Evaluation Of Long-term Response Research Articles

Prediction of wave-induced loads on ships: Progress and challenges

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the methods used for the evaluation of wave-induced loads on ships examining analytical, numerical and experimental approaches. The paper focuses on conventional ocean going vessels and loads originating from steady state and transient excitations, namely slamming, sloshing and green water, for the latter, and including extreme or rogue waves, as well as the more occasional loads following damage. The advantages and disadvantages of the relatively simpler potential flow approaches against the more time consuming CFD methods are discussed with reference to accuracy, modeling nonlinear effects, ease of modeling and of coupling with structural assessment procedures, suitability for long term response prediction and suitability for integration within design and operational decision making. The paper also assesses the uncertainties involved in predicting wave-induced loads and the probabilistic approaches used for the evaluation of long term response and fatigue analysis. The current design practice is reviewed and the role of numerical prediction methods within the classification framework and goal based design approach discussed. Finally the suitability of current developments in prediction methods to meet the needs of the industry and future challenges is assessed.

Evaluation of long term growth response to hGH treatment

The growth velocity (GV, cm/y) induced by hGH treatment was evaluated in 85 hGH deficient patients classified into 4 groups. Gr. A: Isolated hGH deficiency (IGHD), males, n=22; age at start of therapy (age): 0.8-19.6 y (m=9.6y). Gr. B: IGHD, females, n=19; age 0.4-16.9 y (m=8.6 y). Gr. C: Multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies (MPHD), males, n=30; age 1.3-21.4 y (m=11.7 y). Gr. D: MPHD, females, n=14; age 2.5-18.3 y (m=10.3 y). Follow-up ranged from 1-12 y with actual treatment amounting to 40-60% of the time. Treatment was given in courses of 3-24 months, 2-6 U×3/wk with intervals of 2-14 mos. The regression equation of GV (cm/y) as a function of age and age2 was calculated using program BMDP2R (Dixon & Brown, 1979). The formula is:This formula enables the evaluation of long term response to hGH comparing expected and observed growth velocity.