Evaluation Of Antibacterial Activity Research Articles

Phytochemical Profiling, Evaluation of Heavy Metal Load, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Various Medicinal Plants

In Ethiopia, medicinal herbs have played a prominent role in relieving pain and curing various diseases for humans and animals for many years. However, consumers don't know what kinds of phytochemicals are in the plants or the amount of metal they contain. Thus, in this study, polyphenol content, flavonoid content, antioxidant capacities, antibacterial activity and the level of metals in Asparagus africanus root, Ferula communis, Stephania abyssinia, Brucea antidysenterica and Vernonia amygdalina, were analyzed. Identifying the phytochemicals, antioxidant and antibacterial activities, and levels of metals in medicinal plants ensures their safety and efficacy and provides a deeper understanding of the healing properties of plants in areas where modern medicines are not easily accessible. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay, and the antibacterial activity was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Among the studied plant extracts, Vernonia amygdalina displayed the maximum phenolic content (810 mg GAE/100 g), flavonoid content (515.78 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH radical scavenging activity (14.42 mg AAE/g), whereas the least level of total phenolic (160.82 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid (30.65 mg QE/100 g), and DPPH radical scavenging (1.14 mg AAE/g) were recorded in Asparagus africanus. The highest inhibition zone was recorded, with an inhibitory zone of 11 mm for S. aurous and 11 mm for E. coli. The least zone of inhibition was obtained in gram-negative bacteria (K. pneumonia) with a diameter less than 8 mm. Asparagus africanus contained the highest levels of Mn and Fe, while Cu and Zn were found to be the highest in Stephania abyssinia. Cr was only detected in Ferula communis, and Cd was found to be below the detection limit. Due to their better antioxidant and antibacterial properties, the extracts of these plants might be used as a natural starting material in treating cancer and to prepare anti-cancer drugs.

Novel Quaternary Ammonium Aldimine Derivatives Featuring 3,4,5-Trimethoxy Phenyl Fragment: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Novel Quaternary Ammonium Aldimine Derivatives Featuring 3,4,5-Trimethoxy Phenyl Fragment: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of various extracts from leaves, stems and roots of Thalictrum foliolosum

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of various extracts from leaves, stems and roots of Thalictrum foliolosum

Synthesis, Characterisation, and In Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility, Antibacterial and Antitumor Activity of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids.

In recent decades, ionic liquids (ILs) have garnered research interest for their noteworthy properties, such as thermal stability, low or no flammability, and negligible vapour pressure. Moreover, their tunability offers limitless opportunities to design ILs with properties suitable for applications in many industrial fields. This study aims to synthetise two series of methylimidazolium ILs bearing long alkyl chain in their cations (C9, C10, C12, C14, C16, C18, C20) and with tetrafluoroborate (BF4) and the 1,3-dimethyl-5-sulfoisophthalate (DMSIP) as counter ions. The ILs were characterised using 1H-NMR and MALDI-TOF, and their thermal behaviour was investigated through DSC and TGA. Additionally, the antimicrobial, anticancer, and cytotoxic activities of the ILs were analysed. Moreover, the most promising ILs were incorporated at different concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 wt%) into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by solvent casting to obtain antimicrobial blend films. The thermal properties and stability of the resulting PVC/IL films, along with their hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, IL surface distribution, and release, were studied using DSC and TGA, contact angle (CA), SEM, and UV-vis spectrometry, respectively. Furthermore, the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of blends were analysed. The in vitro results demonstrated that the antimicrobial and antitumor activities of pure ILs against t Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens strains, and the breast cancer cell line (MCF7), respectively, were mainly dependent on their structure. These activities were higher in the series containing the BF4 anion and increased with the increase in the methylimidazolium cation alkyl chain length. However, the elongation of the alkyl chain beyond C16 induced a decrease in antimicrobial activity, indicating a cut-off effect. A similar trend was also observed in terms of in vitro biocompatibility. The loading of both the series of ILs into the PVC matrix did not affect the thermal stability of PVC blend films. However, their Tonset decreased with increased IL concentration and alkyl chain length. Similarly, both the series of PVC/IL films became more hydrophilic with increasing IL concentration and alkyl chain. The loading of ILs at 5% concentration led to considerable IL accumulation on the blend film surfaces (as observed in SEM images) and, subsequently, their higher release. The biocompatibility assessment with healthy human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells and the investigation of antitumoral properties unveiled promising pharmacological characteristics. These findings provide strong support for the potential utilisation of ILs in biomedical applications, especially in the context of cancer therapy and as antibacterial agents to address the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the unique properties of the PVC/IL films make them versatile materials for advancing healthcare technologies, from drug delivery to tissue engineering and antimicrobial coatings to diagnostic devices.

Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial activity of hand sanitizers containing red betel (Piper crocatum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) extract

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak has changed how people live worldwide, making hand hygiene a must, whether it involves hand sanitizer (HS). The majority of HS are made of alcohol. Several side effects of alcohol are dryness and allergies. Alternative natural ingredients and HS are needed. Red betel (Piper crocatum) and white galangal (Alpinia galanga) are familiar and easy to be found. These two plants have the potential to be the composition of HS because of their compounds, such as antioxidants, antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals. However, there is a need for further research on their formulation and effectiveness in germ-killing.Purpose: To formulate and identify the antibacterial activity of HS containing red betel and white galangal extract.Method: This research was an in vitro laboratory experiment with several steps, including extraction, specific and nonspecific tests, formulation, and antibacterial activity tests.Results: Red betel and white galangal leaves had been extracted at a concentration of 10% and formulated into HS. The HS containing 10% red betel extract produced an inhibition zone of 0 mm against E. coli and 1.05 mm against S. aureus, and the HS containing 10% White galangal extract produced an inhibition zone of 1.47 mm against E. coli and 1.40 mm against S. aureus.Conclusion: The formulation of HS containing 10% of white galangal extract is more effective than the HS containing 10% of Red betel extract.

Evaluation of Antibacterial activity of Ethyl acetate and Acetone extracts of Terminalia chebula

Terminalia chebula is one of the promising plants well known for its broad spectrum of therapeutic values in treating various threatful diseases and disorders. T. Chebula still stands tall as the primary medication for many common health disorders due to its ability to treat many clinical pathogens effectively even today. In the present study, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit were studied for their antibacterial activity against a few clinical isolates like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella typhi. Antibacterial susceptibility was screened using the well diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the Strip dip method developed as a part of this study. Positive results were observed in both the extracts of T. chebula fruits but comparatively ethyl acetate extracts showed more effective reports than the acetone extract. The highest growth inhibition with 98.77% and 98.59 % is observed by ethyl acetate extract whereas 94.25% and 91.08% were observed in acetone extract of T. chebula fruits against E. coli and K. pneumonia respectively. Further, S. aureus and S. typhi showed 87.69% and 74.40% growth inhibition with ethyl acetate extract whereas 85.89 % and 66.60% growth inhibition in acetone extract respectively at 4mg concentration. The results show that T. chebula is still importing promising results against many deadly microbes and can be an effective medicine for many upcoming pathogens.

Green Preparation and Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of AgNPs-Blumea balsamifera Oil Nanoemulsion.

Bacterial infection is a thorny problem, and it is of great significance to developing green and efficient biological antibacterial agents that can replace antibiotics. This study aimed to rapidly prepare a new type of green antibacterial nanoemulsion containing silver nanoparticles in one step by using Blumea balsamifera oil (BBO) as an oil phase and tea saponin (TS) as a natural emulsifier and reducing agent. The optimum preparation conditions of the AgNPs@BBO-TS NE were determined, as well as its physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity in vitro being investigated. The results showed that the average particle size of the AgNPs@BBO-TS NE was 249.47 ± 6.23 nm, the PDI was 0.239 ± 0.003, and the zeta potential was -35.82 ± 4.26 mV. The produced AgNPs@BBO-TS NE showed good stability after centrifugation and 30-day storage. Moreover, the AgNPs@BBO-TS NE had an excellent antimicrobial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These results demonstrated that the AgNPs@BBO-TS NE produced in this study can be used as an efficient and green antibacterial agent in the biomedical field.

Evaluation and identification of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and phytotoxic activities of Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. a potential medicinal pteridophyte

Evaluation and identification of antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and phytotoxic activities of Asplenium dalhousiae Hook. a potential medicinal pteridophyte

Nutritional contents and antimicrobial activity of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Leccinum scabrum

ABSTRACT Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray (Boletaceae) is an edible mycorrhizal species with potential application interest due to its food and medicinal properties. A field investigation carried out during summer in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, located along the border between Belarus and Poland allowed to collect samples for chemical composition analysis and antibacterial activity evaluation. Mushroom extracts were prepared with microwave-assisted as well as ultrasound-assisted extraction techniques (UAE and MAE). The analysis of a dry sample of L. scabrum showed a significant content of vitamins and minerals and also a remarkable content of carbohydrates, protein, dietary fibre, total sugars, total free amino acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The antibacterial activity of L. scabrum aqueous extracts showed inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria. In general, MAE extract exhibits a higher inhibition activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19114. As regards the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values, the high antibacterial activity of MAE extract was detected for L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Regarding UAE, high antibacterial activity was detected for Salmonella enterica ATCC 13076 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 19114. Based on data hereby reported, L. scabrum is a culinary-medicinal mushroom with a promising potential use as a high-quality food and nutraceutical mycological resource.

Beta maritima mediated silver Nanoparticles: Characterization and evaluation of Antibacterial, Antifungal, and antioxidant activities

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known for their large surface area, which enhances their energy and antimicrobial activity. This study focused on producing silver nanoparticles using leaves from the Beta maritima (vulgaris) plant. Various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. The biologically synthesized AgNPs were then evaluated for their antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) and antioxidant properties using different agents such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2 azobis, 3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and phosphomolybdate. The results showed that the AgNPs exhibited strong antifungal activity, particularly against fluconazole-resistant strains of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, with a 61 % inhibition rate. Moreover, the AgNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against various strains. At a concentration of 40 µg/mL, they exhibited 26 % inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus, 22 % against Micrococcus luteus, 18 % against E. coli, and 24 % against Klebsiella pneumonia, outperforming clarithromycin antibiotics. SEM analysis revealed spherical AgNPs, sized using nano measurer 1.2, EDX showed the presence of silver having composition at 80.38 %, and XRD confirmed a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. In addition to their characterization, the AgNPs also displayed strong antioxidant activity. At the same concentration, they showed percentages of 80.78 % (DPPH), 85.38 % (H2O2), 81.78 % (ABTS), and 80.66 % (phosphomolybdate), surpassing the antioxidant activity of the plant leaf extract alone. The synthesis of AgNPs using the extract of the Beta maritima (vulgaris) plant offers several advantages compared to other methods, including ease of handling, cost-effectiveness, wide availability, and eco-friendliness.

GC-MS Profiling, Standardization and in vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Hemidesmus indicus L. (R.Br.) Roots Extracts

GC-MS Profiling, Standardization and in vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity in Hemidesmus indicus L. (R.Br.) Roots Extracts

Synthesis of Cu-doped ZnO Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Leaf Extract for Antibacterial and Photocatalytic Activities Evaluation

Background: Fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) by the biological approach has gained extensive attention recently due to its low cost, simplicity, non-toxic and environmentally-friendly nature, as compared to the toxic as well as expensive chemical and physical methods. This study aimed to synthesize ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO NPs using Aloe vera leaf extract for their photocatalytic and antibacterial activities evaluation. Methods: ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO NPs were synthesized using Aloe vera extract by optimizing the reaction parameters, including precursor salt concentration, plant extract volume, and solution pH. The as-synthesized nanoproducts were characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, SEM, and XRD spectroscopic techniques, and tested as antibacterial agents and photocatalysts. Results: The XRD pattern data indicated all the synthesized NPs to have a crystallite nature with a particle size of 19.24 nm, 23.74 nm, and 24.91 nm for ZnO, 1% Cu-doped ZnO, and 4% Cu-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. SEM image revealed crushed-ice, irregular, and spherical shapes of the NPs. The synthesized nanoproducts displayed good antibacterial activity, and the best potential was observed against gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus and S. aureus) of 4% Cu-doped ZnO NPs, followed by 1% Cu-doped ZnO NPs, with the reference to the selected standards gentamicin and DMSO, while the least inhibition zone was seen against gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. typhi). 1% Cu-doped ZnO and 4% Cu-doped ZnO displayed good photocatalytic potential at 78.48% and 88.07%, respectively, after 180 min of irradiation, while 4% Cu-doped ZnO NPs displayed better degrading potential with effective reusability. Conclusion: The good antibacterial and photocatalytic activities of the synthesized Cu-doped ZnO NPs may lead to the application of the nanomaterials in antimicrobial and catalysis fields with the required modifications for enhancement of their potential.

Physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity evaluation of new indigo extract from Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek prepared by chemical conversion method

The effect of acidolysis time, hydrochloric acid concentration, ozonization time and pH on the yield of indigo were investigated by single factor experiment using dried leaves of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek (DLB) as raw material. On this basis, the technological condition for preparing new indigo extract (NIE) by directional chemical conversion method was optimized by orthogonal experiment. Then, the physiochemical properties of NIE were analyzed by combustion assay, nitric acid assay, thin layer chromatography identification assay, moisture detection and water-soluble pigment observation assay. Moreover, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology was utilized to compare chemical composition difference between the NIE and traditional indigo naturalis (TIN). Finally, NIE emulsion was prepared by ultrasound assisted high pressure homogenization method and its stability, antibacterial activity as well as antibacterial mechanism were evaluated. The experimental results showed that optimum process for preparing NIE were hydrochloric acid concentration of 2 %, ozonization time of 3 min, pH of 7 and acidolysis time of 1 h; Under this condition, the content and yield of indigo in the NIE were significantly improved, which could reach up to 42.6 ± 0.28 % and 2.26 ± 0.04 %, separately. NIE possessed similar physiochemical properties with TIN described in Chinese pharmacopoeia 2020, and had more diverse active ingredients than TIN. The prepared NIE emulsion demonstrated excellent stability, whether at dark or bright place, and no matter at low temperature (4 ℃) or room temperature (25 ℃), the particle size, PDI, pH and indigo content of which displayed little variation. In addition, the NIE emulsion owned good inhibitory activity against S. aureus, and its MIC and MBC values were 40 and 80 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, NIE emulsion exhibited antibacterial effect by influencing cell membrane integrity, Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity on the cell membrane and intracellular Ca2+ levels of S. aureus. All of above results will lay the foundation for the green and sustainable utilization of Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek.

Binding Mode-Based Physicochemical Screening Method Using d-Ala-d-Ala Silica Gel and Chemical Modification Approach to Facilitate Discovery of New Macrolactams, Banglactams A and B, from Nonomuraea bangladeshensis K18-0086.

Utilizing a binding mode-based physicochemical screening method using d-Ala-d-Ala silica gel, two new macrolactams, named banglactams A (1) and B (2), were discovered from the culture broth of Nonomuraea bangladeshensis K18-0086. In the course of our investigation, we found that d-Ala-d-Ala silica gel precisely differentiated the chemical structures of banglactams and separated them. However, we were not able to obtain enough of 1 to elucidate the structure due to its instability and insolubility. To overcome this challenge, we chemically modified 1 to improve solubility, enabling us to obtain a sufficient material supply for the indirect determination of the structure. Antibacterial activity evaluation of banglactams revealed that 1 binding to d-Ala-d-Ala silica gel exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus; however, this was not the case with 2. This research indicates the utility of our original binding mode-based PC screening method, and the combination strategy of PC and chemical modifications led us to discover novel antibacterial compounds.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf extract: Characterization and evaluation of antioxidant, antibacterial and photocatalytic degradation activities

The present study conveyed an in-situ synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ss-AgNPs) using Solanum sisymbriifolium aqueous leaf extract (SsLE) and their biological activities for the first time. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of SsLE imparted significant amounts of reducing entities/ secondary metabolites. A surface plasmon resonance peak at ~430nm of UV–visible spectrum evidenced the formation of Ss-AgNPs. The average particle size of the Ss-AgNPs was found to be 29.87nm through particle size analyzer. Further, FE-SEM, HR-TEM and XRD analysis verified the spherical shape and high degree of crystallinity with face-centred cubic structure of Ss-AgNPs. The EDX, elemental mapping and FTIR spectral studies, confirmed that various phytochemicals/ metabolites of S. sisymbriifolium leaf extract participated in bio-reduction and capping of Ss-AgNPs, which might be accountable for the antioxidant activities. Moreover, SsLE and Ss-AgNPs were found to be a rich source of antioxidants and exhibited effective DPPH, H2O2, ṄO scavenging activity along with Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power. The synthesized Ss-AgNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In addition to this, Ss-AgNPs supported the degradation of methylene blue (a cationic dye), by performing as a strong photocatalyst under UV and solar irradiations.

Evaluation of Antibacterial Effect of Hybrid Nano-coating of Stainless Steel Orthodontic Brackets on Streptococcus Mutans – An In vitro Study

ABSTRACT Nano-coating of orthodontic brackets with a combination or hybrid of metals and metal oxides may reduce the streptococcus mutans count and incidence of enamel decalcification seen around brackets in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. In total, 255 orthodontic brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, California, USA) were divided into one control group (group I) of 60 and three experimental groups of 65 each (groups II, III, and IV). The experimental group brackets were coated with a combination of silver-zinc oxide, copper oxide -zinc oxide, and silver-copper oxide nanoparticles using physical vapour deposition method. The two nanoparticles used for each group were mixed in the ratio of 1:1 by weight for providing a uniform hybrid coating. Sixty brackets from each group were used for microbiological evaluation of antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans in blood agar medium, and the remaining five brackets from each experimental group were used for SEM analysis to check the uniformity of the coating. Nano-coated brackets demonstrated better antibacterial properties than uncoated brackets. Copper oxide–zinc oxide nanoparticles coated brackets demonstrated better antibacterial properties than the silver–zinc oxide and silver– copper oxide coated brackets.

Evaluation of antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of nano-titanium dioxide coatings prepared by atomic layer deposition for dental titanium abutments

To reduce the adhered bacteria on the dental titanium (Ti) abutments and the risk of peri‑implantitis, an antibacterial nanometer titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) coating was developed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The effects of the nano-TiO2 coatings on surface characteristics, antibacterial efficacy, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance of Ti abutment materials were investigated. Specifically, the colors of Ti samples were changed from silver-gray to blue, yellow, and purple corresponding to the coating thicknesses were 50 nm, 100 nm, and 150 nm, respectively. Moreover, these coatings with different thicknesses all presented uniform morphologies with anatase TiO2 phases and hydrophobic characteristics. Simultaneously, the prepared coatings exhibited strong antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), which were independent of coating thicknesses. Additionally, Ti substrates coated with 100 nm nano-TiO2 demonstrated exceptional cell compatibility and corrosion resistance. In conclusion, these antibacterial and biocompatible nano-TiO2 coatings prepared by ALD possess great potential in dental aesthetic restorative materials.

Synthesis, antifungal, antibacterial activity, and computational evaluations of some novel coumarin-1,2,4-triazole hybrid compounds

Effective plant pathogen control presents an important challenge. Pesticide resistance and associated health and environmental problems demonstrate the need for novel, safe active ingredients for plant protection. Since both coumarins and 1,2,4-triazoles show pesticidal activity, in this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of coumarin-1,2,4-triazole hybrids against plant pathogenic fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium culmorum, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), bacterial plant pathogens (Pseudomonas syringae and Rhodococcus fascians), and beneficial bacteria (Bacillus mycoides and Bradyrhizobium japonicum). Coumarin-1,2,4-triazoles inhibited the growth of S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum, while no antibacterial effect on either pathogens or soil-beneficial bacteria was observed. A quantitative structure–activity relationship models for antifungal activities on S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum, developed using Dragon descriptors, can explain 79% and 77% of the compounds inhibitory activity, respectively. According to molecular docking, title compounds are potential sterol 14α-demethylase inhibitors, with 7-((5-mercapto-4-(p-tolyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methoxy)-4-methyl-2H-chromen-2-one as the promising candidate for further research in plant protection.

Evaluation of Quality and Antibacterial Activity of Four Brands of Ciprofloxacin Tablets Marketed in Libya

Ciprofloxacin is one of fluoroquinolones antibiotics used in treatment for infections of the urinary tract, skin and soft-tissues, and lower respiratory tract. There are many brands of ciprofloxacin tablets available in pharmacies of Albaiyda city and the aim of this study was to evaluate quality of four available brands of ciprofloxacin tablets by quality control parameters and to test their antibacterial activity. Four leading brands of ciprofloxacin tablet each with a label claim 500 mg were purchased from the various retail pharmacies of Albaiyda city and evaluated by in vitro quality control tests for tablet according to pharmacopeia (BP/ USP) that include evaluation of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, hardness, and disintegration time. The second evaluation was the antibacterial activity of the four brands against Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli by well diffusion susceptibility method. Weight variation for four brands of ciprofloxacin ranged from 0.507% to ,0.753%, the highest variation was found in Brand A, and the lowest weight variation was observed in Brand B and all brands comply with specification. Friability of all brands was below 1% which means that all brands have passed the test and met the specification, and the brand which most likely to be friable between brands is Brand B (0.64%) and the least likely to be friable is Brand C (0 %). The results indicated that all brands of ciprofloxacin tablets were not in the limit of hardness test and the highest hardness value was for Brand C (276 N), and the lowest hardness value was for Brand A (114.2 N). Disintegration time for four brands was under 5 minutes and all brands were complied with the both BP and USP specifications. larger zone of inhibition (ZI) for ciprofloxacin brands against Klebsiella pneumonia was found in Brand C (26.19mm) indicating that it has the highest activity and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Staphylococcus aureus was found in Brand D (40.40mm) and larger ZI for ciprofloxacin brands against Escherichia coli was also found in Brand D (21.21mm) indicating that it has the highest activity against both types of bacteria. From this study it was demonstrated that all four brands of ciprofloxacin tablet marketed in Libya comply with BP and USP specification for quality control test of uniformity of weight and weight variation, friability, and disintegration time, except that in hardness test in the four brands were found out the limit but this test is non compendial test and all the brands have similar antibacterial effect except Brand C which has slightly better microbiological activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Brand D which is more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli.

Short Communication: Evaluation of antibacterial activities and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Diplazium esculentum

Abstract. Alamsjah F, Fandini S, Mildawati M. 2024. Short Communication: Evaluation of antibacterial activities and phytochemical composition of ethanolic extract of Diplazium esculentum. Biodiversitas 25: 937-941. Antibacterial agents are crucial in fighting infections by stopping or inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., is a natural resource with great potential in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of ethanol extract of D. esculentum against two common bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research was done using disc diffusion technique with comprehensive phytochemical screening. The results revealed antibacterial properties of the ethanolic extract of D. esculentum against P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis. The most potent antibacterial activity was observed at 80 and 60% concentrations against P. aeruginosa, resulting in inhibition zones with 5.90 mm and 5.47 mm diameters. A similar pattern was also observed against S. epidermidis, where 80% concentration showed significant efficacy, with an inhibition zone of 5.69 mm diameter. Phytochemical analysis result revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. These phytochemical compounds contribute antibacterial properties and have promising potential for further research to develop natural antibacterial agents.