Evaluation Of Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Fatty acid composition evaluation of abdominal adipose tissue using chemical shiftencoded MRI: Association with diabetes.

This study investigated the association between the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in NAFLD patients using chemical shift-encoded MRI and the development of insulin resistance and T2DM. We enrolled 231 subjects with NAFLD who underwent both abdominal magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical shift-encoded MRI: comprising of 49 T2DM patients and 182 subjects without. MRI- and MRS-based liver fat fraction was measured from a circular region of interest on the right lobe of the liver. The abdominal fatty acid compositions were measured at the umbilical level with chemical shift-encoded MRI. Bland-Altman analysis, Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation analysis were performed. The logistic regression was applied to identify the independent factors for T2DM. Then, the predictive performance was assessed by Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses. An excellent agreement was found between liver fat fraction measured by MRS and MRI. (slope = 0.8; bias =-0.92%). In, patients with T2DM revealed lower fractions of mono-unsaturated fatty acid (Fmufa) (33.68 ± 10.62 vs 38.62 ± 12.21, P =.0089) and higher fractions of saturated fatty acid (Fsfa) (34.11 ± 9.746 vs 31.25 ± 8.66, P =.0351) of visceral fat tissue compared with patients without. BMI, HDL-c, Fmufa and Fsfa of visceral fat were independent factors for T2DM. Furthermore, Fsfa-S% was positively correlated with liver enzyme levels (P =.003 and 0.04). However, Fmufa-V% was negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-IR (P =.004, P =.001 and P =.03 respectively). Hence, the evaluation of fatty acid compositions of abdominal fat tissue using chemical shift-encoded MRI may have a predictive value for T2DM in patients with NAFLD.

Evaluation of fatty acid composition and antimicrobial activity of supercritical fluid extract of Rubus ulmifolius Schott fruits

In this study, we continue our research on Rubus ulmifolius Schott extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 as solvent. Extraction experiments were carried out at pressures of 300 bar and a temperature of 40 °C, SFE [300:40], on mature fruits of R. ulmifolius. The fatty acid (FA) profile of extracts was assessed by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD/ELSD analysis. The most represented fatty acids in the extract were linoleic acid (386 mg/g), oleic acid (210 mg/g), linolenic acid (112 mg/g), palmitic acid (48 mg/g), and stearic acid (40 mg/g). SFE extraction showed a total FA amount of 795.8 mg/g of dry weight. The chemical and biological characteristics of this extract were compared with those obtained with different extraction methods. Following the diffusion-susceptibility test, three fruit extracts, SFE [300:40], Sx, and MEtOH, didn’t show an inhibition profile against Streptococcus mutans. Kirby-Bauer analysis showed only the methanolic extract demonstrated antimicrobial activity with 11-mm inhibition diameter.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition in Korean Native Chicken Breast Meat

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition in Korean Native Chicken Breast Meat

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition in Amaranth Pasta Developed for a Vegan Diet

Abstract Consumers’ growing demand for vegan products creates a need for new nutrient-dense products. Amaranth seeds are characterised as a nutritious product due to the content of proteins, fats, etc. Considering the high-quality fats and their amount in amaranth seeds, the aim of this study was to analyse the profile of fatty acids in amaranth pasta which was developed for a vegan diet. Seven samples: amaranth, amaranth-oat, and amaranth-buckwheat pasta in different ratios, were analysed in the study. The preparation of samples for analysis was carried out according to LVS EN ISO 6498:2012; fatty acid composition was determined using the GC/MS analytic method. The highest total fat content was determined in the amaranth pasta – 5453.62 mg 100 g−1 of product, followed by the amaranth-oat pasta (85%/15%) – 4988.14 mg 100 g−1 of product and amaranth-oat pasta (70%/30%) – 4772.93 mg 100 g−1 of product. In the developed pasta samples, over 70% of total fat was unsaturated fatty acids and more than one-third of total fat was PUFA. The highest PUFA/SFA ratio was determined for amaranthoat pasta (70%/30%), amaranth-buckwheat pasta (85%/15%), and amaranth-buckwheat pasta (70%/30%). Quantitatively, the essential fatty acids were oleic acid, linoleic acid, and palmitic acid. The triterpene squalene was detected with a probability of 90% in all amaranth, amaranth-oat, and amaranth-buckwheat pasta samples. The developed pasta for a vegan diet contains good-quality fat.

Dietary Long-Chain Fatty Acids Accelerate Metabolic Dysfunction in Guinea Pigs with Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.

The composition of dietary fatty acids may be important for the development and progression of metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study investigated the effect of two high-fat diets based on coconut oil, containing predominantly medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), or cocoa butter, containing mainly long-chain fatty acids (LCFA), on glucose homeostasis and NASH in guinea pigs following 16 and 32 weeks of diet. At week 16, glucose intolerance was increased in the LCFA animals compared to the MCFA animals (p < 0.001), with both groups differing from the controls by week 32 (p < 0.0001), supported by increased hemoglobin A1c (p < 0.05). NASH was present in both high-fat groups from week 16, with advancing fibrosis appearing more progressive in the LCFA animals at week 16. In agreement, gene expression showed overall increased expression of NASH target genes in the LCFA animals compared to the MCFA animals at weeks 16 and 32 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The LCFA animals also displayed increased plasma uric acid at both time points (p < 0.05), a phenomenon linked to NASH in humans. In conclusion, this study reports that a diet high in LCFA promotes metabolic imbalance and may accelerate NASH-associated hepatic fibrosis. This highlights the importance of a critical evaluation of fatty acid composition when investigating NASH-associated endpoints.

Nutritional evaluation of fatty acid compositions and the fat of Fujian characteristic snacks

To analyze the fat and fatty acid composition of Fujian characteristic snacks, and to evaluate their nutritional value. The fat and fatty acid composition of Fujian characteristic snacks were analyzed by the national standards, and analyzed by statistics such as correlation analysis, nonparametric test and cluster analysis. The nutritional value of fatty acid was evaluated by unsaturated index(UI), atherogenic index(AI), thrombosis index(TI). The contents of crude fat and total fatty acid were 0.11-26.35 g/100 g and 0.08-17.85 g/100 g. The correlation coefficient r=0.915(P&lt;0.01), crude fat and total fatty acid in poultry and livestock meats were higher than those in seafood(P&lt;0.05). The main saturated fatty acids(SFA) were palmitic acid(21.80%-34.00%)and stearic acid(7.72%-21.45%), and the main unsaturated fatty acids(UFA)were oleic acid(5.38%-41.17%) and linoleic acid(2.99%-23.54%). The content of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) in fish noodle(0.71%) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) in fried fish roll, fish slide, fish noodles(0.41%, 2.12%, 1.59%)were far higher than other snacks. Polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids(PUFA/SFA)ratios were 0.10-0.69, there were 8 kinds of snacks with PUFA/SFA ratio value&gt;0.4. The n-3 PUFA/n-6 PUFA ratios were 0.01-0.75, n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratios were 1.33-74.31. The n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA ratios of fish slide(1.33) and fish noodle(2.13) conform to the ideal ratio stipulated by the British Health Organization, and the ratio of flat food(6.36) conform to the recommended ratio of Food and Agriculture Organization. The SFA∶monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA)∶PUFA ratios were 0.8∶1.0∶0.5-2.4∶1.0∶0.2, the ratios of pork zongzi, meat yan silk, spicy meat, pressed salted duck and fried oyster(1.2∶1.1∶0.5, 0.8∶1.0∶0.6, 1.0∶1.0∶0.7, 0.8∶1.0∶0.5 and 1.1∶1.1∶0.5) were close to 1∶1∶1. The UI of 15 snacks was 48.37-90.67. The AI was 0.40-1.44, and the TI was 0.97-2.32. When the distance scale was 9, snacks were divided into three categories, namely fish noodle, fish slide and others. Fish noodle was high EPA and DHA type, and fish slide was high DHA type. The fat and total fatty acid contents of the 15 snacks were wide, which were closely related to the raw materials and cooking style. Nutrition and health value of fish slide, fish noodles food, meat yan silk and spicy meat were high.

Comparative Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition, Tocopherols, and Volatile Compounds of Walnut Oil between Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sachalinensis (Komatsu) Kitam and J. regia L.

We investigated the fatty acid composition and regiospecific distribution of triacylglycerol in Juglans mandshurica Maxim. var. sachalinensis (Komatsu) Kitam and Juglans regia L. oils. Significant differences are observed in the fatty acid compositions and regiospecific distribution of triacylglycerol in both oils. In addition, we measured volatile compounds and tocopherol content in two walnut oils. In results of volatile compound analysis, vanillin is specifically detected from J. mandshurica var. sachalinensis oil, and was not detected in J. regia L. oil. Notably, γ-tocopherol content in the J. mandshurica var. sachalinensis oil was significantly higher than J. regia L. oil.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Compositions, Antioxidant, and Pharmacological Activities of Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Seed Oil from Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction.

Pumpkin seed oil is a by-product, abundant in nutrients and bioactive components that promote several health benefits. This study aimed to compare chemical compositions, antioxidant, and pharmacological activities of pumpkin seed oils extracted from Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir. (PSO1) and Cucurbita moschata (Japanese pumpkin) (PSO2) by aqueous enzymatic extraction. An enzyme mixture consisting of pectinase, cellulase, and protease (1:1:1) was used in the enzymatic extraction process. Fatty acid composition of the oils was determined using fatty acid methyl ester/gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant activity assays were measured by using stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl, radical cation 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and ferric thiocyanate assay. Inhibition of enzymes involving skin aging and whitening process was investigated. Linoleic acid was a major component of all pumpkin seed oils. Additionally, there was also a significant amount of oleic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid detected. PSO2 possessed the highest antioxidant activities compared to PSO1 and commercial pumpkin seed oils (COM1 and COM2). Both PSO1 and PSO2 exhibited higher inhibitory effects on hyaluronidase, collagenase, and tyrosinase than the commercials. Therefore, aqueous enzymatic extraction could yield pumpkin seed oils with higher antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities. This is beneficial for further pharmacological studies and can be used as a functional food for skin benefits.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Compositions of the Margarines, Fat Spreads and Butters Currently Consumed in Japan

Using high-resolution capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection, we determined the fatty acid compositions of each ten sample of the margarines, fat spreads and butters currently consumed in Japan, with special reference to trans fatty acids. The total trans fatty acid contents of the margarines, fat spreads and butters examined were 0.19–1.49 g 100 g−1 (av. 0.71 g 100 g−1), 0.16–0.88 g 100 g−1 (av. 0.51 g 100 g−1), and 2.49–3.37 g 100 g−1 (av. 2.74 g 100 g−1), respectively, clearly showing lower levels of trans fatty acids in all the samples of margarines and fat spreads than those of butters. In addition, the total saturated fatty acid contents of the margarines, fat spreads and butters were 17.3–45.6 g 100 g−1 (av. 29.7 g 100 g−1), 4.51–25.6 g 100 g−1 (av. 16.2 g 100 g−1), and 48.8–54.8 g 100 g−1 (av. 52.4 g 100 g−1), respectively, also showing lower levels of saturated fatty acids in all the samples of margarines and fat spreads than those of butters. The most predominant trans fatty acid of butters is vaccenic acid (11t-18 : 1), comprising av. 30.4 % of total trans fatty acids, while in margarines and fat spreads trans 18 : 2 (9c,12t- and 9t,12c-isomers) and trans 18 : 3 (9c,12c,15t- and 9t,12c,15c-isomers) were the major ones, suggesting that they were derived from refined vegetable oils as raw materials. The present study demonstrates that modern Japanese margarines and fat spreads have significantly lower levels of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids than butters.

Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Analysis of Opuntia dillenii Extracts Grown in Morocco

The chemical composition and physicochemical properties of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of skin, juice, and seeds of Opuntia dillenii fruit collected from three Moroccan regions (Oujda, Nador, and Essaouira) were studied. The study revealed that the seed oil extracts presented the highest yield of 13.12%, followed by the skin fraction (1.77%) and the juice extract (0.49%). The evaluation of fatty acid compositions using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of linoleic acid as a dominating unsaturated fatty acid with a value of 72.39%, followed by palmitic acid, oleic acid, and stearic acid in all localities. Otherwise, the juice extract of Oujda locality was richer in margaric acid (37.41%), followed by Essaouira skin extract (10.7%) and Oujda seed extract (6.18%). However, the campesterol was detected only in trace in the juice extract. The physicochemical properties of O. dillenii seed oils such as acid value, peroxide value, ester value, pH value, saponification value, density, and refractive index were all found to be in good agreement with the quality criteria for pure and fresh oils. In addition, principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were implemented to compare the difference in the chemical composition of the different O. dillenii extracts.

Evaluation of fatty acids composition, metabolizable energy, nutrients digestibility of crude palm oil fat crystals in turkeys

The research was organized for evaluating the fatty acids composition, metabolizable energy and nutrients digestibility of crude palm oil (CPO) fat crystals, in turkeys. Study was perfomed on sixty adult male turkeys of 10 weeks age for determining the metabolizable energy and nutrients digestibility. Further, fat crystals were derived from CPO and examined in the laboratory by recommend procedures of AOAC in order to evaluate the composition of fatty acids. Our findings showed that the fat crystals derived from palm oil (FCPO) contains 96.5 % dry matter, 5.5 % crude protein, 95.0 % ether extract and 0.5 % crude fiber. Digestibility of crude protein and crude fat was found 83.51 and 72.05 %, respectively. Gross energy (GE) was noticed 9219 kcal/kg, true metabolizable energy (TME) was found 6692 kcal/kg and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) was recorded 6502 kcal/kg. Study further explored that in FCPO the main saturated fatty acid (total 49.35 %) is palmitic acid (43.45 %), however the major unsaturated fatty acids (50.64 %) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (9.96 %) and monounsaturated fatty acids (40.68 %). In conclusion, FCPO possess an excellent property for to be used as a reliable fat source in turkeys.

Оценка жирнокислотного состава кормовых трав тебеневочных пастбищ Центральной и Северо-Восточной Якутии

Представлены результаты исследования питательных веществ и жирнокислотного состава сеяных и естественных травостоев, хвощовых и безхвощовых (разнотравных) пастбищ Якутии. Установлено, что в составе липидов овса посевного доминируют ненасыщенные жирные кислоты (56,59 %), у отавы естественного травостоя этот показатель почти 2 раза меньше (31,15 %). Хвощ пестрый также содержит значительное количество полиненасыщенных жирных кислот, особенно линолевой и арахидоновой. Хвощовое пастбище превосходит разнотравное по содержанию в растительности протеина, жира, золы и БЭВ, за исключением клетчатки. Полученные нами результаты свидетельствуют о необходимости широкого использования посевов овса и хвощовых пастбищ для нажировки табунных лошадей якутской породы. The article presents the results of the study of nutrients and fatty acid composition of seeded and natural grasslands, horsetail and horsetail-free pastures in Yakutia. It was found that unsaturated fatty acids dominate in the composition of oat lipids, the total content of which was 56.59 %, while the natural grass stand oats have almost 2 times less (31.15 %). Variegated horsetail contains a significant amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and arachidonic. Horsetail pasture is superior to mixed grass pasture in terms of protein, fat, ash and nitrogen-free extractive fraction, except fiber. The results that we obtained indicate the need for widespread use of oat crops and horsetail pastures in breeding herd horses of the Yakut breed.

Two‐Step Direct Transesterification as a Rapid Method for the Analysis of Fatty Acids in Microalgae Biomass

A rapid and routine direct transesterification (DT) method for the evaluation of the relative fatty acid composition of microalgae biomass is presented in this paper. The method is optimized on Lake Superior Fish Tissue (SRM 1946), as standard reference material and then the proposed DT procedure is tested on various microalgae species, and the results are compared to a validated microwave assisted esterification (MAE) as a reference (R2 = 0.99). Total DT time is very fast (14 min), while the fatty acid compositions are virtually identical to those prepared by MAE for various species of microalgae as well as fish and krill biomasses.Practical Applications: Microalgae are known as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, and their implementation is growing. Application of microalgae biomass as a source of fatty acids requires fast and reliable methods of analysis of fatty acids. The DT method developed in this study can be used as a powerful tool for the monitoring of the variations in fatty acid composition during the cultivation, processing, formulation, and storage.The fatty acid composition of microalgae has been proven as a potential tool for the identification of microalgal taxa. Application of fatty acid composition as a fingerprinting tool requires fast, reliable, and precise methods. A rapid and routine direct transesterification method for the evaluation of the fatty acid composition of microalgae biomass is presented in this paper. The transesterification is being done in two steps as sonication assisting base‐catalyzed methanolysis followed by BF3 methylation reactions. Heating in boiling water bath for 2 min is required at both steps to improve the reactions.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Compositions of Some Important Wild and Domestic Turkish Mustard Genotypes (Brassica spp.)

The seed oil samples of 57 mustard genotypes belonging to six species of mustard (Brassica spp.) Brassica juncea (31 genotypes), B. rapa (6 genotypes), B. napus (2 genotypes), B. nigra (6 genotypes), B. arvensis (10 genotypes) and B. alba (2 genotypes) collected from USA gene bank and diverse ecologies of Turkey were used as research material and evaluated for their fatty acid composition by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The aim of this study was to evaluation of fatty acid compositions of some important wild and domestic Turkish mustard genotypes (Brassica spp.). The results showed significant variability among all genotypes for fatty acid composition. Erusic acid (C22:1; 20.63-47.87%), oleic acid (C18:1; 7.42-24.54%) and linoleic acid (C18:2; 9.61-25.11%) were determined to be the dominant fatty acids among all genotypes. It has been observed that the results in wild mustards have too many resemblances with the composition of fatty acid of mustard which is used by people in alternative medical science, paint, food industry and biodisel production. The great variability in seed oil contents in Brassica genotypes showed their potential for use in future breeding programs.

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (UASE) based on oil yield, antioxidant activity and evaluation of fatty acid composition and thermal stability of Coriandrum sativum L. seed oil.

Ultrasound is one of emerging technique's which is being investigated extremely on food applications and extraction process. In this study, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was employed to extract vegetable oil from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds. A response surface model was applied to determine the best condition of extraction concerning the independent factors (COY % and DPPH %). In addition, ultrasound variables were the sample solvent ratio, amplitude level, temperature and time. The best condition of extraction was obtained for sample solvent ratio of 1:13 (g/mL), amplitude level of 82 (%), temperature of 45 (°C) and extraction time of 9 (min), being the maximum point of oil yield and antioxidant activity (30.74-72.05%), respectively. Fatty acid profile of oil has been shown as a rich source of petroselinic acid (C18:1)-12, making up 76% of all fatty acids. TGA analyses revealed that 82% (by weight) of oil is thermally stable up to 224°C.

Evaluation of Fatty Acids Composition of Some Food Samples by Using GC-MS and NMR Techniques

Abstract The purpose of this paper was to compare the composition (weight % of total identified FA) in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids from 3 food matrices (sunflower oil, palm oil and lard) by 2 different techniques, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). For GC-MS technique, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) identification in the samples was performed by comparison of the retention times (RT) and the mass/charge (m/z) ratio characteristic of each FAME component in the reference standards used (F.A.M.E. Mix C4 - C24 and SRM®2377). FAMEs quantification from food samples was realized by applying correction factors calculated based on reference standards. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Advance 400 MHz spectrometer, operating at 9.4 Tesla corresponding to the resonance frequency of 400.13 MHz for the 1H nucleus. The NMR spectra was recorded directly on the oil without any sample preparation. The difference between the mean values of the fatty acids content determined by GC-MS and NMR was not more than ± 15% for sunflower oil and lard, and ± 6% for palm oil.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Wild-Growing Mushrooms from Southwest China.

To better understand the medicinal and nutritional value of mushrooms, we studied the fatty acid (FA) compositions and DPPH scavenging abilities of 11 mushrooms from Southwest China. The crude fat (CF) contents were examined initially, then 3 methods of FA methyl esterification were compared to identify which acid treatment was the most appropriate method. Then methyl esterification methods for 12 CFs were performed with acid treatment and the FA compositions were analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that tetradecanoic acid (14:0), hexadecenoic acid (16:1), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), octadecadienoic acid (18:2), octadecenoic acid (18:1), octadecanoic acid (18:0), docosanoic acid (22:0), and tetracosanoic acid (24:0) were detected in all the samples, with large amounts of hexadecanoic acid (16:0), octadecadienoic acid (18:2), octadecenoic acid (18:1), and octadecanoic acid (18:0). Daldinia eschscholtzii and Sarcodon imbricatus had the highest ratio value of unsaturated FAs to saturated FAs (4.33 and 3.03, respectively). The DPPH scavenging ability of 12 CFs was also tested. The free radical scavenging rates of the CFs were almost < 10% at a concentration of 0.10 mg/mL, except that of S. imbricatus, which reached 81.25%, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.054 mg/mL. This strong DPPH free radical scavenging ability of S. imbricatus may be related to α-hydroxy FA.

Evaluation of Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Milk of Iranian One Humped Camel

Background: Milk of camel is well-known for there health effects on human. The aim of this study was to determine the composition of fatty acids in the raw milk of one-humped camel in Iran. Methods: For this purpose, 25 samples of one-humped camel milk from 7 different places in Iran (Tehran, Qazvin, Golestan, Bushehr, Sistan-Baluchistan, Khuzestan and Semnan) were collected. Fatty acid composition of samples were determined by gas chromatography method. Results: The results of analyses of the samples showed that 26 fatty acids were identified and determined. Among the regions, Tehran had the lowest amount of butyric acids and linoleic acid (P 0.05). Bushehr had the lowest percent of myristic acid and high levels of oleic, inoleic and capric acids. Golestan had the highest amount of palmitic acid in comparison to other provinces. Also, Golestan, Khuzestan and Qazvin had the highest level of butyric acid. Milk samples obtained from Sistan-Baluchistan were rich in lauric and butyric acids, while palmitic acid was low. Conclusion: In general, one-humped camel milk had 46.74% saturated fatty acids, 44.33% mono unsaturated fatty acids, and 8.91% polyunsaturated fatty acid. The variations in the composition of fatty acids can be attributed to a grazing area. Keywords: Camel milk, fatty acid, one-humped camel, gas chromatography, Iran, lipid compounds.

Evaluation of fatty acid composition in commercial infant formulas on the Chinese market: A comparative study based on fat source and stage

The fatty acid compositions of 180 commercial infant, follow-on and growing-up formulas with different fat sources (plant-oil, cows' milk, goats' milk) on the Chinese market were analysed and compared with mature human milk. Fatty acid composition in formulas was dependent on fat source. The plant-oil formulas were more similar to mature human milk, while the cows' milk and goats' milk formulas contained higher levels of saturated (C4:0–C10:0) and lower levels of oleic acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than those of mature human milk. There was little difference among formulas for the three stages except for the goats' milk formulas. The major fatty acids of formulas were similar to those of mature human milk, while levels of some micro-fatty acids in formulas, such as nervonic acid and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, were significantly lower than in mature human milk.

Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Chemical Characterization and Evaluation of Fatty Acid Compositions of Scorzonera Paradoxa Fisch and C. A. Mey

Background: Scorzonera Paradoxa (Asteraceae family) is an herbaceous plant traditionally used as a vegetable in the east of Iran. Objectives: The amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins in five different extracts and composition of fatty acids in the root and leaves of Scorzonera Paradoxa (S. Paradoxa) were investigated. Besides, antioxidant activity of tissues was determined. Materials and Methods: Fatty acid compositions were extracted with n-hexane and analyzed by gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Total phenolic compounds, tannin and flavonoids content in the extracts were measured spectrophotometrically and free radical scavenging activity was evaluated by 2, 2-dipheny l-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results: The amount of total phenolic compounds was higher in leaves than roots. Besides, root extract showed lower DPPH scavenging activity compared with leaves. In addition, leaves were found to be rich in oleic and arachidonic acids, while roots were rich in linoleic and stearic acids. Conclusions: Further investigations are needed about favorable composition of unsaturated fatty acids and flavonoid content of leaves of S. Paradoxa. In addition, due to high phenolic content of the leaves, S. Paradoxa is a promising source of natural antioxidants and may play good antidiabetic activity.