Evaluation Of Antidiabetic Activity Research Articles

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Nephelium lappaceum L. against Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Type-II Diabetes in Wistar Albino Rats

Phytochemical Screening, In Silico Molecular Docking, ADME Properties, and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Antidiabetic Activity of Marine Halophyte Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort.

Medicinally valuable components derived from natural resources are highly desirable as prospective alternatives to synthetic drugs to treat fatal diseases, such as cancer and diabetes mellitus. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort (Amaranthaceae) (S. maritima) is a halophyte plant that can thrive in saline environments and possesses excellent medicinal properties. Hence, for the present investigation, S. maritima has been chosen, and its phytochemical constituents have been extracted utilizing various solvents, including hexane, acetone, and methanol, and identified by GC-MS, LC-MS, and HPLC analyses. The antioxidant activity of the compounds using DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power assays demonstrated that all three extracts of S. maritima possessed significant radical scavenging activity comparable to standard ascorbic acid with lower IC50 values (69.20-95.58 μg/mL). In addition, the evaluation of antidiabetic activity by α-amylase inhibition and α-glucosidase inhibition methods revealed that the acetone extract of S. maritima (SMAE) displayed equipotent activity of standard acarbose with an IC50 of 32.6 μg/mL. Advantageously, SMAE also exhibited better inhibition activity against the growth of lung cancer cells with an IC50 of 78.19. μg/mL and less toxicity on the noncancerous HUVEC cells with a high IC50 of 300 μg/mL. In addition, the cancer cell death mechanism via the apoptotic pathway induced by SMAE was confirmed by DAPI staining and ROS analysis. The analysis of ADME properties, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, witnessed that the physicochemical and druglikeness factors were best catered by stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, and vitamin E. Further, the key phytochemicals identified from SMAE were docked with CtBP1 and SOX2 bound to importin-α target proteins associated with carcinogenic pathways using Schrodinger software. The results showed that the phytochemicals, scilicet, stigmasterol, γ-sitosterol, octadecadienoic acid, and vitamin E, showed a good binding affinity with Glide scores in the range -2.845-4.018 kcal/mol. Overall, the findings support that the least investigated traditional edible medicinal mangrove-related S. maritima is high in pharmacologically active constituents and might be one of the finest sources of naturally derived molecules for drug development and delivery systems.

Evaluating the biological (antidiabetic) potentialof TEM, FTIR, XRD, and UV-spectra observed berberis lyceum conjugated silver nanoparticles.

Diabetes is a life-threatening disease that affects different parts of the body including the liver, kidney, and pancreas. The core root of diabetes is mainly linked to oxidative stress produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Berberis lyceum Royle (BLR) is the source of natural products. It comprises numerous bioactive compounds having antioxidant activities. In the current investigation, silver nanoparticles from BLR root extractwere synthesized, characterized, and assessed for antidiabetic potential. UV spectrophotometry, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were applied for the characterization of NPs. It was evident from the morphological studies that the synthesized NPs were spherical and the average size was 11.02 nm. Results revealed that BLR-AgNPs showed higher radical scavenging activity as compared to BLR extract. Moreover, BLR-AgNPs displayed superior in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic activity in comparison to BLR extract. Glucose level (116.5 ± 5.1 mg/dL), liver function test (ALAT: 54.038 ± 6.2 IU/L; ASAT: 104.42 ± 13.9 IU/L; ALP: 192.6 ± 2.4 IU/L; bilirubin: 1.434 ± 0.14 mg/dL; total protein: 5.14 ± 0.24 mg/dL), renal function test (urea: 39.6 ± 0.63 mg/dL; uric acid: 21.4 ± 0.94 mg/dL; creatinine: 0.798 ± 0.03 mg/dL; albumin: 4.14 ± 0.2 mg/dL), lipid profile level (cholesterol: 101.62 ± 3 mg/dL; triglyceride: 110.42 ± 7 mg/dL; HDL-C: 29.7 ± 3 mg/dL; LDL-C: 47.056 ± 1 mg/dL; VLDL-C: 22.0 ± 1.3 mg/dL) and hematology (WBCs: 3.82 ± 0.24 103 /μL; RBCs: 4.78 ± 0.42 106 /μL; Hb: 12.6 ± 1.0 g/dL; Hematocrit: 39.4 ± 3.7%; MCV: 65.8 ± 3 fL; platelets: 312 ± 22.4; neutrophils: 34.8 ± 1.87; eosinophils: 3.08 ± 0.43; monocytes: 3.08 ± 0.28; lymphocytes: 75.6 ± 3.77) confirmed the significant antidiabetic potential of BLR-AgNPs. Histopathological examination authenticatedthat BLR-AgNPs causeda significant revival in the morphology of the liver, kidney, and pancreas. Hence, findings of the study suggested theBLR-AgNPs as a potent antidiabetic agentand could be an appropriate nanomedicine to prevent diabetes in future. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Berberis lyceum extract as a reducing, capping, and stabilization agent for the BLR-AgNPs synthesis Evaluation of α-amylase inhibition, antioxidant, and α-glucosidase inhibition potential Thorough characterization using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and UV-VIS spectrophotometer, which is 1st of its kind In-vivo antidiabetic activity evaluation through multiple biomarkers.

Preparation and evaluation of antidiabetic activity of mangiferin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles

This study aimed to develop and optimize mangiferin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (MG-SLNs) using the microemulsion technique and ultrasonication. The MG-SLNs were composed of Labrafil M 2130 CS, MG, ethanol, Tween 80, and water. The optimized MG-SLNs exhibited a particle size of 138.37 ± 3.39 nm, polydispersity index of 0.247 ± 0.023, entrapment efficiency of 84.37 ± 2.43 %, and zeta potential of 18.87 ± 2.42 mV. Drug release studies showed a two-fold increase in the release of MG from SLNs compared to the solution. Confocal images indicated deeper permeation of MG-SLNs, highlighting their potential. Molecular docking confirmed mangiferin's inhibitory activity against α-amylase, consistent with previous findings. In vitro studies showed that MG-SLNs inhibited α-amylase activity by 55.43 ± 6.11 %, α-glucosidase activity by 68.76 ± 3.14 %, and exhibited promising antidiabetic activities. In a rat model, MG-SLNs significantly and sustainably reduced blood glucose levels for up to 12 h. Total cholesterol and triglycerides decreased, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased. Both MG-SOL and MG-SLNs reduced SGOT and SGPT levels, with MG-SLNs showing a more significant reduction in SGOT compared to MG-SOL. Overall, the biochemical results indicated that both formulations improved diabetes-associated alterations. In conclusion, the study suggests that loading MG in SLNs using the newly developed approach could be an efficient oral treatment for diabetes, offering sustained blood glucose reduction and positive effects on lipid profiles and liver enzymes.

Preparation of Novel 3,4,5‐Triaryl‐1,2,4‐Oxadiazole Derivatives: Molecular Docking and α‐Glucosidase assessment

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) has become a growing health problem, across all globe. Many factors have contributed into this issue, among them inappropriate lifestyle, unhealthy eating habits and growing spiritual/mental concerns are to be rated higher. Likewise much research needed to be diverted in progress for treatment of DM. Herein, we report synthesis and antidiabetic activity evaluation of ten novel phenolic derivatives of triaryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole 7 a–j. The compounds have synthesized using multistep reactions in acceptable purity and yields. Final step was done using 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between various Schiff bases and arylnitrile oxides. 7 a–j were characterized by spectroscopic methods (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS and IR) and their purities were confirmed using elemental analysis. All 7 a–j were evaluated for their α‐Glucosidase inhibitory activity. All compounds showed higher activity in inhibiting the enzyme, in comparison to standard, acarbose. Compounds 7 e and 7 g exerted the best activity with the IC50 value of 193.6 and 222.0 μM respectively. Furthermore, enzyme kinetic study approach was adopted to judge the effect of 7 e on enzyme inhibition. Finally, docking simulations revealed the possible mode of interactions between 7 e and 7 g and enzyme active sites. Final conclusion of results showed that oxadiazole scaffold/s are a potential antidiabetic target.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta indica Seeds Extract: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, life-threatening syndrome that is present all over the world. The use of eco-friendly, cost-effective, and green-synthesised nanoparticles as a medicinal therapy in the treatment of DM is an attractive option. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AI-AgNPs) were biosynthesized through the green synthesis method using Azadirachta indica seed extract to evaluate their anti-diabetic potentials. These nanoparticles were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometers (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), DLS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The biosynthesized AI-AgNPs and crude extracts of Azadirachta indica seeds were evaluated for anti-diabetic potentials using glucose adsorption assays, glucose uptake by yeast cells assays, and alpha-amylase inhibitory assays. Al-AgNPs showed the highest activity (75 ± 1.528%), while crude extract showed (63 ± 2.5%) glucose uptake by yeast at 80 µg/mL. In the glucose adsorption assay, the highest activity of Al-AgNPs was 10.65 ± 1.58%, while crude extract showed 8.32 ± 0.258% at 30 mM, whereas in the alpha-amylase assay, Al-AgNPs exhibited the maximum activity of 73.85 ± 1.114% and crude extract 65.85 ± 2.101% at 100 µg/mL. The assay results of AI-AgNPs and crude showed substantial dose-dependent activities. Further, anti-diabetic potentials were also investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Mice were administered with AI-AgNPs (10 to 40 mg/kg b.w) for 30 days. The results showed a considerable drop in blood sugar levels, including pancreatic and liver cell regeneration, demonstrating that AI-AgNPs have strong anti-diabetic potential.

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Isolated Fractions of Allium Sativum

The present study focuses the determination of the anti-diabetic activity of the extracted fractions of Allium sativum in rats with diabetes induced through STZ. The 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg doses of Allium sativum were given to the rats for 28 days. Using the accu-chek active test meter, blood glucose levels were measured to assess the anti-diabetic effects of the isolated fractions. Additionally, a comparison was made with the standard anti-diabetic medication, Pioglitazone, was given to another group of rats at a normal dose of 2.7 mg/kg. The results revealed that Allium sativum had significant anti-diabetic activity. Also, the Allium sativum remained safe till 300 mg/kg in acute toxic and 1000 mg/kg in sub-acute toxic studies and had photochemically. From these findings it can be inferred that Allium sativum has lowered FBG in experimentally induced diabetic rats.

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles of Gymnema sylvestre Extract on Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is described as a metabolic disorder, which was characterised by high blood glucose levels, which were resulted due to insufficient insulin secretion. There were major complications related to diabetes mellitus. To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of Gymnema sylvestre Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles. Streptozotocin (STZ) of 50mg/kg is used for the induction of diabetes into Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 6 groups. Group-I represented as Control; Group-II represented as diabetic control (STZ ); Group-III represented as 5 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide + diabetes; Group-IV represented as Gymnema sylvestre extract + diabetes; Group-V represented as 100 µg Gymnema sylvestre Zinc Oxide nanoparticles + diabetes; group-6- Gymnema sylvestre Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 200 µg + diabetes. The GsZnONPs were inspected to morphological properties using UV spectrophotometer and FTIR. The GsZnONPs shown characterization peak at 300nm. The study has shown that GsZnONPs treated group has shown reduced glucose concentration. The histo-pathological alterations were also studied in all experimental groups. The pathology results of GsZnONPs (200 µg) group has shown the regeneration of islets cells of pancreas. The research study has proved that Gymnema sylvestre ZnO NPs exerts antidiabetic properties.
 Keywords: Diabetes, Gymnema sylvestre, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles

Pharmacological Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Myricetin in Different Cell Lines

The aim of this research work was to perform pharmacological evaluation of Myricetin by using different cell lines. To check the short-term cytotoxic effect of Myricetin in HepG2 and L6 cells, a colorimetric based MTT assay was performed also the glucose utilization in both HepG2 and L6 cells was estimated in order to measure the in vitro anti-diabetic activity of Myricetin. For Lipid accumulation T3-L1 preadipocytes cells are used. For measurement of nitric oxide (NO) the RAW-264.7 cells are used. The alpha-amylase assay and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay was performed to check if our drug is having effect in term of inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase respectively. Western blot analysis was performed to check the expressions of iNOS protein in LPS treated RAW 264.7 cells before and after the exposure of Myricetin. The cytotoxicity data suggested that Myricetin displayed low level of cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines. For glucose utilization experiment, it discovered that glucose uptake level was notably increase in HepG2 cells and in L6 myoblast cell lines with the increasing concentration of Myricetin. Myricetin increase lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and also inhibits nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Research was found that Myricetin had no significant effect in order to alter the expression of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase. Our research concludes that Myricetin can be used as a potent anti-diabetic agent.

Antidiabetic Potential of Vitex mombassae Fruits Extract in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat Model

Besides changes in life styles and improper dietary patterns, the rapidly increasing burden of diabetes mellitus type 2 is correlated with antidiabetic agents currently in clinical use, which are costly, less effective, and present undesirable side effects. Natural products from plants are promising alternative sources for developing more effective and cost friendly antidiabetic agents. This study therefore investigated the antidiabetic potential of Vitex mombassae fruits extract (VMFE) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic Wistar rat model. Oral acute toxicity test was conducted in male Wistar rat using up and down method by following OECD Guideline 423 (2002). No clinical signs of toxicity were observed at 300 and 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) doses used in the assays. The LD50 value was estimated to be ˃ 2000 mg/kg b.w. In evaluation of antidiabetic activity, diabetic Wistar rats were administered with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg b.w. of VMFE. VMFE resulting into significant lowering of the levels of fasting blood glucose (p < 0.05) and increased of level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Therefore, this study provides scientific evidence for antidiabetic activities of V. mombassae fruits extracts, and validates its traditional use in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2.

Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus Fruit Extract

Anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract was carried out against streptozotocin induced diabetic model in wistar rats. Soxhlet extraction using methanol was carried out on Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit to obtain the extract. Acute Oral Toxicity– Acute Toxic Class Method 423 was performed to obtain the low and high doses respectively at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg. Experiment using streptozotocin as diabetic model was actioned. The parameters which were evaluated were body weight, blood glucose, SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (glutathione), MDA (malondial- dehyde), Triglyceride (TG), Total cholesterol (TC), HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein). Streptozotocin brought derangements in the above estimated parameters which were ameliorated by administration of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract. The findings of the present study support anti-diabetic activity of Phyllanthus Reticulatus fruit extract in the animal model.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Stem Extracts of Oroxylum Indicum

Background: It is estimated 180 million people in the world have diabetes mellitus. The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may possess antidiabetic activity. Roots, leaves, seeds, fruits and stems of Oroxylum indicum have been used as a single drug or as a component of certain compound drug preparations in the Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine.,
 Aim: The current study designed In vitro evaluation of antidiabetic activity of aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of Oroxylum indicum.
 Materials & Methods: About 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μg concentrations of acarbose, aqueous, and ethanolic stem extracts of O. indicum were used for the study. The absorbance values were taken in spectrophotometer at 540 nm and 546 nm for α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme, respectively.
 Results: Dose-dependent % inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes are observed with the both extracts. However, compare with aqueous extract, methanolic extract shows more % inhibition.
 Conclusion: In this study, aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of O. indicum showed the in vitro antidiabetic activity.

Screening and evaluation of antidiabetic activities of endophytic fungi associated with Etlingera elatior

Abstract. Nurjannah L, Azhari A, Wulandari AP, Amin S, Supratman U. 2023. Screening and evaluation of antidiabetic activities of endophytic fungi associated with Etlingera elatior. Biodiversitas 24: 3481-3487. Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm. has been well-documented to have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. Among all medical conditions worldwide, diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death. Therefore, research on the discovery of antidiabetic medicines inhibitory to ?-glucosidase (an enzyme for degrading complex dietary carbohydrates into sugar in the digestive process) is urgently needed. This study aims to isolate and evaluate the potential of the fermentation culture of endophytic fungi associated with E. elatior to inhibit the activity of ?-glucosidase. The endophytic fungi were isolated from various parts of E. elatior. A total of 29 isolates were successfully isolated from the plant's roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. The endophytic fungi were tested for their ability to inhibit ?-glucosidase activity in bioassays. Among those isolates, 8 were inhibitory to such an enzyme, and 2 showed the highest inhibitory activities. Morphotype and molecular identification of those isolates, using their Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), identified them as Daldinia eschscholtzii isolate CFL 7 and Hypoxylon trugodes voucher YMJ 57, with IC50 values of 738 µg/mL and 825 µg/mL, respectively. That indicates that they are potentially used in preventing or treating diabetic mellitus.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Hydroethanolic Seeds Extract of Peganum Harmala in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Albino Rats

Using streptozotocin to artificially induce diabetes in rats, this study aimed to assess the potential effects of a hydroalcoholic extract of Peganum harmala on blood sugar levels. For this experiment, five groups of male Wistar albino rats (weighing 200-230 g each) were randomly allocated. Oral administration of two doses of Peganum harmala hydroalcoholic seed extract, along with normal saline, was given to diabetic and control rats. Two hundred and fifty milligrams per kilogram were administered. Blood samples were taken at the end of therapy to determine measures of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TCA), ALT, AST, bilirubin, and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Compared to normal rats, STZ-induced diabetic rats had substantially different levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-c, MDA, TAC, ALT, AST, GGT, bilirubin, and HbA1C. Rats with diabetes showed a considerable improvement in lipid profile, glucose, bilirubin, AST, GGT, and TAC levels after receiving the extract, but a marked decline in glucose, MDA, ALT, and HbA1C. According to the results of this investigation, hydroalcoholic seed extract of Peganum harmala possesses antidiabetic activity and might be useful in treating diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that P. harmala and its active alkaloids, especially harmine and harmaline, have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic actions. Chemical analyses have shown that harmalol, harmaline, and harmine are the principal components of this plant. These are beta-carboline alkaloids. There has been a disproportionate amount of focus on harmine among these naturally occurring alkaloids.

Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Activity of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of C. tinctorius L. (Safflower Florets)

Alloxan was one of the usual substances used for the induction of diabetes mellitus. It has a destructive effect on the β cells of the pancreas. Glibenclamide was an oral sulphonylurea antidiabetic preparation and widely used as standard drug in antidiabetic study. In the hypoglycaemic study of C. tinctorius L. petals extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats, significant increase in serum fasting blood glucose level with decrease in body weight were observed. On the other hand, petals extract treatment to animals produced a dose related hypoglycaemic effects. The increased blood glucose level was brought down and gain in body weight was seen.
 Alloxan effectively induced diabetes in normal rats that are reflected by elevated levels of blood glucose, glycosylated Hb and reduced levels of body weight, liver, pancreas and kidney glycogen, insulin of the injected animals. Treatment with standard drug glibenclamide and methanolic and aqueous extracts of C. tinctorius L. petals reversed these conditions. While comparing plant extracts for antidiabetic study, aqueous extract of C. tinctorius L. petals showed better activity than the methanolic extract. Decrease in glycogen content of liver, pancreas and kidney were in diabetic control rats were due to the leakage of insulin in diabetic state. Prevention of glycogen depletion in the liver following administration of petals extract and standard drug could have been achieved by stimulation of insulin release. The highest improvement was recorded in 600 mg/kg b.w. dosage of C. tinctorius L. (petals).

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ethanolic Extract of Phyllanthus niruri on Wistar Rats

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from either the deficiency in insulin secretion or the action of insulin Diabetes can affect numerous different organ systems in the body and, over time, can lead to serious complications. Complications are microvascular or macrovascular. To evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of Phyllanthus niruri silver nano-particles. Streptozotocin (STZ) of 50mg/kg is used to induce diabetes in wistar rats. The wistar rats were distributed to six different groups. Group-I represented as Control; Group-II represented as diabetic control (STZ ); Group-III represented as 5 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide + diabetes; Group-IV represented as phyllanthus niruri extract + diabetes; Group-V represented as 100 µg Phyllanthus niruri silver nanoparticles + diabetes; group-6- Phyllanthus niruri silver nanoparticles150µg + diabetes. The silver nanoparticles were inspected for the morphological and optical properties investigated using UV spectrophotometer, SEM and FT-IR techniques. The AgNPs has shown characteristic peak at 428nm.The study revealed that the AgNPs treatment reduced serum blood glucose concentrations remarkable improvement in the body weight, Abnormal high serum levels in diabetes treatment with AgNp’s they reached to normal in STZ-challenged diabetic rats. The histo-pathological alterations were also studied in all the experimental animals. The pathology results revealed that the AgNPs treatment induces the regeneration of islets cells of pancreas in the experimental rats. The research study proved that the Phyllanthus niruri AgNPs exerts anti-diabetic properties.
 Keywords: Diabetes, STZ, Phyllanthus niruri, silver nanoparticles

HR-LCMS and evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Hemidesmus indicus (anantmool): Kinetic study, and molecular modelling approach

This study delved into the exploration of novel antidiabetic medications acquired from natural resources, utilizing the Ayurvedic Rasayana herb Hemidesmus indicus through cutting-edge chemoprofiling and molecular modelling techniques. The methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root exhibited the highest extractive yield (24.70 ± 0.08 %) and contained substantial levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content as 154.15 ± 1.24 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g extract and 70.61 ± 0.35 Quercetin Equivalent/g extract respectively. Invitro study revealed the potent inhibitory potential of methanolic extract of the herb against essential carbohydrate hydrolytic enzymes α-amylase (IC50 = 4.19 ± 0.04 mg/ml) and α-glucosidase (IC50 = 5.78 ± 0.10 mg/ml). Further, the enzyme kinetic study demonstrated the competitive mode of inhibition of both enzymes. HR-LCMS analysis identified the major phytoconstituents present in the extracts, including Solanocapsine, Cyclovirobuxine C, Lucidine B, Zygadenine, Aspidospermidine, silychristin, 3beta-3-Hydroxy-18-lupen-21-one, Manglupenone, and 19-Noretiocholanolone. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and MM/GBSA analysis have proved stable, rigid, compact, and folded form of complexes during the entire 100 ns simulation, illustrating Zygadenine, Solanocapsine, and Cyclovirobuxine C as the superior inhibitors of α-A protein, while Zygadenine, Plumieride, and Phlegmarine exhibited greater inhibitory behaviour towards α-G protein than the FDA-approved drug acarbose. Collectively, our findings indicate that the Hemidesmus indicus could be a promising source of α-A and α-G inhibitors, potentially serving as a lead in order to develop medications for type-2 diabetes.

Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of Justicia adhatoda (Linn.) Leaves in diabetic wistar rats

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus is defined as the increase in blood glucose level resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The present study was conducted to evaluate anti-diabetic activity of Justicia adhatoda (Linn.) leaves extract in diabetic Wistar rats. Justicia adhatoda, commonly known as vasaka is rich in phytochemicals like alkaloids, saponins, steroids, flavonoids and glycosides. It is used in asthma, jaundice, wound healing, typhus fever, cough, chronic bronchitis and inflamma- tory swellings treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The extract was obtained by maceration process with the use of methanol as solvent. 30 Wistar rats of 150-250 gm were used taken as study animal. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of Alloxan 150 mg/kg body weight. The methan- olic extract of low dose (50 mg/kg) and high dose (100 mg/kg) were given orally for anti-diabetic activity. The standard drug glimepiride 0.5 mg/kg body weight was used. RESULTS The extract treated 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg showed significant p<0.01 reduction in blood glucose level while the standard 0.5 mg/kg showed less significant p<0.05. The standard and extract showed less significant p<0.05 body weight recovery in compar- ison to negative control group. The extract 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and standard showed significant p<0.01 improvement in food intake when compared to negative control group. The extract 100 mg/kg treatment showed significant p<0.01, highly significant p<0.001 improvement in water intake on 1st, 2nd and 3rd week respectively when compared to negative control group. CONCLUSION The present study concludes that the extract possesses potent and significant anti-diabetic activity of Justicia adhatoda leaves.

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Comparative Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clematis Gouriana and Their SMEDDS Formulation in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Oxadiazole Derivative in Rats.

The oxadiazole ring has long been used for the treatment of several diseases. This study aimed to analyze the antihyperglycemic and antioxidant roles of the 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative with its toxicity. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/kg in rats. Glimepiride and acarbose were used as standards. Rats were divided into groups of normal control, disease control, standard, and diabetic rats (treated with 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative). After 14 days of oral administration of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) to the diabetic group, the blood glucose level, body weight, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin level, antioxidant effect, and histopathology of the pancreas were performed. The toxicity was measured by estimating liver enzyme, renal function, lipid profile, antioxidative effect, and liver and kidney histopathological study. The blood glucose and body weight were measured before and after treatment. Alloxan significantly increased blood glucose levels, HbA1c, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine. In contrast, body weight, insulin level, and antioxidant factors were reduced compared to the normal control group. Treatment with oxadiazole derivatives showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels, HbA1c, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine as compared to the disease control group. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative significantly improved body weight, insulin level, and antioxidant factors compared to the disease control group. In conclusion, the oxadiazole derivative showed potential antidiabetic activity and indicated its potential as a therapeutic.