exfoliated Buccal Cells.

Background:Tobacco is one of the main reasons behind the occurrence of oral cancer. Oral cancer, even though being the tenth most common cancer in the world, gets diagnosed at an advanced stage and ends up with poor prognosis. So early diagnosis is the need of the hour. Our study aimed to evaluate the genotoxic changes in patients with different tobacco habits using buccal exfoliated cells. Methods:Buccal smears were taken from smokers (30), smokeless tobacco users (30), combined tobacco users (30) and controls (30) with clinically normal oral mucosa. All the smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain and Feulgen stain and viewed under light microscope for the evaluation of mean number of micronuclei, mean micronuclei per cell, frequency of cells showing micronuclei, nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Results:Mean number of micronuclei, mean micronuclei per cell, frequency of cells showing micronuclei, and nuclear area were significantly increased in tobacco users than controls, especially in combined tobacco users. Nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio was increased and cytoplasmic area was decreased in tobacco users than controls. Conclusion:Tobacco in any consumable form is genotoxic. Smoking and smokeless tobacco, when consumed together, synergistically causes higher genetic damage. Different tobacco habits have different deleterious effects on oral mucosa, and these effects are more pronounced when the patients have combined habits. So, detecting the genotoxic changes through exfoliative cytology can be used as a simple yet reliable marker for early detection of carcinogenesis.

Cytomorphometry and morphology analysis of human papillomavirus type 16 in liquid-based cervical cytology samples.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main causal factor of cervical carcinoma. HPV 16 is one of the most prominent oncogenic types. We aimed to evaluate the cytomorphometric and morphological alterations caused by HPV 16 in liquid-based cytology (LBC). The Cobas 4800 HPV system was used for the detecting and typing HPV DNA in cervical specimens. In this study, 30 HPV 16 positive and 30 HPV 16 negative cervical samples were evaluated for micronuclei (MN), nonclassical cytologic abnormalities, and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. Nuclear and cellular areas were evaluated using image analysis software and the nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio was calculated. All analyses were performed blinded to the patients' HPV status. Statistical evaluation was carried out using the χ2 and Fisher test; P-values < .05 were considered significant. The frequencies of micronucleated cells and koilocytes were higher in the HPV 16 infected group (P < .05). Cells with perinuclear halo in control group were higher than the HPV 16 infected group (P < .05). The mean nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio in HPV 16 patients was higher than the control value, but the difference was not statistically significant. LBC can be used to detect morphological and morphometric changes. HPV 16 induces the formation of MN and koilocytosis. The evaluation of MN could provide additional information in monitoring genomic instability and of koilocytes could provide information about damage to the cytoskeleton filaments in HPV infection. Further studies are needed to investigate the effects of HPV-18 and other high-risk HPV types on the cell size and nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio.

Response to 'Comment on "Evaluation of Micronucleus in Exfoliated Human Buccal Epithelium Cells among E-Waste Exposed Residents in Payatas, Philippines"'.

Response to 'Comment on "Evaluation of Micronucleus in Exfoliated Human Buccal Epithelium Cells among E-Waste Exposed Residents in Payatas, Philippines"'.

Comment on "Micronucleus Evaluation in Exfoliated Human Buccal Epithelium Cells among E-Waste Workers in Payatas, the Philippines".

Comment on "Micronucleus Evaluation in Exfoliated Human Buccal Epithelium Cells among E-Waste Workers in Payatas, the Philippines".

Micronucleus Evaluation in Exfoliated Human Buccal Epithelium Cells among E-Waste Workers in Payatas, the Philippines.

Background.The improper recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) by informal recyclers often leads to contamination of the environment. E-waste contains organic and inorganic compounds along with heavy metals and trace elements. These pollutants can have a negative effect on humans. Biomonitoring can provide information on the sources, amount, geographical distribution, and adverse health effects of contaminants.Objectives.The present study aimed to assess risks to the health of informal e-waste recyclers in Payatas, the Philippines due to their exposure to e-waste toxicity by examining the presence of micronuclei in buccal epithelium cells.Methodology.Frequencies of binucleated cells (BNc) and abnormal cells were obtained from the buccal epithelium of the study population composed of e-waste exposed recyclers (n=40) and a control group (n=52). Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were employed for the data analysis.Results.Participants' gender, occupation, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and the number of karyolitic cells of both groups were significantly associated. Only occupation in e-waste recycling and length of e-waste exposure were significantly associated in terms of the number of abnormal cells and micronuclei. Similar trends were found in the linear regression analysis drawn from participants' length of e-waste exposure with a significance of R2= 7346, indicating that as the length of e-waste exposure increased, the number of micronuclei found in the participants' buccal epithelium cells increased as well.Conclusions.Longer exposure to e-waste materials may induce genotoxic damage in human cells which is a serious concern, leading to adverse effects to human health.Competing Interests.The authors declare no competing financial interests.

E-cig might cause cell damage of oral mucosa

The aim of this study was to investigate cytogenetic and cytotoxic damage through the evaluation of micronuclei (MN) and metanuclear anomalies in the oral mucosa of electronic cigarette (e-cig) users. The patients were recruited into 4 groups: e-cig users, smokers, former smokers, and nonsmokers (control). The samples were collected by means of exfoliative cytology of the lateral region of the tongue and the floor of the mouth. The smears obtained were fixed and stained by the Feulgen method for investigation of MN and metanuclear anomalies. A significant difference was observed for MN frequency only between the smoker and control groups. As for metanuclear anomalies, significant differences were observed: karyolysis between: smokers and control, e-cig and control, as well as former smokers; karyorrhexis: between smoker and control; binucleation: between e-cig and former smoker, as well as control; broken eggs: between e-cig and all other groups; nuclear bud: between e-cig and former smokers, as well as control. E-cig and alcohol users presented genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the oral mucosa cells. The use of e-cigs and alcohol by former smokers can cause more damage to the cells of the oral mucosa compared to those who have not used e-cigs.

Cancer risk evaluation in individuals occupationally exposed to organic solvents

To evaluate the frequency of micronuclei (MNs) and influence of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms as biomarkers of cancer risk in car painters (n=152) compared to unexposed individuals (n=152). Molecular epidemiology study, cross-sectional analysis of gen and environment interaction. The evaluation of MN and genetic polymorphisms was determined by molecular tests in lymphocytes from subjects involved in the study. It was determined that the frequency of MNs is 1.6 higher in the exposed group compared to the reference group (1.39 ± 0.92 versus 0.87 ± 0.78, p<0.0001). There was no increase in the frequency of MNs associated with the polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1. The increase of MNs in car painters serves to alert the increased risk of cancer in this population exposed to organic solvents. These results can be used in Occupational Epidemiological Surveillance Programs, as a prevention strategy and policies to regulate and control the use of solvents at a national level and in other countries with a large informal sector of individuals exposed to these chemicals to reduce the risk of cancer.

Comparative evaluation of micronuclei in Saudi smokers and non-smokers without any visible oral lesions– A pilot study.

Objectives: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate effectiveness and safety of beta carotenes for the treatment of oral leukoplakia regarding clinical resolution and prevention of malignant transformation. Material and Methods: The systematic search was conducted in three electronic databases and the study’s selection was performed according to pre-set eligibility criteria. Four studies evaluating the efficacy of beta carotenes in oral leukoplakia compared to placebo were included in the review; three of which were assigned for quantitative analysis. Data were extracted, tabulated, quality assessed and statistically analyzed. Results: The meta-analysis revealed that when comparing clinical resolution the beta carotene group favored was favored compared to placebo, with statistically significant difference. However, a meta-analysis comparing beta carotene and placebo groups regarding malignant transformation as a primary outcome failed to show any significant benefit. Furthermore, results showed evidence of beta carotene safety. Conclusion: the overall quality of evidence about efficacy of beta carotene in oral leukoplakia treatment was not high. However, given the obvious safety of this agent, data suggests it could have a promising effect in clinical improvement of oral leukoplakia lesions. However, no evidence supporting its benefits in reducing risk of malignant transformation in these lesions was found. Therefore, further long term, well designed randomized clinical trials are highly recommended.

Finasteride promotes worsening of the cardiac deleterious effects of nandrolone decanoate and protects against genotoxic and cytotoxic damage

Metabolism of anabolic androgenic steroids is important for its physiological effects. The aim was to investigate the effects of finasteride (a 5α-reductase inhibitor - 5αR) on cardiac and mutagenic effects promoted by ND. Male Wistar rats were separated into three groups: CONT, received the vehicles of ND and finasteride (Peanut oil+Saline); DECA group, received ND (20 mg.kg.week-1, i.m.), and DECAF received ND and finasteride (100 µg.kg-1, i.p.), for four weeks. After, hypertrophy, cytokines and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity was determined in heart. Bone marrow was used for micronucleus evaluation. Treatment with ND promotes increase in cardiac hypertrophy, ACE activity and disbalance among pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and combination with finasteride worsened those effects. Association with finasteride ameliorates the toxic effects of ND on bone marrow cells, as was observed by a normalization of the number of micronucleate polychromatic erythrocytes and the mitotic index. Our data demonstrates that deleterious effects promoted by ND are depend, at least in part, of its metabolization. Also, inhibition of 5αR by finasteride present variated effects dependent on organ studied. It can promote increase on cardiac damage and a reduction on mutagenic effects of ND, which demonstrated that dehydronandrolone has diverse role on ND effects..

Herbicide biomonitoring in agricultural workers in Valle del Mayo, Sonora Mexico.

Valle del Mayo is an important agricultural area at the northwest of Mexico where up to 20,000L of a mix composed of glyphosate and tordon is used in drains and canals. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the cellular damage caused by glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and picloram in agricultural workers. Biomonitoring was performed through the quantification of herbicides in urine using HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) to then evaluate the cellular damage in exposed people by means of an evaluation of micronuclei and cellular proliferation in lymphocyte cultures. The urine samples (n = 30) have shown a concentration of up to 10.25μg/L of picloram and 2.23μg/L of AMPA; no positive samples for glyphosate were reported. The calculation of the external dose reveals that agricultural workers ingest up to 146mg/kg/day; however, this concentration does not surpass the limits that are allowed internationally. As for the results for the micronuclei test, 53% of the workers showed cellular damage, and the nuclear division index test reported that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the exposed and the control population, which indicated that the exposure time to pesticides in the people of Valle del Mayo can induce alterations which can cause chronic damage.