PHE's Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards (CRCE) provides advice, develops guidance and is involved in research in order to advance understanding on radiation, chemical and environmental hazards at international, national, regional and local levels. As part of PHE's responsibility to protect the public from chemical hazards, CRCE provides toxicological advice on exposures to chemicals, poisons and environmental toxins, and engages with international initiatives to coordinate information acquisition, regulation and management of these exposures. A useful tool to assess human exposure to existing and emerging environmental substances and in some cases, their potential health risks, is human biomonitoring (HBM).HBM involves the collection of biological samples, such as urine, blood and hair, from volunteers to measure markers of exposure to (or the effects of) chemicals known as biomarkers.1 The UK does not have a national study for HBM so PHE plans to develop national protocols and a national framework. Evaluating human exposure in this way will support the elaboration of background levels and guidance values, which will facilitate, for example, the identification of potential high exposure populations or subpopulations and lead to policy interventions and focused research projects.In order to help develop a national framework and to ensure useful comparisons with other studies, PHE has been involved in two sister European research consortia, which were formed after the European Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 called for the development of a coherent approach to biomonitoring in Europe (Action 3).2 The Consortium to Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale (COPHES) developed a European Union (EU) HBM framework to enable the collection of comparable biomonitoring data throughout Europe and DEMOCOPHES (DEMOnstration of a study to COordinate and Perform Human biomonitoring on a European Scale), a collaborative pilot study, which demonstrated/tested the protocols produced by COPHES by measuring biomarkers of cadmium, mercury, phthalates and environmental tobacco smoke in the general public. For the first time in the EU, a common approach for HBM surveys has been tested by the twin consortia COPHES/DEMOCOPHES. A brief overview of the results from the studies was presented at the PHE conference in September 2013.THE CONSORTIUM TO PERFORM HUMAN BIOMONITORING ON A EUROPEAN SCALE (COPHES)Funded by the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme, COPHES developed an EU HBM framework that will allow for cross-boundary evaluation of human exposure and can also be used to enable the integration of human biomarker data with environmental and health information, elaborate background levels and guidance values and ultimately support the evaluation of environment and health policy. The approach for designing and conducting the study and implementing the fieldwork procedures is detailed elsewhere.3 The harmonized study protocols included recruitment, fieldwork, sampling, chemical analysis, as well as guidance on the ethical aspects specific for the collection and storage of human material and biomarker data, a training and capacity building programme and an extended communication strategy.4When the harmonized protocols were tested, in collaboration with DEMOCOPHES, the laboratories analysing the samples were selected through a strict quality assurance process, comprising Inter-laboratory Comparison Investigations (ICI) and External Quality Assessment Schemes (EQUAS) run by COPHES.5 In addition to statistical analysis and interpretation of the results from each country, COPHES analysed the data at EU level in compliance with data protection rules and regulations for each country. Support, including a help desk and training, was provided by COPHES to all participating countries.DEMONSTRATION OF A STUDY TO COORDINATE AND PERFORM HUMAN BIOMONITORING ON A EUROPEAN SCALE (DEMOCOPHES)The pilot study assessed the levels of cadmium, cotinine and five phthalate metabolites in urine samples and mercury in hair samples. …