Evaluation Of Assets Research Articles

Optimizing the Life Cycle of Physical Assets through an Integrated Life Cycle Assessment Method

The purpose of this study was to apply new methods of econometric models to the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of physical assets, by integrating investments such as maintenance, technology, sustainability, and technological upgrades, and to propose a means to evaluate the Life Cycle Investment (LCI), with emphasis on sustainability. Sustainability is a recurrent theme of existing studies and will be a concern in coming decades. As a result, equipment with a smaller environmental footprint is being continually developed. This paper presents a method to evaluate asset depreciation with an emphasis on the maintenance investment, technology depreciation, sustainability depreciation, and technological upgrade investment. To demonstrate the value added of the proposed model, it was compared with existing models that do not take the previously mentioned aspects into consideration. The econometric model is consistent with asset life cycle plans as part of the Strategic Asset Management Plan of the Asset Management System. It is clearly demonstrated that the proposed approach is new and the results are conclusive, as demonstrated by the presented models and their results. This research aims to introduce new methods that integrate the factors of technology upgrades and sustainability for the evaluation of assets’ LCA and replacement time. Despite the increase in investment in technology upgrades and sustainability, the results of the Integrated Life Cycle Assessment First Method (ILCAM1), which represents an improved approach for the analyzed data, show that the asset life is extended, thus increasing sustainability and promoting the circular economy. By comparison, the Integrated Life Cycle Investment Assessment Method (ILCIAM) shows improved results due to the investment in technology upgrades and sustainability. Therefore, this study presents an integrated approach that may offer a valid tool for decision makers.

Modeling the Chance of Commerciality of Petroleum Assets for Economic Development

The chance to discover hydrocarbon volumes of economic quantity diminishes with progressive discovery in explored basins. Given the preponderance of smaller deposits in extensively explored basins and the cost implications of discovering deposits less than the required Minimum Economic Reserves (MER), explorationists and investors in exploration activities need a framework to evaluate the chance of a successful petroleum resources discovery to minimize the risk of unsuccessful exploration. This study develops a new framework to evaluate the chance of discovery of at least a minimum economic reserves volume in an extensively explored basin. It leverages on the postulation for the determination of probability of hydrocarbon economic success as a building block for the new framework. The model combines the concepts of Minimum Economic Reserves, Discovery Efficiency and Probability to derive an explicit analytical function for discovery efficiency and hydrocarbon probability for a commercial discovery. It digitalizes existing Risk Table to ease the complexity to obtain geological chance of success and hydrocarbon asset evaluation for commerciality. Nine Case studies from the prolific Niger Delta basin of Nigeria are used to validate the model. The result of the semi-digital solution of the model shows that three of the studied cases are commercial whereas the remaining six cases are sub-commercial. The study recommends the application of the new framework for hydrocarbon asset evaluation for chance of commerciality to complement models like the cream off curve to predict chance of commercial discovery of hydrocarbon assets.

Investigating the potential in adopting a “Design – for – All” asset based developed, Integrated Long-Term Care Innovative Financing Model, in countries facing budget cuts in social care.

IntroductionAgeing, replacement and dependency ratios in countries facing budget cuts in social care, constitute a threat as according to the OECD, in 2030 aged population will grow from 18% today to 25% in average. Their healthcare systems suffer from severe budgetary cuts with cuts in social care reaching almost 80% in the recession period.The need for policy coordination, scaling innovative solutions adapted to a regional context meeting the population's care needs, is now deemed imminent. Second priority is to reduce budgetary costs for LTC for older people at local level.Change implemented, Targeted population and stakeholdersThis is an innovative funding model from RoI of health related resources for social care at community scale, integrating care bundle, managed by local PPP with municipal services, including prevention, health at home and rehabilitation as opposed to in-hospital episode-based care. The targeted population is elderly population with disability.Methodology and ResultsStudy of all Thermal Springs Municipalities in South East Europe in Greece, Turkey, Bulgaria and Cyprus.Five Greek municipalities were shortlisted according to their assets, resources and maturity to adhere to the model. One municipality adhered.Desk review of white and grey literature of the existing situation. Desk research analysis on the local health resourcesResource Asset Evaluation of the Health Tourism SPA of adhered municipality. RoI estimation. Projection to human resource needs to cover a population of 30.000 elderly population.Action research method finalization: qualitative and quantitative data collection and content analysis from structured and unstructured interviewsThe scope of the study was to observe the local authorities decision making process in change management and adopting innovative models of LTC.The pilot area to test this in Greece was the Municipality of Trikala - the Mayor of Trikala signed an Expression of Interest to participate to the study.Discussion Difficulty of local staff and mayors to grasp the potential of innovation, due to lack of technical knowledge of investment, asset management, integrated care and RoI reinvested in care, managed by a Civil Non Profit PPP company.Difficulty of the tourism and health municipal administration to work together on asset based income generation for public health needs. Neither department demonstrated knowledge how to exploit municipal assets for investments.Clear intention of some municipalities to let the private sector cover the unmet needs.Transferability is guaranteed since the model is based on assets and needs for LTC of a certain population. Sustainability is guaranteed by the PPP form of the managment company reaching consensus at community level.Conclusions The innovative character of the model was its main limitation.The modernization gap in policies and social care models was the reason that kept back some municipalities from expressing interest.The municipality of Trikala is one of the 20 most innovative cities in Europe, awarded for its achievements in Smart City solutions. The mayor is an exceptional forward oriented policy decision maker. His ability to grasp and adopt innovation was the reason to adhere to the model.

Six forms of hierarchy for a theoretical analysis of capitalism

The paper develops a conceptual analysis, which aims at refining the general concept of capitalism through an inquiry about the forms of hierarchy it involves. It is argued that the capitalist regime exhibits a series of specific attributes that have been so far underinvestigated together and are here comprehensively elucidated via the deepening of the concept of hierarchy. Qualitatively, the capitalist social structure is ambivalent, as it is neither the strict arborescent hierarchy exhibited by the feudal society, nor the flat partition displayed by the pure market economy; and the complex structure of the capitalist firm is an encompassing hierarchy, capital and labor being associated in a production process ruled by capital. Quantitatively, the capitalist pyramidal hierarchies of income and of wealth are essentially mobile, through the dynamics of market sanction and asset evaluation; and the relationship between capital bets and profit gains draws a tangled hierarchy as these returns are reinvested. All these capitalist hierarchies are typically economic, situational hierarchies arising when capitalists do not dominate the political order of power or in the social order of prestige. Finally, echoing post Keynesian perspectives, the conception of capitalism as a hierarchical phenomenon underlines its monetary structure and its self-transforming nature.

Engineering an Ecological Civilization Along Shanghai’s Main Waterfront and Coastline: Evaluating Ongoing Efforts to Construct an Urban Eco-Network

Recent ecological civilization policies make clear that China is willing to play a leading role in a sustainable green transition. But there are still discrepancies in definitions, appreciation and evaluation of ecological assets. This paper examines how Shanghai works on a sustainability transition, with a focus on its main urban waterfronts and coastline, in the context of an extremely high population concentration, world’s highest real estate values, and continuous urban development pressure. This paper will mobilize insights from the academic field of sustainability transitions to show how urban planning and design ambitions are translated into realities on the ground. In its latest Shanghai Master Plan (2017-2035), the city commits itself to set an example for other Chinese cities. Moreover, Shanghai’s city leaders want to inspire and push cities internationally to become more adaptable and resilient, both in the Global South and Global North. The spatially most radical action to realize this ambition is to create “a green and open eco-network” with 60% of Shanghai’s municipal territory to be used for ecological purposes, mostly wetlands. This paper will examine three urban planning and design projects that have key positions within this eco-network. On all three sites there are land-use conflicts, between urban development and ecological (re-)development. The first case is the recent transformation of no less than 120 km of former industrial dominated waterfront along the Huangpu River, of which half was completed between 2016 and 2021. The second case, Nanhui Coastal Wetland Reserve with adjacent Lingang New City; and the third case, Chongming Eco-Island, started both around the millennium and had a 2020 planning horizon. After learning lessons from their previous sustainable innovation journeys these latter two projects entered a new phase as part of the eco-network. The paper concludes with seven practical recommendations aimed to reduce discrepancies between expectations and their implementation in practice: 1) use clear definitions; 2) co-create a shared vision for the future; 3) stop building on vulnerable locations; 4) create conditions of social learning; 5) supervision needs to go beyond planning boundaries; 6) step beyond an anthropocentric approach; and 7) foster a more experimental approach.

From Threat to Risk: Changing Rationales and Practices of Secrecy

This article explores how risk rationales affect and alter national security secrecy. While the transformation of defense and security policy has been widely discussed by security theorists, transparency scholars have not yet considered the notion of risk in their conceptualizations of national security secrecy. This article draws on security studies literature to outline the divergences between conventional and risk-based security. The empirical section investigates how the difference between both rationales manifests in secrecy practices by investigating conventional and risk-based classification frameworks (in Germany compared to the United Kingdom). In a risk security setting, information is increasingly seen as an asset and therefore subject to proactive management and exploitation. This requires a shift from a bureaucratic risk aversion in classification practices toward sharing, exploitation, and availability of information. Further, information governance is no longer about the separation between sensitive and nonsensitive information, but instead a comprehensive evaluation of all government assets for risks. These shifts ultimately change conventional understandings of secrecy as an “exemption” and a “necessity,” impelling new debates about the legitimacy of secrecy practices.

Application of Data Envelopment and Internet of Things Technology for Asset Value Evaluation

Assets are an essential part of an enterprise’s production and an indispensable economic entity for production and operation. The valuation of assets is one such area that has received significant attention in recent years. However, there exist numerous issues from various perspectives. These issues require us to study and explore them further. This article discusses the role of Internet of Things (IoT) and data envelopment methods to improve and develop asset evaluation. Based on the concept of asset evaluation, this paper designs an asset evaluation framework using the IoT. This framework can provide an all-weather and no-delay preparation basis for the asset appraisal work. Moreover, this paper uses data envelopment and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to clean and reclassify asset data. The objective of this algorithm is to solve the nonlinear function optimization problems associated with asset value evaluation. Finally, we verify the effectiveness and practicability of the model by comparing experimental simulation and manual evaluation.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE RECOGNITION AND EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS ACCORDING TO NATIONAL REGULATIONS AND IAS 41 AGRICULTURE

Within the European Union as well as internationally, there is an ongoing concern for the harmonization of accounting systems in order to create a unitary accounting procedure that should ensure the flow of financial relations between all states. This process involves a lot of stages according to the requirements imposed by the economic and social development of the different states, groups of countries as well as internationally. The entry of Romania into the European Union requires them to know and understand very well the accounting standards in order to align them to the specific of the Romanian economy. This study refers to the legal provisions regarding the implementation of IAS 41 Agriculture, in particular to the recognition and evaluation of biological assets owned by entities in the field of agriculture. We will follow the degree of harmonization of the national accounting regulations with IAS 41 Agriculture as well as the possible discrepancies between them.

Support of young scientists as the key priority of economic development and sustainable position of the Russian Federation in the global human capital market: regional aspect

The subject of this research is the intellectual assets viewed in the context of the problems of economic development of the region and ensuring national security of the Russian Federation. The object of this research is estimate of the efficiency of measures taken by the government to support young researchers and their contribution to the development of high-tech economic sectors. The goal of this article lies in examination of the processes of formation and implementation of measures aimed at supporting young scientists within the framework of regional, intramural, and corporate programs oriented towards the new level of economic development. The article employs systemic approach, content analysis, and hypothetical-deductive method for assessing the state and dynamics of research activity in the Republic of Tatarstan as a whole, and individual scientific institutions. Analysis is conducted on the normative legal framework that lays the groundwork for scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation and regional policy documents. An overview is given on the successful foreign practices for the support of young researchers. This study complements the author's previous works on evaluation of intellectual assets of the territories in the regional aspect, and involves into the theoretical elaboration the directly related legislative initiatives on ensuring national security, which were adopted in July 2021. The author substantiates the strategically important role of human potential of the Russian Federation as the key driver of further economic growth; examines the state support measures on ensuring its effective capitalization within the country; underlines the leading role of the state research and development policy oriented towards increasing the competitiveness of the Russian economy and its resilience to external and internal threats. Special attention is given to the current level of scientific, technological and innovative development of the Republic of Tatarstan. The acquired results are valuable from the perspective of actualization of the problems of achieving leadership in research and development sector, which pose a threat to the strategically important priorities of national security.

Digital twin–driven aero-engine intelligent predictive maintenance

Aero-engine is one of the most important components of an aircraft. The development of maintenance has undergone the transition from “post-event maintenance” and “preventive maintenance” to “predictive maintenance”, and the future development direction is precise maintenance, which aims to achieve the collaborative optimization goal of ensuring operational safety and reducing operating costs. To improve the effect of predictive engine maintenance, the aero-engine predictive maintenance framework driven by digital twin (DT) is studied, and the implicit digital twin (IDT) model is mined. The validity of the model is verified by the consistency evaluation of virtual and real data assets. Combining the data-driven with LSTM model of deep learning method and taking an aero-engine as an example can show that the method is effective. Experimental results show that when the data set used for model training is 80%, the model prediction has high accuracy, and the RMSE predicted by aero-engine RUL is 13.12, which is better than other experimental schemes.

The Fuzzy Methodology’s Digitalization of the Biological Assets Evaluation in Agricultural Enterprises in Accordance with the IFRS

The study of the assessment and reflection of biological assets in the economic processes of agricultural enterprises can be represented as a chain of phenomena in which scientists and practitioners try to study and understand the nature and essence of biological assets in various aspects. This article discusses the principles of accounting for biological assets in the agricultural enterprises’ economic life of the Republic of Tajikistan and identifies the reasons and mechanisms for their reflection based on the principles of the International Financial Reporting System (IFRS) in refraction to the specifics and national features of accounting. The author gives his own interpretation of these approaches and constructs the architecture of the information module for accounting for biological assets and the results of biotransformation, based on the web services architecture (WSA) within the framework of the development trend of these and new accounting models in connection with the transition of the world economy to a digital format. The article provides specific authors’ approaches to implementing this architecture in PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) and also implements one of the approaches to assessing the value of biological assets, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, taking into account the risk of investment inefficiency.

Measurement and evaluation of intangible assets of diagnosis and testing laboratories for electrical equipments

In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in measuring and evaluating intangible assets, not only by private firms but also by knowledge organizations such as universities, research centers, and testing laboratories. This paper aims to present a model for measuring and evaluating intangible assets developed for electrical equipment diagnosis and testing laboratories. For the proposal and selection of indicators and metrics that integrate the model, multicriteria decision support methods were embedded into the model, combined with fuzzy logic. The applicability of the model has been demonstrated through an empirical study in one electrical equipment diagnosis and testing laboratory that integrates the Laboratory Network of Eletrobras Enterprises (Relase) in Brazil. The results of this research can be replicated within Relase, which covers today a total of 98 laboratories, of which 16 are accredited for calibration services.

Empirical Study on the Impact of Evaluation of Intangible Assets on the Market Value of the Listed Companies

The accelerated pace of economic development, the digital revolution and the internationalization of business has meant for some entities the creation or acquisition of intangible assets (IA), which have become increasingly important for the economic prosperity and for determining the global value of a company, also becoming an important incentive in creating added value. The aim of this paper is focused on analyzing the impact of internally generated intangible assets on the market value of the companies. In order to achieve this aim, we conducted an empirical study involving a sample of 180 NASDAQ and NYSE listed entities between 2007 and 2016. The sample has obtained by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria on the 500 large-capitalization companies (S&P 500 Index). Making use of regressive techniques, the authors undertook an econometrical model to test whether the impact of intangible assets on the market value of the entities increases when are provided complete, clear and easy-to-understand accounting information about the intangible assets value, which aid business to properly estimate corporate value ratio and reduce implicit bias, due to mainly taking into account those reported values when measuring an entity’s value. The results revealed an impact of the value of the reported and unreported IA on the market value of the entities, for manufacturing companies relative to service companies, which generates an added value on the capital market and implicates a close linkage of disclosure compliance and the associated industry sector. The proposed model can be an inspiration for the legislator to change the structure of financial reporting, or anticipated a valuable informational source for increasing the quality of integrated reporting of economic entities.

Innovative Formation Tester Sampling Procedures for Carbon Dioxide and Other Reactive Components

Three questions must be answered to optimize any openhole sampling program. These questions are where to sample, when to sample, and how to sample. Samples must be acquired from the right locations in order to answer the critical questions posed by the asset evaluation and production teams. Samples must be obtained at the right time to minimize contamination while using valuable rig time efficiently. Samples must be taken in a manner that provides the laboratory with the most representative analysis of the subsurface reservoir fluid. Carbon dioxide is a corrosive acidic gas component often found in petroleum reservoirs. Special and relatively costly completion and production equipment is required to produce reservoir fluids containing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide must be scrubbed from petroleum before that petroleum is shipped. Carbon dioxide may cause flow assurance issues with regards to scale of inorganic and organic components, thereby requiring costly mitigation. An accurate estimate of carbon dioxide concentration in the reservoir fluid is required to make an accurate determination of the cost of CO2 remediation. New formation tester carbon dioxide analysis technology has allowed detailed examination of these questions due to a previously unobserved phenomenon with respect to formation tester sampling and carbon dioxide. Specifically, carbon dioxide may bind with caustic components of drilling-fluid filtrate in either a reversible manner or be consumed by caustic components in an irreversible manner. Observation of a reversible reaction has been used to validate the phenomena but also provides a cautionary warning that for different chemical reactions in which carbon dioxide may be consumed, openhole samples may significantly underestimate the amount of carbon dioxide in the reservoir fluid. New sampling procedures applicable to existing formation testing infrastructure mitigate this sampling issue by determining the correct carbon dioxide content in the reservoir fluid. The new sampling procedures are validated with the carbon dioxide monitoring technology but are not strictly dependent on it. In addition, the proposed sampling procedures are applicable to the measurement of all reactive petroleum components, such as hydrogen sulfide.

Preliminary Design of Timber Forest Assets Evaluation System Based on Computer Aided Technology

For now, forest resources are an important source of assets that we are researching and developing for sustainable economic development. The effective management of this resource is also an important way for my country to deepen the reform of the forestry system. Then, how to improve and use these measures is an important theoretical node for current forestry researchers. However, fortunately, people have found that the assessment of timber forest assets has the best effect in the current management of all forest assets. Now, the introduction and in-depth research and development of computer-assisted skills in our country have promoted the progress of our country’s resource assessment system. We can make a bold assumption[1]. If we use computer-aided techniques for the construction and improvement of the timber forest asset evaluation system, theoretically, this will have a great impact on the future use of forestry assets in my country.

ОСНОВИ ОБЛІКОВО-ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО АЛГОРИТМУ РОЗВИТКУ СІЛЬСЬКИХ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД УКРАЇНИ

Обґрунтовано обліково-інформаційний алгоритм розвитку сільських територіальних громад в Україні, що включає порядок інвентаризації ресурсного та економічного потенціалу, реалізація якого забезпечить інформаційну базу для розроблення інвестиційного паспорта територіальної громади і подальшого зростання її інвестиційної привабливості. Оцінено сучасний стан інформаційного забезпечення про ресурсний та економічний потенціал у територіальних громадах і розкрито пропозиції щодо його поліпшення для формування належного інвестиційного іміджу території.До складу об’єктів інвентаризації запропоновано включити: майно і кошти, що належать громаді (фінансово-майновий потенціал) об’єкти погосподарського обліку (людський потенціал регіону, погосподарська інвентаризація) об’єкти та суб’єкти підприємництва (підприємницькі ресурси громади — економічний потенціал) земельні та просторові ресурси громади (природний потенціал); природно-енергетичні ресурси території (природний потенціал водні, лісові, корисні копалини) соціально-інфраструктурні об’єкти (соціально-інфраструктурний потенціал) об’єкти культурно-історичного значення (культурно-історичний потенціал).Запропоновано структуру інформації для підготовки інвестиційного паспорта населеного пункту, який розробляють за результатами інвентаризації активів і ресурсного потенціалу територіальної громади.Зазначено, що запропонований обліково-інформаційний алгоритм розвитку сільських територіальних громад є початковою складовою механізму обліково-інформаційного забезпечення капіталізації фінансово-економічного та просторово-природного потенціалу сільських громад. Його наступними кроками має стати розроблення і затвердження методик оцінки виявлених активів з метою постановки на баланс; розроблення рекомендацій щодо ведення їхнього бюджетного і господарського обліку; формування додатків до фінансової звітності та оновлення форм статистичної звітності.

ЗНАЧЕННЯ ЕКОСИСТЕМНИХ АКТИВІВ ДЛЯ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ СТАЛОГО РОЗВИТКУ ТЕРИТОРІЙ

National environmental policy in Ukraine declares introducing of the ecosystem approach into all aspects of social and economic development, as well as conservation and restoration of natural ecosystems. The legislative acts sustain support of ecosystem services will enhance sustainable development of the society and ecosystems. One of the Sustainable Development Goals for Ukraine until 2030 concerns protection and restoration of terrestrial ecosystems like inland freshwaters, mountains, forests and meadows. It proves ecosystem management tools are relevant for the environmental policy and methodological basis for those tools being applied is assessment of ecosystem assets and services. Concept of ecosystem assets is quite innovative in Ukraine, and its definitions and visions of functions differ a lot. Both Ukrainian and foreign researchers focus mostly on ecosystem services, approaches to assess them and administration of the payments. Ecosystem assets and issues on their evaluations well as introduction of the ecosystem approach into the managerial practices are still underdeveloped. The paper is to define economic sense of ecosystem assets for provision of the sustainable development of territories. Evaluation of ecosystem assets is important for local communities in order to assess scope of ecosystem payments, elaborate local development strategies, and make decisions if economic activities communities carry on have to be altered. There are no universal rules for such the evaluation, and with foreign experience alone it is difficult to decide how territorial communities can assess their ecosystem assets and which tangible benefits they will get from it. Therefore, it is needed make more efforts in Ukraine too in order to introduce the tool and identify priority areas for its application, i.e. land and water use, biodiversity and so on. So that enhance implementation of the ecosystem approach into the management practices, considerable amendments in the legislation are required. Pilot projects on evaluation of ecosystem assets would be helpful and confirm feasibility of the approach. Even more, such the projects would assist to assess ecosystem services particularly produced by protected areas, water, soils and landfills.

青藏高原地区生态资产核算研究——以西藏自治区山南市为例

生态资产是重要的自然资源资产，也是优质生态产品提供的基础，生态资产的变化趋势可作为衡量生态保护和恢复成效的重要指标。山南市拥有青藏高原地区各种生态资产类型，以山南市为例开展生态资产核算可为青藏高原地区生态资产评估与保护提供参考。以生态资产数量、质量和生态资产指数为主要指标，揭示山南市2000-2015年生态资产的变化趋势及影响因素。结果表明：（1）2015年山南市生态资产以草地和森林为主，分别占生态资产总面积的40.6%和35.8%；但质量不高，优、良等级比例仅占11.8%和12.0%；生态资产综合指数为38.26，草地、森林、灌丛和湿地生态资产指数分别为16.23、14.88、5.37和1.78；（2）2000-2015年，山南市生态资产面积总体变化不大，森林和荒漠生态资产分别增加50.2 km²和43.9 km²，但湿地、农田、草地、灌丛、冰川生态资产面积分别减少97.4、29.8、2.9、2.7、0.3 km²；生态资产质量明显提升，优级和良级生态资产增幅分别为40.5%和108.5%；生态资产指数增加了16.1%；（3）退耕还林还草等生态保护和修复政策、城镇扩张以及气候变化等是山南市生态资产变化的主要因素。;Ecosystem assets are important natural resource assets and the basis of high-quality ecological products provisioning. The change trend of ecosystem assets can be used as an important indicator to measure the effectiveness of ecological protection and restoration. Shannan City has various types of ecosystem assets on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Taking Shannan City as an example to carry out ecosystem assets accounting can provide reference for the evaluation and protection of ecosystem assets in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Based on the area and quality of ecosystem assets and the ecosystem assets index as the main indicators, this study reveals the changing trend and influencing factors of ecosystem assets in Shannan City from 2000 to 2015. The results show that: 1) In 2015, grassland and forest were main ecological assets of Shannan City, accounting for 40.6% and 35.8% of the total ecosystem assets, respectively. The quality of ecosystem assets in Shannan City is low, and the proportions of excellent and good grades are 11.8% and 12.0%, respectively. The index of ecosystem assets in Shannan City is 38.26, and the indexes of grassland, forest, shrub, and wetland are 16.23, 14.88, 5.27, and 1.78, respectively. 2) During 2000 to 2015, the area of ecosystem assets in Shannan City had little change. Forests and desert ecosystem assets increased by 50.2 km² and 43.9 km², respectively, while the area of wetlands, farmland, grassland, shrubs, and glaciers decreased by 97.4 km², 29.8 km², 2.9 km², 2.7 km² and 0.3 km², respectively. The quality of ecosystem assets was significantly improved, with the growth rates of excellent and good grade ecosystem assets being 40.5% and 108.5%, respectively. The ecosystem assets index of Shannan City increased by 16.1%. 3) The changes of ecosystem assets in Shannan City are mainly affected by such factors as sloping land conversion program and other ecological protection and restoration policies, urban expansion and climate change.

Improvement of accounting representation of non-current assets

The essence of non-current assets is investigated and their main components are revealed in this paper. The problems of accounting for non-current non-monetary assets, which currently occupy an important share in the total value of assets, are studied. The place of new types of property – computer programs, electronic databases, websites (online stores, electronic printed publications and other electronic media) in the structure of non-current assets in particular, and property of the enterprise in general is determined. It is proved that such property is be closely related to the application of computer equipment and computer networks such as the Internet. In order to summarize the selected features and characteristics of this type of property, it is proposed to combine them into the separate group called «Electronic Property». Allocated objects are neither things nor property rights, the amount of money invested in this property is huge, and the turnover from the sale of goods and services via the Internet (online stores) is significant. On the global scale, such manipulations make it possible to clarify the concept and meaning of the term «intangible assets». The concept of «electronic property» is defined as property that has no material, natural form, which functions exclusively in conjunction with the physical resources of personal computers or computer networks. In order to organize the accounting of the investigated type of property, it is proposed to combine it into a separate accounting group «electronic assets» and to use for reflection in the accounting system the following accounts of the Chart of Accounts: 128 sub-account – «electronic assets», 136 subaccount – «depreciation of electronic assets». The main stages of accounting for non-current assets: identification and definition of non-current assets; classification of non-current assets; evaluation of non-current assets for accounting purposes; criteria, norms, methods of depreciation; principles of objects depreciation impossibility; procedure (methodology) for accounting of non-current assets aiming to determine the financial result are identified.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОЦІНКИ НЕОБОРОТНИХ МАТЕРІАЛЬНИХ АКТИВІВ У СИСТЕМІ ОБЛІКУ

The question of evaluation is there key in accounting and financial reporting. In this In this context, valuation acts as a component of the method of accounting, according to which is used to measure the value of its objects. Based on information about their condition, investors make decisions about investment. For effective irreversible management tangible assets necessary is the settlement of issues that relate to their accounting, depreciation and determining the value of objects. Irreversible the assets of the enterprise, in particular its fixed assets, are the basis economic activity of the enterprise, one of the key elements production process and, therefore, one of the most important objects accounting and reporting, which characterizes the general property status enterprises, its economic potential and investment attractiveness. One of the most important elements of the method accounting is a reflection of its objects in one measure - evaluation. The latter is used as a tool for sharing and accounting acts of purchase and sale in terms of commodity-money relations. Valuation is the basis of accounting methodology accounting. From how correctly the method is chosen valuation of accounting objects depends reliability of financial statements and validity management decisions at the enterprise. In the analysis of the regulatory framework with regulation of accounting, in particular non-current assets, it becomes obvious the great importance of evaluation in modern accounting system. However, the current one stage of development of accounting characterized by the presence, on the one hand, fundamentally new requirements for professionals in the field accounting, on the other - the presence contradictions between regulations. Evaluation is an integral part of the method accounting and is closely related to others its elements. Using a money meter, simultaneously or separately with natural and labor, it is possible to generalize economic processes, means and sources of the enterprise. The basis for accounting and evaluation of non-current assets are regulations and International Financial Reporting Standards and accounting.