Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity Research Articles

Evaluation of microbial and oxidative changes of 100% Iberian Spanish salchichón in contact with a composite olive-leaf-extract food film and vacuum-packaged

Nowadays, consumer society is increasingly concerned about the environment and the foods production systems. Viable and efficient technologies that target a sustainable production are being developed in order to reduce the generation of agri-food residues, introducing them on the market on the basis of the so-called circular economy. In parallel, consumers are becoming more health conscious, demanding safe and natural products through the use of natural additives and ingredients. This study evaluated the stability of sliced ​​100% Iberian Spanish salchichón without added additives. It was wrapped in a biodegradable nanocellulose films incorporating olive leaf extract, then vacuum-packaged and stored at 5 and 25ᴼC for 90 days. The antimicrobial activity on lactic acid, aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae was studied, as well as the evolution of lipid oxidation through the TBARS method. Significant differences were found between control and test sample during the evaluation of antimicrobial (aerobic mesophilic bacteria) and antioxidant activity at 25 °C. However, no significant differences were found during the evaluation of either antimicrobial or antioxidant activity at 5 °C. Olive leaf extract has a recognized antimicrobial and antioxidant activity tested in vitro; however, when tested in vivo and incorporated into a film, further refinements are needed to optimize the composite film and to obtain the desired effects of the extract as food preservative.

Studies of some Mixed Ligand-Metal complexes of 4-((2-(phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazinylidene) methyl) benzoic acid in search of potential antimicrobial activity

This paper reports the synthesis and structural characterization of novel mixed ligand-metal complexes derived from 4-((2-(phenylcarbamothioyl)hydrazinylidene)methyl)benzoic acid (L1) and 4-((2-carbamothioylhydrazineylidene)methyl)benzoic acid (L2). The ligands, and their complexes with Fe(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) salts, were characterized using elemental analysis, FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), UV (Ultra-violet), 1H and 13C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), EDX (Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), AAS (Atomic absorption spectroscopy) and molar conductivity measurements. Elemental analysis and conductance data confirmed the formation of non-electrolytic complexes in a 1:1:1 molar (L1:M:L2) ratio. The ligands bound to the metal ions in a bidentate manner as shown by the IR spectral data. The complexes exhibited an octahedral geometry. DFT (Density functional theory) calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level supported the experimental findings. Molecular docking studies were performed with four antimicrobial protein targets mainly enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductases (PDB ID:1D70, 2WYW, 1P9G and 4XRE) to comprehend their binding with the chosen targets. Both the ligands were shown to be non-toxic as depicted by the cytotoxicity test performed using MTT assay. Antimicrobial activity evaluation revealed that the metal complexes exhibited enhanced activity as compared to the free ligands, with the Co(II) complex showing the highest inhibition zones. These findings suggest that the mixed ligand-metal complexes could also be explored for diverse applications.

Evaluation of antimicrobial photodynamic activity of CuminUP60®- A commercially-available high-soluble curcumin

Curcumin, a polyphenol extracted from Curcuma longa L. with a variety of biological and pharmacological activities, has been identified as a promising photosensitizer for food sterilization. However, its low aqueous solubility and bioavailability greatly restrict the practical application of curcumin. In the last decades, a number of approaches have been proposed to address this challenge, with several having already attained notable commercial viability. CuminUP60®, a patented curcumin complex consisting of curcumin extract and Poloxam407, has gathered attention in commercial realms for its enhanced solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic potential. However, the antimicrobial photodynamic activity of this novel curcumin complex has not been investigated. In the current study, we found that CuminUP60® showed a maximum absorption intensity at 434 nm with capability to produce Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) upon blue light excitation. Furthermore, CuminUP60® showed desirable bactericidal activity against a range of typical foodborne bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shewanella putrefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens (MIC = 83.33 μM) and Escherichia coli (MIC = 166.66 μM) upon blue light (5.3 mW/cm2) illumination for 30 min. Taken together, the results demonstrated that CuminUP60® possess desirable antibacterial photodynamic activity, which could provide crucial support for the development of industrially applicable photodynamic sterilization systems within the food industry.

Secondary Metabolites with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities from Camellia fascicularis.

Camellia fascicularis has important ornamental, medicinal, and food value. It also has tremendous potential for exploiting bioactivities. However, the bioactivities of secondary metabolites in C. fascicularis have not been reported. The structures of compounds were determined by spectral analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) combined with the available literature on secondary metabolites of C. fascicularis leaves. In this study, 15 compounds were identified, including 5 flavonoids (1-5), a galactosylglycerol derivative (6), a terpenoid (7), 4 lignans (8-11), and 4 phenolic acids (12-15). Compounds 6-7 and 9-12 were isolated from the genus Camellia for the first time. The remaining compounds were also isolated from C. fascicularis for the first time. Evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities revealed that compounds 5 and 8-11 exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than the positive drug ascorbic acid, while compounds 7, 13, and 15 showed similar activity to ascorbic acid. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibacterial activity for compounds 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was comparable to that of the positive control drug tetracycline at a concentration of 62.50 µg/mL; other secondary metabolites inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations ranging from 125-250 µg/mL.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and tensile strength of glass ionomer cement modified with plant extract mixture

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity and tensile strength of glass ionomer cement modified with plant extract mixture

Formulation of Neem and Echinacea Gel for Oral Health Along With the Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Anti-inflammatory, and Free Radical Scavenging Activity: An In Vitro Study.

Background Herbs have been used in medical practice for centuries and continue to play a significant role in modern complementary and alternative medicine.Phytochemicals in these herbs possess strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are beneficial in targetingoral health issues, such as dental plaque, gingivitis, and oral microbial infections.As research progresses, the challenge remains to translate these natural compounds into safe, effective, and accessible treatments for a wide range of diseases. Aim The aim of this research was to formulate the neem and echinacea gel along with the evaluation of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, free-radical scavenging activity, and cytotoxic potential. Materials and methods The neem and echinacea gel was prepared using a concentrated powdered mixture of neem and echinacea (5 grams each) to which 100 ml of distilled water was added, and the mixture was boiled for 30 minutes at 60°C. The 10 ml concentrate was mixed with 20 ml of a carbopol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) mixture and mixed thoroughly, which resulted in neem and echinacea gel. Then, theantimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic potential, and free-radical scavenging activity of the gel were evaluated. The data obtained were statistically analyzed with the help of a paired t-test, where a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The antimicrobial assay showed that neem and echinacea gel at the concentration of 100 micrograms showed a greater zone of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus(3.15 ± 0.26), Streptococcus mutans (2.48 ± 0.45), Enterococcus faecalis (2.89 ± 0.15), and Candida albicans (4.28 ± 0.87). The cytotoxic test revealed that even at an 80 µg concentration of the extract,more than 70% of the nauplii were vital, which indicated that the gel was not cytotoxic.The highest anti-inflammatory activity (78.39 ± 1.82) of the gel was seen at 50 micrograms when compared with diclofenac sodium (73.16 ± 1.80). The free radical scavenging activity showed that the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) absorbance of the neem and echinacea extract was highest at 50 micrograms. Conclusion The combination of neem and echinacea extract-based gel possessed high antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard drugs, such as amoxicillin and diclofenac sodium. The antioxidant activity of the gel was equal to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and also the gel has a low cytotoxic potential even at its higher concentrations. Hence, the gel can be used as a natural remedy with minimal side effects, making it a valuable alternative to chemical agents.

In vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Syzigium aromaticum (Clove) against Bacteria Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in Shendi Town, Sudan

Background: Herbal medicinal products have been documented as a significant source for discovering new pharmaceutical molecules that have been used to treat serious diseases. It has been postulated that the geographical locations of the herbs affect the constituents of their essential oils and thus the degree of their antimicrobial action. Syzigium aromaticum (clove) is a traditional spice used as an antimicrobial agent and an alternative solution to increased antibiotic resistance by bacterial strains. Objective: This study aimed to study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of different clove concentrations against bacteria isolated from clinical specimens. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study conducted in Shendi City, Sudan, from February to March 2023, at the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences. 50 samples were collected from urine and wounds, from which eight strains of pathogenic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using gram stain and biochemical tests. Clove was tested using a 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% concentration. Results: Out of 50 clinical specimens, standard strains were confirmed as S. aureus 13 (26%), S. epidermidis 7 (14%), E. faecalis 1 (2%), E. coli 15 (30%), Enterobacter 3 (6%), Citrobacter 2 (4%), K. pneumoniae 4 (8%), and P. aeruginosa 5 (10%). Clove showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against all clinical isolates and standard strains. Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the aqueous extract of clove can exhibit high antimicrobial activity against all types of tested organisms, both clinical and standard. The findings indicate that, besides being safe and sensorial attractive, Clove has antimicrobial activity, making it an herbal antimicrobial agent.

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of naringin and allyl sulphide on Breast Cancer Cells

Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of naringin and allyl sulphide on Breast Cancer Cells

Evaluation of Phytochemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Calotropis procera Root Extract against some Pathogenic Microorganisms in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study evaluates the antimicrobial potential of Calotropis procera root extracts, traditionally used in Nigerian medicine, by scientifically validating their therapeutic properties. The research identified various phytochemical constituents, including tannin, saponin, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and reducing sugars, with terpenoids uniquely present in the aqueous extract. The significant antimicrobial activity observed, particularly with the chloroform extract showing the largest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, underscores the potential of C. procera roots as a rich source of bioactive compounds for developing alternative treatments for infectious diseases. Full Abstract Calotropis procera has been traditionally used for medicinal purposes in Nigeria, with various parts of the plant utilized by traditional healers without scientific validation of their therapeutic properties. Therefore, this study sought to assess the phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy of root extracts from C. procera against pathogenic microorganisms. The extraction of C. procera roots was carried out using aqueous, chloroform, and n-hexane solvents, and the qualitative analysis of the phytochemical constituents was conducted following standard procedures. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus through the agar well diffusion method. Phytochemical screening identified the presence of tannin, saponin, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and reducing sugars in all extracts, with terpenoids exclusively found in the aqueous extract and cardiac glycosides absent in all extracts. The extracts demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogens, with the chloroform extract exhibiting the largest inhibition zone (23.50±0.38 mm) against S. aureus, while the n-hexane extract displayed the smallest inhibition zone (6.38±0.52 mm) against A. flavus. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined as 25 mg/ml for the chloroform extract against S. aureus and S. typhi, and 50 mg/ml for both aqueous and n-hexane extracts against K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was established at 100 mg/ml for S. aureus, S. typhi, and all extracts. The root extracts of C. procera exhibited promising antimicrobial effects against S. aureus and S. typhi, indicating its potential as a rich source of bioactive compounds and a viable alternative to antibiotics for treating infectious diseases.

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta Indica (Neem)

Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Azadirachta Indica (Neem)

Antimicrobial and Ecological Potential of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae with a Focus on Wastewater Treatment and Industry

A complex evaluation of antimicrobial activities of microalgae, including those relevant to wastewater treatment (WWT), in light of the integrated biorefinery concept, is performed. An example of this concept is linking a commercial microalgal system to plants, factories, or farms that emit polluted wastewater (WW). The microalgae would not only metabolize the pollutants—such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)—from the WW, thus fueling their biomass, but they would exert an antibacterial effect against the pathogenic bacteria there. The biomass then could be harvested and used for biofertilizers, biofuels, and bioplastics and might possibly be utilized as animal feed, antimicrobial and other pharmaceutical agents. A large amount of the research on the antimicrobial activity and WWT potential focuses on the families Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae, which are also some of the most commercially used strains of microalgae. For that reason, they are the species chosen for the current review. Furthermore, the increasing antimicrobial resistance necessitates the search for antibiotic alternatives, and the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae is very promising. Microalgae are rich in antibacterial compounds like polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), polysaccharides, carotenoids, proteins, etc., and for that reason, their extracts possess antimicrobial effects. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Chlorellaceae and Scenedesmaceae families has varied in a broad range from low to strong activity or no effect. Several strains have fulfilled the criteria for outstanding and high activity, especially C. vulgaris and other Chlorellaceae spp., with an effect equal to or better than the control antibiotics. There were several strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) below 80 µg/mL and even 10 and 1.5 µg/mL; some species also had inhibition zones (IZ) over 30 mm, even as high as 48 mm. In vivo results are also promising but scarce, and all this warrants further in vivo and in situ studies—from animal models to clinical and environmental trials. Altogether, important data in the light of the circle economy, the urgent necessity to decrease CO2 emissions to fight climate change, and to curb the harmful influence of future pandemics are presented. This review paves the way for further utilizing the total potential of a microalgal system.

Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of bacterial pathogens for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in female patients at a tertiary level hospital

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) remain the common infections in outpatients as well as hospitalized patients. Antimicrobials are frequently used drugs for the treatment of UTIs. Periodic evaluation of antimicrobial activity of different antimicrobial agents is essential as the pattern of antimicrobial sensitivity may vary over period. The aim of this study was to identify the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of the isolated uropathogens in female patients in urinary tract infection at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This observational cross-sectional type of study was conducted in the department of pharmacology and therapeutics in collaboration with department of microbiology SBMC, outpatient department of medicine, and gynaecology and obstetrics, SBMCH, Barishal, from January 2017 to December 2017. Results: In this study, age of the subjects ranging from 18 to 65 years, majority subjects (57.0%) belonged to age group of 31-44 years. The mean age was found 44.5±9.1 years. Out of 200 cases, 83% cases hailing from rural area and 17% from urban site. In this study microbial culture result of uncomplicated UTI revealed that 103 (51.5%) of urine samples had significant bacteriuria. E. coli was found to be the most prevalent 47 (45.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 18 (17.4%), Proteus spp. 11 (10.6%) and Enterobacter spp. 9 (8.7%). Conclusions: The pattern of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials for treating UTI alerts us against indiscriminate usage of antimicrobials.

Evaluation of antimicrobial stewardship activities using antibiotic spectrum coverage

Recently, the days of antibiotic spectrum coverage (DASC) using the antibiotic spectrum coverage (ASC) score was reported as a new tool for measuring antimicrobial use. The days of therapy (DOT) are required to calculate the DASC, making it impossible to use when patient-level information is unavailable. Therefore, we have defined a new measure of antimicrobial use for antimicrobial spectrum coverage (AUSC) using antimicrobial use density (AUD) and ASC scores. In this study, we have investigated the use of antimicrobial agents retrospectively examined for monthly prescriptions between 2016 and 2022, and whether the AUSC could be used as a new measure. Our data showed that the AUD, AUSC, DOT, and DASC increased, whereas AUSC/AUD and DASC/DOT decreased over the study period. In addition, no correlation was found between DOT and DASC/DOT (ρ = − 0.093, p = 0.399), whereas there was a weak correlation between AUD and AUSC/AUD (ρ = − 0.295, p = 0.006). Therefore, in this study, the use of AUSC is considered less beneficial when DASC can be calculated based on DOT. On the other hand, in institutional settings where DOT cannot be calculated, AUSC may be useful as a new measure to evaluate antimicrobial use.

Structural characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of six plant phenolic acids.

Phenolic acids still gain significant attention due to their potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. In this study, we have investigated the antimicrobial of six phenolic acids, namely chlorogenic, caffeic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, gallic and tannic acids in the concentration range 0.5-500 μM, against Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of these phenolic acids on two cancer cell lines, the colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cell line and Dukes' type C colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD-1 cell line was examined. To further understand the molecular properties of these phenolic acids, quantum chemical calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09W program. Parameters such as ionization potential, electron affinity, electronegativity, chemical hardness, chemical softness, dipole moment, and electrophilicity index were obtained. The lipophilicity properties represented by logP parameter was also discussed. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of six phenolic acids, compounds deliberately selected due to their chemical structure. They are derivatives of benzoic or cinnamic acids with the increasing number of hydroxyl groups in the aromatic ring. The integration of experimental and computational methodologies provides a knowledge of the molecular characteristics of bioactive compounds and partial explanation of the relationship between the molecular structure and biological properties. This knowledge aids in guiding the development of bioactive components for use in dietary supplements, functional foods and pharmaceutical drugs.

Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) from Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) Spreng. An Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities

This is the first report of its kind on the study. Applications for nanobiotechnology include coatings, cosmetics, packaging, biomedicine, and boosting biological activity. Given the importance of Chrozophora rottleri (Euphorbiaceae) we developed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) economically and ecologically responsibly. In less than a minute, the color of the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized in this work changed from yellow to wine red. Advanced methods such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and zeta potential (ZP) were used to study these nanoparticles. The synthesized gold nanoparticles’ anti-microbial (bacterial and fungal) and in vitro antioxidant (DPPH and H2O2) characteristics were evaluated. Standard ascorbic acid concentrations of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 µg/ml were used to investigate the DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The findings showed that 18.53±0.162 was the lowest percentage of inhibition and 83.62±0.785 was the greatest. Analogously, the ascorbic acid hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging (H2O2) assay revealed that the maximum % inhibition was 87.27±0.467 and the lowest was 19.52±0.225. The Agar well-diffusion method was used to examine the antibacterial effectiveness of ampicillin and synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Four distinct concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 µl) were assessed in relation to several bacterial pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Elevated doses of traditional Ampicillin demonstrated a progressive degree of inhibitory impact on E. coli and S. aureus, signifying heightened antimicrobial efficacy. Zones measuring 16 mm, 20 mm, 22 mm, and 25 mm were seen in ampicillin, while zones measuring 11 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm, and 16 mm were seen in E. coli The synthesized gold nanoparticles (CR-AuNPs) demonstrated increased zones of inhibition measuring 1.2 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, and 17 mm, indicating greater antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae. Similar to this, P. aeruginosa was inhibited by AuNPs, and the zones of inhibition measured 0.6 mm, 12 mm, 16 mm, and 18 mm. The CR-AuNPs show activity against S. aureus, E. coli, S. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa at a concentration of 200 µg/ml, which is the minimum inhibitory concentration (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml). The well diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the antifungal efficacy of AuNPs and Fluconazole against Aspergillus niger. The findings showed that the zones of inhibition, which measured 12 mm, 16 mm, 21 mm, and 25 mm, gradually increased. Moreover, the zones of inhibition against Candida albicans were observed to be 13 mm, 16 mm, 18 mm, and 22 mm. At 12 mm, 15 mm, 19 mm, and 23 mm, the CR-AuNPs showed increasingly wider zones of inhibition against Aspergillus niger. Furthermore, 11 mm, 14 mm, 17 mm, and 19 mm zones of inhibition were seen in Candida albicans. The findings point to the potential for producing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using green synthesis methods that are both economical and ecologically benign. Moreover, this work is the first to suggest that C. rottleri may have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. As a result, this creates new chances in various fields in addition to medicines

Engineered K-doped ZnO/borneol based hydrogel composite material for led-based photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and evaluation of antimicrobial activity

The significant improvement of decolorization and disinfection technologies has been a hotspot in wastewater reutilization. In this study, we realized a novel construction of K-doped nano-ZnO and borneol based hydrogel composite material (K-ZnO/B-hydrogel) by low-temperature in situ sol–gel growth. The techniques such as fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were applied to recognize the synthesized hydrogel. The results revealed that K-doped ZnO nanoparticles had been uniformly decorated onto the B-hydrogel. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra showed that impurity doping of potassium element into ZnO could reduce the band gap, improving the visible light absorption efficiency. Under LED illumination, the photodegrading rate of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel was approximately 2.3 times greater than that of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel on methylene blue (MB) removal. Remarkably, aside from CO2 and H2O, no by-products were generated during the photodegradation process. In addition, the antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) of K-ZnO/B-hydrogel achieved up to 99.9%, which were at least 1.5 times higher than K-ZnO/B-hydrogel. This composite will push ahead with a closed-loop wastewater treatment system for dye and pathogenic microorganism disposal, which combines the excellent adsorption ability of hydrogel and the outstanding photocatalytic ability of ZnO nanoparticles with easy sample handling and separation, and help to eliminate secondary pollution.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity of spinel structured transition metal ferrites supported on reduced graphene oxide against pathogenic strains of bacteria and fungi.

One of the global challenges for living things is to provide pollution and harmful microbes-free environment. In this study, magnetically retrievable spinel-structured manganese zinc ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) (MZF) was synthesized by a facile solvothermal method. Further, the MZF with different weight percentages (10 wt%, 50 wt%, and 80 wt%) were supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The phase purity and morphology of MZF and MZF/rGO nanocomposite were confirmed by x-ray diffraction technique and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, UV-visible spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analyses of the as-synthesized nanocomposites were examined for the detection of various chemical groups, band gap, and thermal properties, respectively. The MZF/rGO nanocomposite exhibited significant antibacterial and antifungal activity againstEggerthella lenta, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,andCandida albicanscompared to bare MZF and rGO. The high surface area of rGO plays a crucible role in antimicrobial analysis. Additionally, the antibacterial and antifungal activity is compared by synthesizing various metal ferrites such as MnFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and Fe3O4. The 50 wt% MZF/rGO nanocomposite exhibits significantly high antibacterial activity. However, 10 wt% MZF/rGO nanocomposite shows good antifungal activity than Fe3O4, MnFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, MnZnFe2O4, 50 wt%, and 80 wt% MZF/rGO nanocomposites. These findings suggest that the prepared ferrite nanocomposites hold promise for microbial inhibition.

In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and GC/MS profiling of the endemic species Verbascum cheiranthifolium var. asperulum

Due to their potential therapeutic applications, there has been a growing fascination in the investigation of natural bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. Verbascum cheiranthifolium var. asperulum, an endemic species in Türkiye, has been studied for its potential antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics. Various solvents were utilized for the extraction of plant material, and the antimicrobial activity was tested against various antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and a yeast using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and agar disc diffusion methods. Additionally, the antioxidant potential was assessed using total phenolic content, the DPPH radical-scavenging assay, and total flavonoid content methods. The extracts have exhibites significant inhibitory effects against several bacterial strains, with the methanol extract showing the most potent antimicrobial activity. The most effective inhibition activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 1.56 mg/ml. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed numerous phytochemical compounds, including phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and glycosides. The study highlights the potential of V. cheiranthifolium var. asperulum as a valuable and natural bioactive compound source with antimicrobial and antioxidant characteristics, making it a promising candidate for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

Methods for screening and evaluation of antimicrobial activity: A review of protocols, advantages, and limitations.

Infectious diseases pose a formidable global challenge, compounded by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Consequently, researchers are actively exploring novel antimicrobial compounds as potential solutions. This endeavor underscores the pivotal role of methods employed for screening and evaluating antimicrobial activity-a critical step in discovery and characterization of antimicrobial agents. While traditional techniques such as well-diffusion, disk-diffusion, and broth-dilution are commonly utilized in antimicrobial assays, they may encounter limitations concerning reproducibility and speed. Additionally, a diverse array of antimicrobial assays including cross-streaking, poisoned-food, co-culture, time-kill kinetics, resazurin assay, bioautography, etc., are routinely employed in antimicrobial evaluations. Advanced techniques such as flow-cytometry, impedance analysis, and bioluminescent technique may offer rapid and sensitive results, providing deeper insights into the impact of antimicrobials on cellular integrity. However, their higher cost and limited accessibility in certain laboratory settings may present challenges. This article provides a comprehensive overview of assays designed to characterize antimicrobial activity, elucidating their underlying principles, protocols, advantages, and limitations. The primary objective is to enhance understanding of the methodologies designed for evaluating antimicrobial agents in our relentless battle against infectious diseases. By selecting the appropriate antimicrobial testing method, researchers can discern suitable conditions and streamline the identification of effective antimicrobial agents.

Discovery of new eremophilanes from the marine-derived fungus Emericellopsis maritima BC17 by culture conditions changes: evaluation of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities

In our previous studies, the marine-derived fungus Emericellopsis maritima BC17 was found to produce new eremophilane-type sesquiterpenoids on solid media. In order to explore its potential to produce more metabolites, E. maritima BC17 was subjected to a one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) analysis leading to the discovery of three new eremophilanes (1-3) and fourteen known derivatives (4-17) in the liquid media Czapek Dox and PDB. Their structures were established by extensive analyses of the 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESIMS data, as well as ECD data for the assignment of their absolute configurations. Antitumoral and antimicrobial activities of the isolated metabolites 1, 3, 11, and 15 were investigated. PR toxin 3-deacetyl (15) exhibited cytotoxic activity against HepG2, MCF-7, A549, A2058 and Mia PaCa-2 human cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 2.5 to 14.7 µM. In addition, 15 exhibited selective activity against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213 at the highest concentration tested of 128 µg/mL.