Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Activity Research Articles

Cyclotides derived from Viola dalatensis Gagnep: A novel approach for enrichment and evaluation of antimicrobial activity

Cyclotides, plant-derived cysteine-rich peptides, exhibit a wide range of beneficial biological activities and possess exceptional structural stability. Cyclotides are commonly distributed throughout the Violaceae family. Viola dalatensis Gagnep, a Vietnamese species, has not been well studied, especially for cyclotides. This pioneering research explores cyclotides from V. dalatensis as antimicrobials. This study used a novel approach to enhance cyclotides after extraction. The approach combined 30% ammonium sulfate salt precipitation and RP-HPLC. A comprehensive analysis was performed to ascertain the overall protein content, flavonoids content, polyphenol content, and free radical scavenging capacity of compounds derived from V. dalatensis. Six known cyclotides were sequenced utilizing MS tandem. Semi-purified cyclotide mixtures (M1, M2, and M3) exhibited antibacterial efficacy against Bacillus subtilis (inhibitory diameters: 19.67–23.50 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22.17–23.50 mm), and Aspergillus flavus (14.67–21.33 mm). The enriched cyclotide precipitate from the stem extract demonstrated a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.08 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa, showcasing significant antibacterial effectiveness compared to the stem extract (MIC: 12.50 mg/mL). Considerable advancements have been achieved in the realm of cyclotides, specifically in their application as antimicrobial agents.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity and Physical Properties of Vinyl Siloxane Ether Impression Material Modified with Zinc Oxide and Chitosan Nanoparticles: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: The antimicrobial activity and physical properties of Vinyl Siloxane Ether (VSE) impression material, such as dimensional stability, flow, and setting time, play a crucial role in the success of fixed prosthodontics. During impression making, the impression material is exposed to infected blood and saliva, which are potential sources of cross-contamination. Cross-contamination can be decreased or minimised when antimicrobial agents are added to the impression material. The efficacy of nanoparticles like silver, titanium, zinc oxide, and chitosan as antimicrobial agents is continuously researched in dentistry. These particles have the benefit of being small and possessing effective antibacterial characteristics due to their vast surface area, which creates an effective interaction with microbes. Aim: To evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity and physical properties of VSE impression material incorporated with various concentrations (0.0, 1.0, and 2.5 wt.%) of zinc oxide and chitosan nanoparticles. Materials and Methods: This is an in-vitro study conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics at KIMS Dental College and Hospital, Amalapuram, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethical Review Board for clinical trials (Material protocol no. 020/ KIMS DENTAL/2022). The study was conducted in the month of June and July of 2022 year. A total of 252 samples were fabricated with VSE impression material and divided into two groups for antimicrobial activity (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the fungus Candida albicans) and physical properties (dimensional stability, flow, setting time) with 126 samples in each group, respectively. The sample size was estimated using G Power One software with a power of 91% and an alpha error of 5%. Antimicrobial activity was determined using the disk diffusion method, dimensional stability was determined with a stereomicroscope, setting time with a Gillmore apparatus, and flow with a vernier caliper. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (p-value <0.05), T tests, and Tukey post-hoc tests, respectively. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Significant changes were noted against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria when VSE was incorporated with 2.5% zinc oxide nanoparticles (p-value=0.010). The highest setting time was found for 2.5% chitosan, and the lowest setting time was for 2.5% zinc oxide (p-value <0.001). Decreased flow was observed with 2.5% chitosan, whereas increased flow was observed with 1% and 2.5% of zinc oxide nanoparticles (p-value=0.016). Enhanced dimensional stability was seen when the impression material was incorporated with 1% and 2.5% of ZnO nanoparticles (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Based on this in-vitro study, zinc oxide and chitosan nanoparticles can be incorporated into VSE impression material as antimicrobial agents without adversely affecting their properties.

Investigating the therapeutic potential of monothiocarbohydrazones: A comprehensive in vitro evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities

Organic compounds, particularly those with nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms, constitute over 99 % of clinically approved drugs. Among these, thiocarbohydrazones have been extensively studied, with a focus on symmetrical bis-substituted compounds. However, asymmetric and monosubstituted thiocarbohydrazones remain underexplored, despite their demonstrated high biological potential. This study presents an in-depth in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of eighteen previously synthesized and characterized monothiocarbohydrazones. The antioxidant potential was assessed using the DPPH assay, while the antimicrobial activity was determined against Gram-positive bacteria using a modified broth microdilution susceptibility method. The cytotoxic effect was evaluated on human hepatocellular carcinoma using the colorimetric MTT assay. The results reveal that the investigated monothiocarbohydrazones exhibit significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, their activity and cytotoxicity are influenced by the stereochemistry of the molecule and the nature and position of the substituents. These findings provide valuable insights for future in vivo examinations and underscore the potential of monothiocarbohydrazones in drug development.

In-vitro evaluation of scavenging and antimicrobial activity of Betula utilis leaves extract

In-vitro evaluation of scavenging and antimicrobial activity of Betula utilis leaves extract

Evaluation of pharmaceutical concentrations and antimicrobial activity in river water from the Tone River system in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Evaluation of pharmaceutical concentrations and antimicrobial activity in river water from the Tone River system in Gunma Prefecture, Japan

Phytochemical analysis, toxicity and evaluation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of leaves of Dipteryx alata Vogel.

In this study, our objective was to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical analysis, determine toxicity levels, and assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of extracts derived from the leaves of Dipteryx alata Vogel, a native species of the Brazilian cerrado flora. Three distinct extracts were prepared utilizing assisted ultrasound and the Soxhlet apparatus, namely, Ultrasound Crude Extract (UCE), Soxhlet Crude Extract (SCE), and the Soxhlet Ethanol Extract (SEE). The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, and saponins in all extracts. Additionally, alkaloids were specifically identified in the SCE and SEE extracts. In the analysis using LC-DAD, the compounds gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kampefrol were determined in higher concentrations in the SCE, followed by the SEE and UCE, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in all extracts, with UCE and SCE showing a higher concentration of β-sitosterol. SCE showed the highest concentration of all identified compounds. In the analysis of antioxidant activity by DPPH• and ABTS•+, SEE showed greater efficiency (IC50 = 2.98 ± 2.92 and 6.57 ± 0.89 μg/mL, respectively). In the toxicity test with Allium cepa, all extracts stimulated root growth at 50 g/mL; UCE and SEE stimulated root growth at 250 g/mL; and SEE inhibited root growth at 750 g/mL. In the Artemia salina toxicity, all extracts were non-toxic. Antibacterial activity was identified in the microorganisms S. aureus and S. mutans; however, the extracts did not show antifungal action against the strain of C. albicans. The extracts of D. alata have therapeutic potential for applicability in dentistry.

Synthesis and evaluation of cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of some 3-aryl-6-phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines

3-aryl-6-phenyl-7H-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b][1,3,4]thiadiazines were obtained with good yields (81-95%) via the heterocyclization reaction of 1-phenyl-2-((5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)thio)ethane-1-ones in acetic acid. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized compounds were established, the structures were confirmed by the data of IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectra, as well as the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. The cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of these compounds were evaluated. In vitro screening results showed that compounds 8, 9 and 12 significantly inhibit (54-65%) the growth of HeLa, HBL-100 and CCRF-CEM cancer cell lines. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds increases in the series of oxadiazoltiones (1-4) - S-derivatives (5-8) - triazolothiadiazines (9-12). Compounds 5-16 do not exhibit antimicrobial properties.

Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and phytochemical screening in Mimosa pudica flower extracts

Evaluation of antioxidant, antimicrobial activities, and phytochemical screening in Mimosa pudica flower extracts

Evaluation and identification of phytochemical constituents and anti-microbial activity of Manilkara zapota leaves

Evaluation and identification of phytochemical constituents and anti-microbial activity of Manilkara zapota leaves

Investigating the Medicinal Potential of Lavatera cashmeriana Leaf Extract: Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities.

This study investigated the medicinal potential of Lavatera cashmeriana, a plant traditionally known for its therapeutic properties. The aim was to identify the phytocompounds in L. cashmeriana leaf extract and evaluate its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was employed to characterize the phytochemical composition of the ethanol extract derived from L. cashmeriana leaves. The antimicrobial potential was assessed through the well diffusion technique, targeting Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay was conducted to assess antioxidant capabilities, while cytotoxicity against the A549 cancer cell line was determined via the MTT assay. GC-MS analysis identified ten different compounds, with phytol, 1-Eicosanol, and 2,6,10-trimethyl,14-ethylene-14-pentadecne being the most prevalent. The extract exhibited notable antimicrobial efficacy against all bacteria with MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. However, C. albicans did not respond. The extract exhibited antioxidative properties with an IC50 value of 86 µg/mL and cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 69.95 µg/mL against the A549 cancer cell line. The results derived from this study supported the historical use of L. cashmeriana as a medicinal plant and suggested that it can potentially treat a wide range of medical ailments. The identified phytocompounds and the demonstrated antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects provide scientific evidence for its medicinal properties. However, further investigations are needed to fully understand its safety profile, efficacy, and mechanism of action before recommending it for therapeutic purposes.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of AAROGYA-5 against the Pan-drug-resistant Resistant Pathogenic Microorganisms

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is emerging as a severe healthcare crisis worldwide. It is a most significant threat to global health, food security, and development, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The world is entering the "post-antibiotic era", and over 10 million people will die from AMR by 2050. This rising resistance has rekindled interest among researchers in discovering and developing novel, more potent antibacterial drugs to combat AMR. Objectives: In this study, the antimicrobial effectiveness of aqueous/hydro-alcoholic extracts of AAROGYA-5 (Rajata Bhasma, powders of Ocimum tenuiflorum, Tinospora cordifolia, Ficus benghalensis, and Azadirachta indica), a Herbo-mineral formulation will be evaluated against the gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Methods: The formulation was studied for its antimicrobial activity by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against Candida Albicans (fungal strain) and Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli (bacterial strains) at different concentrations: 100mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 25mg/mL, 12.5mg/mL, 6.25mg/mL, 3.125mg/mL, 1.5625 mg/mL, and 0.78125 mg/mL by Kirby Bauer and broth microdilution method. Result: AAROGYA-5 in the form of extracts has shown significant activity at a strength of 12.5mg/mL against the Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., S. aureus and E. faecalis, and the hydro-alcoholic extract of AAROGYA-5 was found to be effective at a strength of 6.25 mg/mL against C. albicans. Discussion: The ayurvedic formulation AAROGYA-5 was effective against the Multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-positive cocci, i.e., S. aureus and E. faecalis. Moreover, the hydro-alcoholic extract is effective against C. albicans. In addition, the AAROGYA-5 has no activity against Gram-negative bacteria in either extract. Conclusion: Based on these results, the present study demonstrated that AAROGYA-5 has significant antimicrobial activity against MDR- S. aureus, E. faecalis, and C. albicans.

Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of 0.2% Lemongrass Oil and 0.2% Chlorhexidine as a Preprocedural Mouth Rinse: A Randomised Controlled, Parallel Design, Split-mouth Clinical Trial

Introduction: The aerosols produced by an ultrasonic scaler contain bacteria that may enter the respiratory systems of both dental surgeons and patients. Lemongrass oil is one of the essential oils with enormous antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Aim: To evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercially available preprocedural mouth rinses, containing 0.2% lemongrass oil mouthwash and a 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution, in reducing the levels of viable bacteria in aerosols. Materials and Methods: This single-centre double-blinded randomised controlled parallel design split-mouth clinical trial was planned among patients in the Department of Periodontics attending Vishnu Dental College and Hospital in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted for 40 days, from August 2022 to October 2022. Two distinct types of preprocedural mouth rinses (lemongrass oil and chlorhexidine) were used on 56 participants with Stage II or III and Grade B periodontitis. A total of 56 subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A (0.2% lemongrass oil) and Group B (0.2% chlorhexidine), using a simple coin toss method. Colonyforming units (CFUs) with and without rinsing in each group were assessed and studied. CFUs collected on blood agar plates were counted during ultrasonic scaling both with and without rinsing. International Business Machine (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Paired t-tests and independent t-tests were used for intragroup and intergroup comparisons for both groups. Results: The mean CFU count in the chlorhexidine group without rinsing was 259.6±26.6, and with rinsing, it was 140.7±22.6, which was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001). In the lemongrass oil group, the CFU count without rinsing was 263.5±26.9, and with rinsing, it was 147.18±33.82, which was also statistically significant (p-value<0.001). In the intergroup comparison, the p-values for both groups-using preprocedural rinse (Group A vs. Group B for quadrants 2 and 3) and without preprocedural rinse (Group A vs. Group B for quadrants 1 and 4)-were 0.40 and 0.58, respectively, which were not significant. Conclusion: Both preprocedural mouth rinses were equally effective in reducing microbial counts in aerosols during ultrasonic scaling.

Phytochemical profiling and evaluation of antimicrobial activities of common culinary spices: Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper).

The increasing resistance of microbial pathogens to conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial potential and phytochemical properties of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Piper nigrum (black pepper) extracts, both of which are known for their historical use in traditional medicine and culinary applications. Hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts of clove and black pepper were prepared. The antimicrobial activity of these extracts was assessed using the disk diffusion method against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth dilution method. Qualitative phytochemical screening identified the presence of key bioactive compounds, while quantitative analysis measured total phenolic and flavonoid contents. LC-HRMS/MS analysis of ethanolic extracts was performed. Both spices extracts exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 14 to 18 mm. clove showed superior antimicrobial efficacy compared to black paper, particularly against fungi. MIC values ranged between 3 mg/mL and 6 mg/mL for both spices. Phytochemical analysis revealed higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents in clove, with hydroalcoholic extracts showing greater concentrations than aqueous extracts. HPLC quantified higher eugenol content in clove extracts and higher piperine content in black pepper extracts. The differences in bioactive compound content were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The study confirms that both spices possess significant antimicrobial properties, attributable to their rich phytochemical composition, particularly phenolics and flavonoids. Clove exhibited slightly superior antimicrobial activity compared to black paper. These findings support the potential use of these spices as complementary antimicrobial agents. Further research should investigate their synergistic effects with conventional antibiotics and explore their applications in food preservation and alternative medicine.

Characterisation and synthesis of agnps from Aristolochia bracteolata leaves

Objective: The objective of this research was to present the antimicrobial potential of AgNP’s synthesised from Aristolochia bracteolata leaves extract. Methods: Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of the leaves extract was tested using agar well diffusion method along with the commercial control antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin) and the synthesised AgNPs were also tested against several microbial cultures (MTCC 10619, MTCC 0424, MTCC 872 &amp; MTCC 1755). Further phytochemical analysis and characterisation of the synthesised nanoparticles was done to determine the shape and size of synthesised nanoparticles. Results: Prepared methanolic extract of Aristolochia bracteolata showed significant antibacterial activity against chosen microbial cultures (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger) showing gradual increase in inhibition zone as the extract concentration increased from 20µl to 80µl. Bacillus subtilis among the bacterial strain and Aspergillus niger among the chosen fungal strain showed the maximum inhibition at 80 µl 12.7 ±1.729 mm and 15.7 ±1.729 mm respectively. But in case of AgNP’s Bacillus subtilis showed 14 ±1.132 mm at 80µl as compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 ±1.132 mm at 80µl. In case of fungal strains Aspergillus niger showed max. Inhibition 15.7 ±1.729 mm for methanolic extract of leaves and for AgNP’s solution the max. Inhibition was showed by Fusarium oxysporum 9 ±1.132 mm at 80µl. In phytochemical analysis the presence of tannin and phenol was noted whereas alkaloids were absent. SEM revealed the smooth and spherical structure of the nanoparticles. Conclusion: Aristolochia bracteolata-derived AgNP’s presented an effective approach for antimicrobial applications, demonstrating efficiency against a range of pathogens.

Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activities evaluation for new sulphathiazole amide compounds

The ADME study was conducted to ensure their drug-likeness properties before testing their biological activities. The docking results represent 8 amide compounds were better than the standard antibacterial agents and after they were synthesized and their chemical structures were characterized, the ADME study represents acceptable drug likeness outcome. These compounds have no BBB penetration and acceptable GI crossing ability. These properties will give a good chance for the tested compounds to be available in the peripheral circulation and not to produce any unwanted central side effects, if they were accepted as drugs in the future during the clinical trials. Also, almost all the tested compounds signify inhibiting ability for the livers CYP450 enzymes, consequently, they are believed to be enzyme inhibitors if they were admitted as drugs. The sulfathiazole amides were within the Drug likeness and Lipinski rules.

Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids obtained via cascade reaction using chitosan as a recyclable catalyst

As a recyclable catalyst, Chitosan promotes the rapid synthesis of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids via Knoevenagel-intramolecular cascade reaction in good yields. The compounds showed potent antifungal and antimicrobial activities in vitro evaluations.

Investigation of the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of fermented Cornus mas and Rubus sanctus fruits

In this study antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fermented Cornus mas and Rubus sanctus berries collected from province of Bartın in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye were analyzed. Prior to fermentation with S. cerevisiae, the fruits were tested for 58 pesticides such as Dicloran and Quintozene and none of the pesticides were detected. The presence of ascorbic acid in the fruits, which is a nutrient needed by the body, was also detected by FTIR. Then the pesticide free berries were crushed, and the samples were fermented separately. Testing after the fermentation process revealed the samples contained ethyl alcohol. Antioxidant activities of fermented samples were analyzed using CUPRAC, DPPH and Folin Ciocalteu methods. The results suggest high antioxidant contents of the fermented samples. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity was done through disk diffusion method using P.aeruginosa and S.aureus suggesting that these samples do not suppress these bacteria for the studied concentrations. Furthermore, the growth of C. albicans was examined immediately, demonstrating that the fermented samples do not show antifungal effects. The reason for these shortcomings could be inadequate concentration levels. The antioxidant content of these fermented fruits is intended to contribute to human health.

Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity of Four Different Tea Extracts Against Foodborne Pathogens

Objectives: Due to the presence of various bioactive compounds including polyphenols and saponins, tea exhibits antimicrobial activity against microorganisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of black, white, green, and oolong tea against some foodborne pathogens. Materials and Methods: For the extraction of tea samples, the Soxhlet method was chosen, and MIC values were determined using the broth micro-dilution method for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity. The selection of tea varieties used in the study was determined based on their consumption frequencies and popularity. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Proteus vulgaris ATCC 7829, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 292123, and 3 Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes ATCC 19111, L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, and L. monocytogenes 4b ATCC 19115) strains were used as indicator microorganisms in the study. Results: The highest antimicrobial activity was observed against L. monocytogenes strains in white tea, with an MIC value of 0.256 mg/mL. The comparison of antimicrobial activity of different tea types revealed that black tea exhibited lower antimicrobial activity compared to other tea varieties. Conclusion: The findings of the current study indicate that non-fermented tea types, such as white and green tea, which are known to be more effective in terms of healthy nutrition, exhibit higher antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it is believed that non-fermented tea varieties would be more effective in combating pathogenic microorganisms.

Screening and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Medicinal Plants Collected from Lalitpur District

Objectives: To screen and evaluate antimicrobial activity of crude ethanol extracts of medicinal plants against various bacteria. Methods: The study was conducted from February - August 2018 in Pinnacle college, Lalitpur with plan to collect Seven different herbs species; Acorus calamus (Bojho), Aloe vera (Ghiu Kumari), Artermisia indica (Titepate), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Mentha arvensis (Pudhina), Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) were subjected to 70% ethanol soxhlet extraction, then extract then heated at 78.37°C to remove ethanol, working solution was prepared in DMSO. Test organisms included mainly enteric isolates i.e. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus aureus were selected. The Antibiotic Susceptibility tests of isolates were done by of Modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activities of the extracts were determined by Agar well diffusion technique. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was determined by dilution technique. Results: Among 7 plants that were tested, 6 plants were found to have activity against test bacteria. Acorus calamus 3/5(60%) was effective against test bacteria. Azadirachta indica and Menthe arvensis inhibited 2/5 (40%). Aloevera and Artermisia indica were effective against S aureus only 1/5(20%) and Zingiber officinale had no antibacterial effects over any tested bacteria. S. aureus was the most susceptible Gram positive bacteria meanwhile K. oxytoca stood among Gram negative, emerged as the most resistant species. S. aureus showed ZOI with 6 plant extracts excluding ginger P. aeruginosa was inhibited by Acorus calamus, Azadirachta indica and Mentha arvensis. The largest ZOI of 15 mm was obtained with Zanthoxylum armatum acting upon S. aureus. While, the smallest diameter of 8 mm was showed by Acorus calamus against S. Typhi. The lowest MBC was given 15.63 mg/ml by Mentha arvensis and Azadirachta indica against Pseudomonas aeruginosa while, Artermisia indica against S. aureus. Conclusion: Medicinal plants should be possible medication in the future to combat pathogens.

Bioadhesion, antimicrobial activity, and biocompatibility evaluation bacterial cellulose based silver nanoparticle bioactive composite films

Bioactive and biocompatible BC/AgNP composite films were synthesized by loading silver nanoparticle (AgNP) into bacterial cellulose (BC) fibrils. Physicochemical analyses (FTIR, TGA-DSC, SEM-EDS, TEM, XRD) and mechanical tests were performed on the synthesized BC fibril and BC/AgNP composite films. Young's Modulus, Tensile strength, Elongation at break, Compressive strength and Stiffness of (45% moisture) BC/AgNP composite films were found to be 253.2 ± 2.01 MPa, 13.7 ± 1.40 MPa, 21.4 ± 1.67%, 47.17 ± 8.98 MPa, 1.05 ± 2.32 GPa and 519.88 ± 81.51 (Units), respectively. Moreover, the high-water retention capacity of BC fibril structures was supported by the contact angles and swelling profiles observed in BC/AgNP composite structures. Further, the bioadhesion performance of BC/AgNP composite films was evaluated ex vivo on chicken skin and it was observed that the presence of AgNP played an active role in the adhesion behavior of the composite films. It was also observed that the synthesized BC/AgNP composite films exhibited bactericidal behavior against pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and had a high bactericidal effect. Biocompatibility tests of the composite films were evaluated by using L929 mouse fibroblast cells. The cell nucleus wall staining (Mitored and Dio6) and fluorescence visualization studies were performed to investigate the biocompatibility behavior of BC/AgNP composite films. The results showed that BC/AgNP composite films did not any cytotoxic effect and allowed epidermal cells to adhere and grow. Overall, obtained results showed that the synthesized biocompatible BC/AgNP composite films are suitable to be used as wound dressings in tissue engineering applications and may be used as a bioactive material that can reduce inflammation in skin barriers and promote wound healing.