Evaluation Of Antifungal Activity Research Articles

In vitro Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Different Trichoderma spp. and Plant Extracts against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary Causing Stem Rot of Mustard

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is one of the most destructive disease of mustard which affects the quality and quantity of the crop and resulting in severe yield losses. The present study was conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of different Trichoderma spp. and plant extracts against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum under laboratory conditions. All the tested Trichoderma spp. and plant extracts showed a significant effect on growth inhibition of test fungus over control. Among different Trichoderma spp., maximum growth inhibition (73.33%) was observed with T. viride followed by T. harzianum (67.77%). While as the least efficacy was found in T. atroviride (38.37%) against the pathogen. Of all, Allium sativum was proved to be most potent at all three tested concentrations (5, 10, and 15%), thereby registering 59.26, 67.41, and 100.0% growth inhibition followed by Azadirachta indica and Lantana camara, respectively. However, Argemone maxicana was least effective at all concentrations in this study.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Languas galangal Rhizome and Development of a Topical Antifungal Cream

Background: The rhizome of Languas galangal is traditionally used in Sri Lanka for the treatment of skin infections caused by fungi. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of L. galangal rhizome and to develop a topical antifungal formulation from it. Methods: The dried, powdered rhizome of L. galangal was successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol using Soxhlet extraction. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus nger. The antifungal activities of the extracts were compared with clotrimazole as the positive control and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the negative control. The most active hexane extract was used to prepare the cream. The antifungal activity of the formulated cream was tested. Results: The hexane extract of L. galangal rhizome powder was more effective on C. albicans and A. niger. The hexane extract of L. galangal showed the maximum zone of inhibition against C. albicans and A. niger (20.20 mm ± 0.46, 18.20 mm ± 0.46) compared to the other three extracts, while clotrimazole, which was used as a positive control, produced a larger zone of inhibition (36.10 mm ± 0.65) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the negative control, did not produce inhibitory zones. Stability testing of the formulated cream showed a stable and good appearance. Conclusions: The cream developed using the hexane extract showed in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger. Further evaluations on shelf life, stability and safety are required.

Rapid molecular assay for the evaluation of clove essential oil antifungal activity against wheat common bunt.

Common bunt of durum wheat (DW), Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn., is caused by the two closely related fungal species belonging to Tilletia genus (Tilletiales, Exobasidiomycetes, Ustilaginomycotina): Tilletia laevis Kühn (syn. T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro.) and T. caries (DC) Tul. (syn. T. tritici (Bjerk.) G. Winter). This is one of the most devastating diseases in wheat growing areas worldwide, causing considerable yield loss and reduction of wheat grains and flour quality. For these reasons, a fast, specific, sensitive, and cost-effective method for an early diagnosis of common bunt in wheat seedlings is urgent. Several molecular and serological methods were developed for diagnosis of common bunt in wheat seedlings but at late phenological stages (inflorescence) or based on conventional PCR amplification, with low sensitivity. In this study, a TaqMan Real Time PCR-based assay was developed for rapid diagnosis and quantification of T. laevis in young wheat seedlings, before tillering stage. This method, along with phenotypic analysis, was used to study conditions favoring pathogen infection and to evaluate the effectiveness of clove oil-based seed dressing in controlling the disease. The overall results showed that: i) the Real Time PCR assay was able to quantify T. laevis in young wheat seedlings after seed dressing by clove oil in different formulations, greatly reducing times of analysis. It showed high sensitivity, detecting up to 10 fg of pathogen DNA, specificity and robustness, allowing to directly analyze crude plant extracts and representing a useful tool to speed up the tests of genetic breeding for disease resistance; ii) temperature was a critical point for disease development when using wheat seeds contaminated by T. laevis spores; iii) at least one of the clove oil-based formulations tested was able to efficiently control wheat common bunt, suggesting that clove oil dressing could represent a promising tool for managing the disease, especially in sustainable farming.

Evaluation of cytotoxic, antifungal, and larvicidal activities of different bis-sulfonamide Schiff base compounds.

Schiff bases (imines or azomethines) are versatile ligands synthesized from the condensation of amino compounds with active carbonyl groups and used for many pharmaceutical and medicinal applications. In our study, we aimed to determine the cytotoxic, antifungal and larvicidal activities of biologically potent bis-sulfonamide Schiff base derivatives that were re-synthesized by us. For this aim, 16 compounds were re-synthesized and tested for their cytotoxic, antifungal and larvicidal properties. Among this series, compounds A1B2, A1B4, A4B2, A4B3, and A4B4 were shown to have cytotoxic activity against tested cancer lung cell line (A549). The most potent antifungal activity was observed in compounds A2B1 and A2B2 against all fungi. A1B1 showed the strongest larvicidal effect at all concentrations at the 72nd h (100% mortality). These obtained results demonstrate that these type of bis-substituted compounds might be used as biologically potent pharmacophores against different types of diseases.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of lactic acid bacteria against fungi in simulated cheese matrix

This study aimed to investigate the antagonist activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from Brazilian artisanal cheese and dairy environments against filamentous fungi commonly found in dairy products. In the in vitro test, a total of fifty-two LAB isolates were screened for their inhibitory effects against Aspergillus niger IOC 207 and Penicillium chrysogenum IOC 132. Among them, five strains (Weissella confusa W5, W8; Weissella paramesenteroides W9; Weissella cibaria W25; Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Q4C3) were selected for further in situ evaluation using a cheese matrix. The selected LAB strains exhibited excellent antifungal effect in simulated cheese matrix against both fungi targets; however, when combined with a commercial starter culture, their antifungal activity was reduced. Nevertheless, the results of this study suggest that these LAB strains may have potential as bioprotective cultures in food applications; they have the ability to produce antifungal compounds that could be characterized and potentially used as adjunct cultures in future food processing. Further research in this direction could shed light on their metabolic capabilities and pave the way for their potential use as biopreservatives in the food industry.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity from Bacillus subtilis strain AS80 Against Pathogenic Fungi Isolated from Hass Avocado Fruits

F ruit rot and anthracnose are the main diseases in avocado fruits caused by fungal species. Solving this problem with chemical reagents has led to human health and pollution problems. Therefore, this study was aimed to select antagonistic bacteria to control those pathogenic fungi. The pathogenic fungi were isolated from avocado fruit occurred fruit rot or anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological characteristics and the BLASTn results of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA, the obtained fungal isolates belonged to three fungal genera, namely Fusarium, Lasiodiplodia and Colletotrichum, which was the most commonly occurring. Pathogenicity tests were evaluated on avocado fruit. Then the rhizosphere bacteria were isolated from the avocado rhizosphere. To study antagonistic activity, 101 bacterial isolates were cultured with five fungal pathogens using dual culture technique. The bacterial isolate AS80 exhibited high potential to against Fusarium sp. (61.7%), Lasiodiplodia sp. (66.7%) and Colletotrichum sp. (74.1%). The strain AS80 was used to evaluate the efficacy control of Fusarium sp. on “Hass” avocado fruit. The in vivo evaluation revealed that AS80 showed high efficacy against Fusarium sp. The 16s ribosomal DNA sequencing indicated that AS80 was similar to Bacillus subtilis (99.53 %). Further study under field conditions should be done to validate their efficacy.

Evaluation of antifungal activity of Miswak (Salvadora persica) and toothpaste against oral cavity Candida species

Evaluation of antifungal activity of Miswak (Salvadora persica) and toothpaste against oral cavity Candida species

Four organotin(IV) complexes derived from 2,6-difluoro-3-(propylsulfonamido)benzoic acid: synthesis, structure, in vitro cytostatic activity and antifungal activity evaluation

Four new organotin(IV) complexes, [(Me2Sn)4O2(C10H10F2NO4S)4] (1), [(n-Bu2Sn)4O2(C10H10F2NO4S)4] (2), [Me3SnC10H10F2NO4S] (3) and [n-Bu3SnC10H10F2NO4S] (4) have been synthesized by the reactions of 2,6-difluoro-3-(propylsulfonamido)benzoic acid with R2SnO (R = Me, and n-Bu) or R3SnCl (R = Me, and n-Bu). The four complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn), and X-ray crystallography. The X-ray crystallography analyses revealed that the complexes 1 and 2 represent tetranuclear tin ladder-like geometries. In comparison, complexes 3 and 4 exhibit 1D zig-zag chains. Complex 1 constructs a 2D planar structure by NH···O and CH···O intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Complex 2 constructs a 3D supramolecular framework via the CH···O and CH···F intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The 3D supramolecular frameworks of complexes 3 and 4 were formed by SO···H intermolecular hydrogen bonding, respectively. Furthermore, in vitro cytostatic activity of complexes 1–4 against the cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and the hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) cell lines were examined by MTT screening. Results indicated that complexes 2 and 4 exhibited strong cytostatic activity. Meanwhile, the inhibition of complexes 1–4 against five common plant pathogenic fungi in vitro was obtained by the mycelial growth inhibition method, and the results revealed that complex 4 exhibited much stronger inhibition. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs were used to study changes on the fungal morphology for the treatments with complex 4.

Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Pulicaria genus: Emphasis on the Flavonoids and Sesquiterpenoids and Cytotoxicity Effects

Abstract: The use of herbal remedies is more current in illnesses with chronic diseases. One of these important applications is the usage of many plant-derived compounds as cytotoxic agents for the treatment of cancers. Various research has been done on several species of Pulicaria genus for the evaluation of antihistaminic, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticide, and leishmanicidal activities. Some studies have shown that these plants have a rich pool of biometabolites like diterpenes, sesquiterpenes, caryophyllenes, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids. The main components in several species of this genus are flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have been identified in chemotaxonomic studies and have shown cytotoxic properties. The Scopus and Science Direct sites were studied to find articles on flavonoid and sesquiterpenoid compounds that have been isolated from the Pulicaria genus. : Several biological compounds were isolated from different species of the Pulicaria genus. The main compounds are flavonoids and sesquiterpenoids, which have different biological effects. Its main effect is cytotoxic effect against several cancer cell lines. This study indicates that the Pulicaria genus has cytotoxic activity but posterity studies are needed to probe the active compounds and their possible expansion as novel anticancer drugs.

Evaluation of antifungal activity, mechanisms of action and toxicological profile of the synthetic amide 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide

Aspergillus niger causes infections such as otitis and pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment involves voriconazole or amphotericin B, and due to the increase in fungal resistance, the search for new compounds with antifungal activity has intensified. In the development of new drugs, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays are important, as they allow predicting possible damage that a molecule can cause, and in silico studies predict the pharmacokinetic properties. The aim of this study was to verify the antifungal activity and the mechanism of action of the synthetic amide 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide against Aspergillus niger strains and toxicity. 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide showed antifungal activity against different strains of Aspergillus niger with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 32 and 256 μg/mL and minimum fungicides between 64 and 1024 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide also inhibited conidia germination. When associated with amphotericin B or voriconazole, 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide had antagonistic effects. Interaction with ergosterol in the plasma membrane is the probable mechanism of action.2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide has favorable physicochemical parameters, good oral bioavailability and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, crosses the blood-brain barrier and inhibits CYP1A2. At concentrations of 50 to 500 µg/mL, it has little hemolytic effect and a protective effect for type A and O red blood cells, and in the cells of the oral mucosa it promotes little genotoxic change. It is concluded that 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide has promising antifungal potential, favorable pharmacokinetic profile for oral administration and low cytotoxic and genotoxic potential, being a promising candidate for in vivo toxicity studies.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Ag Nanoparticles Synthetized by Green Chemistry against Fusarium solani and Rhizopus stolonifera.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have aroused great interest for applications as fungicides in agriculture. This study reports the synthesis of AgNPs by green chemistry using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the precursor agent and a coriander leaf extract as the reducing agent and surfactant. The evaluation of their antifungal properties was carried out when placed in contact with Fusarium solani and Rhizopus stolonifer phytopathogens. The extract and AgNP characterizations were performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The evaluation of antifungal properties was carried out by exposing the phytopathogens to different concentrations of AgNPs in PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar). It was found that it was possible to identify the presence of flavones and flavonoids in the extract, compounds that were also involved in the synthesis process of AgNPs. In addition, the UV-Vis analysis of the obtained AgNPs by green chemistry showed resonance peaks at around 428 nm. Furthermore, a high distribution of AgNP sizes, with high concentrations of below 100 nm, was identified, according to DLS measurements. Using SEM images, the information provided by DLS was confirmed, and a crystallite size of 29.24 nm was determined with the help of XRD measurements. Finally, when exposing the phytopathogens to the action of AgNPs, it was concluded that, at a concentration of 1 mg/mL AgNPs, their growth was totally inhibited.

Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

Defense response of strawberry plants against Botrytis cinerea influenced by coriander extract and essential oil.

Essential oils and extracts are investigated in sustainable plant protection area lately. Alternative antifungal substances are especially relevant for major economic-relevance pathogens, like Botrytis cinerea (causal agent of strawberry grey mold), control. However, the reaction of plants to alternative protection with plant-origin products is currently unknown. Induced stress in plants causes changes in antioxidant and photosynthetic systems. The aim of the research was to determine the defense response of strawberry plants under application of coriander seed products. In the first step of the research, we determined coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum), black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint leaf (Menta × piperita) products' antifungal activity against B. cinerea in vitro. Secondly, we continued evaluation of antifungal activity under controlled environment on strawberry plants of the most effective coriander seed products. Additionally, we evaluated the antioxidant and photosynthetic parameters in strawberries, to examine the response of plants. Antifungal activity on strawberries was determined based on grey mold incidence and severity after application of coriander products. Impact on photosynthetic system was examined measuring photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration. Strawberry leaves were collected at the end of the experiment to analyze the antioxidant response. The highest antifungal activity both in vitro and on strawberries had coriander seed essential oil, which decreased grey mold severity. Coriander extract increased the photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant response of strawberry plants, however had negative effect on suppression of grey mold. In most cases, the essential oil activated antioxidant response of strawberry plants lower than extract. Our study results provide no direct impact of increased photosynthetic capacity values and antifungal effect after treatment with natural oils. The highest concentrations of coriander essential oil and extract potentially demonstrated a phytotoxic effect.

Evaluation of Antifungal Activity and Potential Application as Fluorescent Probes of Indolenine and Benzo[e]Indole-Based Squarylium Dyes.

The antifungal performance and the possible use as fluorescent probes of a series of squarylium dyes derived from indolenine and benzo[e]indole previously synthesized was evaluated. Some photophysical properties were performed in ethanol and phosphate buffer, and the type of aggregates form in phosphate buffer was analyzed. Using the 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran assay, a qualitative assessment of the capacity of dyes to produce singlet oxygen after irradiation was performed. Regarding the antifungal activity, this was studied through a broth microdilution assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae PYCC 4072 as a biological model. The effect of irradiation of the dyes, with an appropriate light emitting diode system, on the antifungal activity was also evaluated, and it was verified that some of the dyes improve their activity after irradiation. Using fluorescence microscopy techniques, the colocalization of dyes in S. cerevisae cells was investigated and it was possible to verify that some of the squarylium dyes with a barbituric moiety in the four-membered central ring stained and accumulated preferentially in the mitochondrial web and perinuclear membrane of the cells. The possible use as a fluorescent probe for the detection of HSA was also evaluated for one of the dyes of the series, demonstrating a linear variation in the fluorescence intensity accompanied by the increase in the protein concentration.

Essential oils from Thymus spp. as natural biocide against common brown- and white-rot fungi in degradation of wood products: antifungal activity evaluation by in vitro and FTIR analysis

Essential oils from Thymus spp. as natural biocide against common brown- and white-rot fungi in degradation of wood products: antifungal activity evaluation by in vitro and FTIR analysis

Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal and Wound Healing Activity of Ointment Formulations of Methanolic Extracts of Acalypha Indica and Piper Betel Leafs in Rats

Evaluation of Anti-Microbial, Anti-Fungal and Wound Healing Activity of Ointment Formulations of Methanolic Extracts of Acalypha Indica and Piper Betel Leafs in Rats

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the extract and fractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayyen

Evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the extract and fractions of Euphorbia splendida Mobayyen

In vitro antifungal activity of some common botanicals against fungal wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is an important disease that causes wilt disease in tomato crop. Management through chemical fungicides cause environmental problems and are toxic to non-target organisms as well. Plant metabolites and plant extract appear to be one of the better alternatives as they are known to have minimal environmental impact. In an approach towards the development of eco-friendly management, in vitro antifungal assay was conducted against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), using plant extracts of seven botanicals. Out of them, three extract proved to be potential in inhibiting the growth of the FOL viz., Allium sativum (77.43%), Pongamia glabra (73.06%), Azadirachta indica (72.382%). The poison food technique was employed for the evaluation of antifungal activity of the extracts at three different concentrations (10%, 15%and 20%) on mycelial growth of FOL. This study indicates that the botanical extracts could be a good alternative in developing a potent plant based fungicides which can be used in organic farming for the management of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici.

Natural products-based: Synthesis and antifungal activity evaluation of novel L-pyroglutamic acid analogues.

Botanical pesticides are one of the sources of third-generation pesticides, which have received much attention at home and abroad in recent years due to their degradable and pollution-free advantages in nature. This article explored a concise approach toward synthesizing a series of novel L-pyroglutamic acid analogues from L-hydroxyproline. Furthermore, bioassay studies of these sulfonyl ester derivatives against Pyricularia oryzae, Fusarium graminearum, Alternaria brassicae, Valsa mali, and Alternaria alternariae showed moderate antifungal activity. For instance, C08a and C08l provide potential lead agents for controlling Fusarium graminearum because of their inhibitory activity.

Preparation of terpene-derived fungicidal candidates with a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety for natural product-inspired agrochemical discovery

For the purpose of sufficient potential fungicidal candidate development from natural plant secondary metabolites, a series of terpene-derived compounds containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety were designed and prepared. The antifungal activity of the target compounds was evaluated by mycelial growth rate inhibition. A systematic and comprehensive evaluation of antifungal activity against Valsa mali indicated that the target compounds exerted relatively satisfactory inhibitory effect, and some compounds showed superior activity to the commercial pesticide boscalid. The notable compound, 3-fluoro- N -(5-(4-isopropylcyclohexa-1,3-dien-1-yl)− 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl) benzenesulfonamide ( 4a27 ) showed a satisfactory EC 50 value of 3.785 μ g/mL. The conspicuous effect caused by compound 4a27 on the composition and function of the cell membrane and cell wall was confirmed in subsequent studies on the biochemistry and physiology responses of V. mali . In addition, the mycelial morphology, organelles, ergosterol content, and pectinase activity were affected by the test compound. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed that the 1,3,4-thiadiazole and sulfoxide scaffold introduction were crucial for activity improvement. Moreover, a satisfactory quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with four descriptors ( R 2 = 0.9035, F = 53.86, s 2 = 0.0158) was obtained through linear regression analysis. This systematic study provides inspiration for the rational design of novel antifungal agents with high efficacies. • 28 novel thiadiazole amide derivatives were prepared from natural turpentine. • Antifungal activity, preliminary mode of action and QSAR was carried out. • Compound 4a27 is a novel potent and bio-based fungicidal candidate.