Evaluation Formula Research Articles

Mechanism of Total Ionizing Dose Effects of CMOS Image Sensors on Camera Resolution

The nuclear industry and other high-radiation environments often need remote monitoring equipment with advanced cameras to achieve precise remote control operations. CMOS image sensors, as a critical component of these cameras, get exposed to γ-ray irradiation while operating in such environments, which causes performance degradation that adversely affects camera resolution. This study conducted total ionizing dose experiments on CMOS image sensors and camera systems and thoroughly analyzed the impact mechanisms of the dark current, Full Well Capacity, and quantum efficiency of CMOS image sensors on camera resolution. A quantitative evaluation formula was established to evaluate the impact of Full Well Capacity and quantum efficiency of the CMOS image sensor on camera resolution. This study provides a theoretical basis for the evaluation of the radiation resistance of cameras in environments with strong nuclear radiation and the development of radiation-resistant cameras.

線形地震応答での構造躯体の層間変位と2次系変位の相関係数

In the seismic design of nonstructural components, inertial forces and relative displacements are usually considered separately. But the two factors should be appropriately combined in some cases of connecting conditions to the structural frames. In this paper, the correlation coefficients between the story drifts of structural frames and the displacements of secondary systems are investigated in linear seismic responses. An approximate evaluation formula for multistory buildings is presented and validated through response history analysis. It is shown that the correlations are relatively high in the range of periods shorter than the first natural periods of structural frames.

On the Stieltjes constants with respect to harmonic zeta functions

The aim of this paper is to investigate harmonic Stieltjes constants occurring in the Laurent expansions of the functionζH(s,a)=∑n=0∞1(n+a)s∑k=0n1k+a, Re(s)>1, which we call harmonic Hurwitz zeta function. In particular evaluation formulas for the harmonic Stieltjes constants γH(m,1/2) and γH(m,1) are presented.

SIMPLIFIED DESIGN FORMULA FOR EFFECTIVE LENGTH FACTOR OF A NON-SWAY LONG COLUMN IN ATRIUM

The long columns in atrium often buckle by the non-sway mode due to the surrounding bracing frame. The objective of this study is to propose an evaluation method for the effective length factor of the long column. Evaluation formula is obtained by using the energy method, and the effective length factors are calculated taking story height ratio, flexural stiffness ratio and axial load ratio as the parameters. The accuracy is verified comparing with the exact effective length obtained using the buckling slope deflection method, and it is shown that the proposed formula is useful for the actual conditions.

Constitutive Law of Rectangular Concrete with Carbon Fiber Sheet Confinement

This paper investigates the stress-strain relationship of a rectangular cross-section concrete element reinforced with Carbon fiber Sheet (CFS). In order to verify the confinement effect of the carbon fiber sheet over the concrete, an experiment was conducted using concrete elements with CFS by changing the ratio of side length of the cross section, the ratio of the height to the short side and the amount of CFS layers. In total, 16 concrete specimens were tested under compressive monotonic loading. In the experiment, the compressive strength decreases, and the ultimate strain increases as the ratio of side length increases. Furthermore, we proposed an evaluation formula for a rectangular cross-section concrete element reinforced with CFS. The proposed formula corresponds well to the experimental results.

Study on the equivalent plastic hinge length of superimposed RC shear walls with embedded bracings

The equivalent plastic hinge length of RC shear wall is often regarded as an important index to be studied in the framework of performance-based seismic design, for which a series of evaluation formulae have been widely proposed. However, existing equivalent plastic hinge length calculation formulae are proposed for cast-in-place RC shear walls, while that for superimposed RC shear walls with embedded bracings (SRCXSWs) still needs to be further studied. With an attempt to achieve this goal, a series of research including finite element analysis and theoretical derivation are conducted in this research. Based on the analysis of crack development and failure modes for SRCXSW, the relationship between the ultimate deformation and the equivalent plastic hinge length is established through the theoretical derivation, then 51 finite element models with 10 parameters are analyzed by OpenSEES to summarize the influence modes of different parameters on the equivalent plastic hinge length. Finally, the equivalent plastic hinge length calculation formulae for SRCXSWs are proposed and verified by the numerical and experimental results. The research results illustrate that there exists a function relation between the ultimate deformation and the equivalent plastic hinge length, and decreasing the ratio of deformation caused by shear effect to top deformation or increasing the compressive strain properties of concrete by parameter assignment will be more conducive to the formation and development of the plastic hinge zone of SRCXSWs. The existing formulae cannot effectively estimate the equivalent plastic hinge length of SRCXSWs, while the proposed formulae are suitable for predicting the equivalent plastic hinge length of SRCXSWs.

Energy spectra and performance assessment of isolated structures with a negative stiffness amplification system

Negative-stiffness-incorporated seismic isolation technology has been widely adopted for the effective protection of infrastructures from high-intensity earthquakes. In particular, by incorporating a dashpot and tuning spring, a negative stiffness device can yield a negative stiffness amplification system (NSAS) that can produce an amplified dashpot deformation without sacrificing the isolating effect. To address this observed amplification effect and unknown performances subjected to various types of ground motions, energy spectra are proposed in this study for structures equipped with the NSAS-incorporated isolation system (NSAS-IS) and classified by the field-type of ground motions, based on which the energy-spectrum-based performance evaluation method is developed. The basic concept and mechanical model of the negative-stiffness device, NSAS-IS, and pertinent isolated structure are introduced, based on which the energy response analysis model is established. Within the energy-based framework, the ground motions are classified, whereas the energy spectra are unified for the original structure and the NSAS-IS-equipped isolated structure with a series of typical NSAS-ISs. By addressing the near-, middle-, and far-field ground motions, analytical assessment formulae are provided for the NSAS-IS-equipped structures to quantify the differences in the seismic performances and enhanced energy dissipation levels among the various ground motions. Finally, the proposed energy-based performance assessment tool is applied in design cases for illustration. The findings of this study show that the developed energy spectra are effective in evaluating the energy dissipation enhancement and structural energy dissipation reduction levels of NSASs against various field-type earthquakes. Specifically, the energy dissipation burden of the superstructure under near-field ground motions with significant pulse components is larger than that of the middle- and far-field motions, signifying the necessity of considering the earthquake type for the performance assessment and design of NSAS-IS structures. The proposed analytical performance evaluation formulae can be adopted for a quick performance assessment of NSAS-IS isolated structures subjected to various earthquakes.

Seismic Dynamic Response and Lining Damage Analysis of Curved Tunnel under Shallowly Buried Rock Strata

It is still challenging to anticipate with accuracy how tunnels will behave and if they will fail when subjected to an earthquake load. In this study, assuming nonlinear material behavior and a three-dimensional inelastic rock medium, the theory of damage mechanics is applied to numerical simulation to build a curved tunnel-surrounding rock model, whose correctness was verified in laboratory experiments. To better understand the influence of surrounding rock strength on the seismic performance of a curved tunnel, the stratum parameters of the curved tunnel-surrounding rock system are quantified. The findings demonstrate that the damage process in curved tunnels is a circular process of damage change, and the model accurately captures these structural aspects of the damage evolution process. In addition, structural damage can be identified using displacement detection because the displacement of a curved tunnel is directly related to its compression damage. Finally, the seismic response of the curved tunnel-surrounding rock system is studied parametrically to determine the extent to which different parameters affect the seismic response. These parameters, including elastic modulus, friction angle, cohesion, and Poisson’s ratio, are characteristics of rock-medium materials. We then created multi-factor evaluation formulas to direct the surrounding rock to reinforce.

Seesaw-twisting system with cylindrical steel slit damper for vibration control of structures

This study extends the seesaw system as a twisting device, named seesaw-twisting system, which operates with a newly proposed cylindrical steel slit damper (CSSD). The CSSD has been fabricated using a steel cylinder with a certain number of slit cuts in the axial direction. Through the seesaw-twisting system, the reciprocating structural vibration is smoothly transferred into the torsion of the CSSD, leading to elastoplastic flexural deformation of the strips to dissipate seismic energy. The evaluation formulas for the initial lateral stiffness and lateral yield strength of the system were first derived in this study. The system performance was verified using cyclic loading tests and finite element analyses. All specimens yielded at a small story drift angle, indicating that energy dissipation can be triggered early in an earthquake. The system exhibited stable hysteretic behavior and abundant energy dissipation capacity. In addition, a simplified bi-linear analytical model was adopted to simulate the hysteretic behavior of the proposed system, revealing high validity with the test results in hysteretic curve and energy dissipation. For the initial lateral stiffness and lateral yield strength of the system, high consistency was observed across the results from theoretical calculations, experimental tests, and finite element analyses.

Applicability of Seven Glomerular Filtration Rate Evaluation Formulas in Dose Adjustment of High Concentration of Methotrexate Chemotherapy in Children with ALL

To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of seven glomerular filtration rate (GFR) evaluation formulas Schwartz2009, Schwartz1976, Counahan-Barratt, Filler, CKD-EPIscysc, Cockrofi-Gault, CKD-EPIScysC-Scr in high concentration of methotrexate (HDMTX) chemotherapy dose adjusted cut-off point (GFR ≤85 ml/min) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). One hundred and twenty-four children with ALL were included in the study. GFR determined by renal dynamic imaging (sGFR) was used as the standard to evaluate the accuracy, consistency of eGFR calculated by seven formulas and sGFR, and the diagnostic efficacy of each formula when the sGFR ≤85 ml/min boundary. All of the accuracy of eGFR estimated by Schwartz2009 were greater than 70% in the 0-3, >4 and ≤6, >6 and ≤9, >9 and ≤16 years old group and male group, and the consistency exceeded the professional threshold. When the sensitivity of the ROC curve sGFR ≤85 ml/min was 100% of CKD-EPIscysc in the 0-3, >3 and ≤4 years old group, Filler in the >3 and ≤4 years old group, and Cockrofi-Gault in the >6 and ≤9 years old group, the specificity was 73.02%, 78.95%, 78.95%, 69.32%, respectively, and the AUC under the ROC curve was the largest (P<0.05). Schwartz2009 formula predicts the highest accuracy of eGFR in the 7 glomerular filtration rate. CKD-EPIscysc, Filler, and Cockrofi-Gault formulas have more guiding signi-ficance for the adjustment of HDMTX chemotherapy in pre-adolescence in children with ALL when sGFR ≤85 ml/min.

送電用山形鋼鉄塔における主柱材のフラットバー付加補強に関する研究

In truss tower structures, if the main posts are not strong enough against compressive forces, the structure may collapse triggered by the buckling of that ones. With the increase in the assumed load following the revision of design standards, it is necessary to establish a reinforcement method for the main posts of steel tower for power transmission. In this study, the reinforcing effect using flat bars was verified by member compression tests, and an evaluation formula was proposed to estimate the bearing compression capacity of the flat bar reinforced members.

A SIMPLE EVALUATION OF THE WALL AND COLUMN WALL RATIOS OF LOW-RISE RC BUILDINGS BASED ON ENERGY BALANCE FOR CONTINUED USE AFTER EARTHQUAKES

This paper examines the wall and column wall ratios of low-rise RC buildings to determine wall and column wall ratios that would limit the degree of building damage to a level no greater than slight damage for the purpose of continued use of the building after a mainshock, foreshock, or aftershock. Based on the energy balance in seismic response, a simple evaluation formula was derived to calculate wall ratio to a strength that would allow walls to withstand a level of damage up to shear cracking after an earthquake. The applicability of this formula was confirmed by comparing the wall ratio of actual buildings based on earthquake damage surveys with the results of this evaluation formula. The results indicated standards for wall and column wall ratios that enable buildings to withstand being hit by one to three earthquakes of an extremely rare level, as described in the notice, and still sustain a level of damage below shear cracking.

STRENGTH OF SHS COLUMN TO BEAM CONNECTIONS WITH HOLES FOR HOT DIP GALVANIZING IN THROUGH DIAPHRAGMS

When hot-dip galvanizing a square hollow section column, it is necessary to provide holes in the diaphragms. These holes affect the local rigidity and local strength of the beam to column connections. It requires local strength evaluation formulae to properly design the hole diameter and the plate thickness of the diaphragms. In this paper, the behavior of the connections and the failure mode is examined by loading tests. The shortage of test parameters is supplemented by performing finite element numerical analysis. Evaluation formulas for local yield strength and local ultimate strength are proposed based on limit analysis.

THE EFFECT OF STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF COLUMN BASES IN FIRST STORY ON DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION OF WEAK-BEAM TYPE RIGID STEEL FRAMES

Exposed-type column bases are classified by two yield types, i.e., anchor-bolt type, and base-plate type. Restoring force characteristics are slip-type and maximum point orientation type respectively. The characteristics of damage distribution in steel frames with exposed-type column bases have been clarified by many past studies. However, the literature concerning quantitative evaluation and prediction formulas is limited. The prediction formulas are needed to design such structures avoiding damage concentration as much as possible. In this paper, the damage to column bases, the upper beam of the first story, and inside the first story in steel frames with column bases that have elastic perfectly plastic restoring force characteristics are evaluated quantitatively based on the comparison with "Basic Frame". After that, the proposed prediction formula is contrasted with the time-history response analyses.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ОЦІНЮВАННЯ ТРИВИМІРНИХ ДЕФОРМАЦІЙ ЗЕМЛІ ЗА ДАНИМИ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ НАВІГАЦІЙНИХ СУПУТНИКОВИХ СИСТЕМ

Presented in the article information is of a scientific and methodical character. Accumulation of coordinate monitoring data in networks of permanent GNSS stations made it possible to increase the efficiency of solving of many problems of moderngeodynamics. At the same time, their use made it necessary to rethink traditional theoretical approaches to solving of the problem, in particular, in terms of developing methods for evaluation of three-dimensional deformations.The analysis of the used theoretical approaches and methods for evaluation of three-dimensional deformations of the Earth in this article are presented. The insufficient degree of their correspondence to the potential information resource of GNSS data is substantiated.The method for evaluation of deformations of the Earth from the standpoint of the theory of transformations of Riemannian space imagesin the form of complex diffeomorphic manifolds is proposed. Properties of complex manifolds in the form of a tangent Euclidean space, which is parameterized by a rectangular Cartesian coordinate system, are used. This choice is justi-fied by its identity with the ITRS system, which is used to monitoring of coordinates by the GNSS method. The algorithm for constructing a functional model of deformation based on the homeomorphism of transformations is formulated. The method involves the direct use of coordinates in the ITRS system and modeling of deformations of the curvilinear topographic surfaceof the Earth in three-dimensional space. The method provides evaluation of three-dimensional deformation tensors and related invariants, which belong to the topographic surface. Working formulas for evaluation of main linear deformations, dilatation and rigid rotation of the Earth have been obtained. The method is generalized for evaluation of nonlinear deformations

Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavement Maintenance Comprehensive Post-evaluation System

This paper proposes a post-evaluation index system and index hierarchy for utility model technologies and processes for maintenance based on domestic and international road maintenance post-evaluation studies, mainly evaluating it from five aspects of engineering technology, management technology, economic benefits, social environment, and sustainable development. The engineering technology is evaluated according to the implementation stage, and the corresponding comprehensive evaluation formula is established according to the maintenance classification, which can comprehensively analyze the implementation quality and effect of the maintenance measures. By establishing the life-cycle cost model, the economic benefit of conservation is evaluated from the two aspects of the cost of the management department and the user. Using energy consumption and carbon emission intensity index to analyze the stage of the conservation process can effectively evaluate the impact of conservation measures on the social environment. This study can provide a reference for the evaluation of new maintenance technologies and new processes, which has very important practical significance.

ЧЕРЕЗ ФОРМУЛУ К ЗВЕЗДАМ: О СИСТЕМЕ ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ В ЮРИДИЧЕСКОМ ОБРАЗОВАНИИ

The article comprises a critical analysis of the assessment system used in legal education. The study builds up on the premise that assessment is meant to, on the one hand, evaluate the student’s level of achieving the educational goals, and, on the other hand, provide valuable feedback to both the student and the teacher on ways to improve their learning and teaching strategies. The author makes an attempt to define the basic principles, as well as specific rules for designing an effective assessment formula for a legal course. To start with, the author engages in a general discussion of different types of assessment and the role they play in educating future lawyers. The author then proceeds to discuss specific assessment tools that are widely used in Russian legal education: evaluation of in-class performance, written assignments and final exams. The author comes to a conclusion that the toolkit incorporated in the course’s assessment formula should create a fair, plain and objective system that motivates the student to deep learning and clearly indicates strengths and areas for improvement. The article provides examples of effective assessment tasks, as well as specific recommendations for designing an effective evaluation formula for a legal course.

Strength of bolted steel structural members under eccentric tension

AbstractThe effective cross‐sectional area method for the outstanding leg is utilized as an ineffective area to evaluate the strength in the present Japanese design standard. Given that this evaluation method is fundamentally premised on experimental outcomes derived from relatively thick plates, it must be extended to brace members composed of thin plates. In this study, we conduct bolt joint experiments and numerical analyses on thin‐plate angles and channel members, with the aim to elucidate the elements influencing the efficiency of the joint. We propose a unified bolt joint strength evaluation formula that also considers thin‐plate members.

Conditional wiener integral associated with Gaussian processes and applications

Let C0[0,T] denote the one-parameter Wiener space and let C?0[0,T] be the Cameron-Martin space in C0[0,T]. Given a function k in C?0[0,T], define a stochastic process Zk : C0[0,T] ? [0, T] ? R by Zk(x, t) = R t 0 Dk(s)dx(s), where Dk ? d/dt k. Let a random vector XG,k : C0[0,T] ? Rn be given by XG,k(x) = ((g1,Zk(x,?))~,..., (gn,Zk(x,?))~), where G = {g1, ..., gn} is an orthonormal set with respect to the weighted inner product induced by the function k on the space C?0[0,T], and (g,Zk(x,?))~ denotes the Paley-Wiener-Zygmund stochastic integral. In this paper, using the reproducing kernel property of the Cameron-Martin space, we establish a very general evaluation formula for expressing conditional generalized Wiener integrals, E(F(Zk(x,?)) |XG,k(x) = ??), associated with the Gaussian processes Zk. As an application, we establish a translation theorem for the conditional Wiener integral and then use it to obtain various conditional Wiener integration formulas on C0[0,T].

Elastic coupled local buckling strength of I‐shaped steel member in uniform bending

AbstractThis research aims to theoretically derive a closed‐form evaluation formula for the coupled local buckling strength of I‐shaped steel members under uniform bending. Power trigonometric functions are used to devise a particular displacement function. Because the function is fast‐converging compared to the Fourier function, it is possible for the buckling deflection to be described using only two terms of the trigonometric function. Subsequently, a closed‐form evaluation equation is proposed based on the displacement function. An eigenvalue analysis based on the finite element method is then conducted to verify the reliability and effectiveness of the proposed equation.