Evaluation Agency Research Articles

The rights of disabled ākonga: Bridging the gap between law and practice

All children in Aotearoa New Zealand have the right to enrol in and receive a quality, inclusive education. Despite this, a recent report by the Education Review Office ([ERO] 2022), the government’s external education evaluation agency, identified numerous ways in which disabled ākonga are excluded from and within the education system. This article explores one of ERO’s key findings; principals lack understanding of their legal obligations with respect to disabled ākonga. Through contextualising this finding within national and international literature on principals’ legal literacy, the urgent need for professional development (PD) to develop principals’ understanding of the relevant law is highlighted. Recommendations for the content and delivery of this PD are outlined along with regulatory measures to safeguard the rights of disabled ākonga. Watch the interview with Nicola Leete.

베트남 대학기관평가인증 제도 및 평가준거의 변화와 시사점

This study aims to introduce the evolution of Vietnam's institutional evaluation and accreditation system and the current evaluation criteria. Accordingly, this study examines the overall development of Vietnam's institutional evaluation and accreditation system and summarizes the evaluation criteria. Vietnam began to pay attention to the quality of higher education in the 2000s. In 2003, the Vietnam Education Quality Review and Evaluation Agency was established by the Ministry of Education. In 2004, the Interim Regulations on Accreditation and Evaluation of Higher Education Institutions were issued, and for the first time, Vietnam started its own accreditation and evaluation of higher education institutions. In 2005, the Education Law was amended to provide a legal basis for accreditation, and in 2007, official regulations were issued to replace the 2004 interim regulations, providing a solid legal foundation. In 2013, the Center for University Assessment and Accreditation was established under Hanoi National University. In 2017, the Center completely changed the evaluation indicators used until now, replacing them with new ones based on the evaluation indicators of the ASEAN University Network (AUN). Based on these findings, we outline recommendations for higher education in Vietnam and implications for higher education in Korea.

The governance of rent‐seeking behavior in carbon asset pledge financing: An evolutionary game perspective

AbstractAs an emerging financing model in the carbon financial market, carbon asset pledge financing (CAPF) has received extensive attention from governments and firms with the advance of low‐carbon economy. Since enterprises, banks, third‐party carbon asset evaluation agencies (TCAs), governments, etc, are involved in the operation of CAPF, driven by information asymmetry and the interaction among different stakeholders, rent‐seeking behavior is easy to occur in CAPF. This paper develops an evolutionary game model to investigate the rent‐seeking behavior in CAPF among different stakeholders. In addition, the risk‐sharing and penalty mechanisms are also taken into account. Subsequently, we examine the effect of relevant parameters on the dynamic evolution strategy of all parties in CAPF rent‐seeking through numerical examples. The results show that the governance of rent‐seeking behavior in CAPF needs the cooperation of different participating entities, the improvement of carbon financial market can reduce the occurrence of rent‐seeking behavior in CAPF. Compared with firms, TCAs are more susceptible to opportunism. Additionally, both the risk‐sharing mechanism and the penalty mechanism can effectively reduce the occurrence of rent‐seeking behavior. This paper contributes to the management of CAPF, and managerial insights for the governance of rent‐seeking behavior in CAPF are also provided.

Analysis of the Game Behavior of Smart Community Regulatory Participants to Co-Create the Smart City: Post-Human Stakeholder Perspectives

The sustainable development of smart community is the key to China’s grassroots governance and also the general trend of China’s urban modernization. In the supervision of the smart community, the optimization of the behavior of the regulatory subject cannot be separated. Previous studies have focused more on how subjects participate in supervision and less on the behavior of stakeholders in the game. This paper analyzes the game behavior of regulatory participants in the process of sustainable development of smart community and studies the optimization strategy of regulatory behavior according to the game behavior logic among participants. The results show the following. (i) Government behavior plays a leading role in supervision. (ii) When the government invests resources in the screening of third-party evaluation agencies and service purchase and mainly adopts policy punishment methods for stakeholders with rent-seeking behavior, the probability of regulatory participation stakeholders’ positive behavior is the greatest. (iii) The improvements should be made from the aspects of information network construction, the refinement of reward and punishment measures, and the improvement of evaluation party access rules. This not only helps to enhance the good supervision situation of the supervision enthusiasm of the participants but also can realize the self-discipline operation of the smart community and enhance the responsibility consciousness of the evaluation institutions.

NSC Physiological Features in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: SMN Deficiency Effects on Neurogenesis

While the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency have recently approved new drugs to treat spinal muscular atrophy 1 (SMA1) in young patients, they are mostly ineffective in older patients since many motor neurons have already been lost. Therefore, understanding nervous system (NS) physiology in SMA patients is essential. Consequently, studying neural stem cells (NSCs) from SMA patients is of significant interest in searching for new treatment targets that will enable researchers to identify new pharmacological approaches. However, studying NSCs in these patients is challenging since their isolation damages the NS, making it impossible with living patients. Nevertheless, it is possible to study NSCs from animal models or create them by differentiating induced pluripotent stem cells obtained from SMA patient peripheral tissues. On the other hand, therapeutic interventions such as NSCs transplantation could ameliorate SMA condition. This review summarizes current knowledge on the physiological properties of NSCs from animals and human cellular models with an SMA background converging on the molecular and neuronal circuit formation alterations of SMA fetuses and is not focused on the treatment of SMA. By understanding how SMA alters NSC physiology, we can identify new and promising interventions that could help support affected patients.

A Comparative Analysis of the Institutional Quality Evaluation Processes in Turkish, European, and American Higher Education Systems

Changing economic, cultural, political, and social conditions worldwide have a big impact on higher education. Under the influence of changing conditions, the functional scope of higher education institutions has expanded and new functions have been added. In addition to these changes, the demand for higher education institutions is increasing day by day in terms of education, research, and service to society. The expanding functions of higher education and its deepening impact on society call for quality activities of higher education institutions. Therefore, institutional quality evaluation processes are carried out in higher education institutions. This study aims to analyze and compare institutional quality evaluation processes applied in Turkish, European, and American higher education systems. The findings obtained are important as they will contribute to the Higher Education Quality Council of Türkiye, quality commissions in higher education institutions, and other researchers who will conduct scientific studies on this subject. It is a descriptive and qualitative study whose sample consists of institutional quality evaluation agencies from Türkiye, England, Norway, Finland, and the United States of America. The data in the study were collected and analyzed by applying the document analysis method. The findings indicate that institutional external evaluation or audit models are used in Türkiye, England, Norway, and Finland while an institutional accreditation system is used in the USA. Although the quality evaluation processes applied are generally similar in terms of basic objectives, assessed dimensions, assessment approach, people involved in the implementation of the assessment, and assessment type, there are differences in aspects such as the management, coordination, and recognition practices of the countries’ higher education systems. Taking into account national circumstances, the institutional quality evaluation processes in the Turkish higher education system should be organized and implemented in a systematic way to ensure quality higher educational practice.

Correlation between Admission Criteria and Academic Performance in Medical and Dental Colleges of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Aim: To evaluate the connection among admission criteria and academic performance amongst medical and dental scholars of different institutes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Study design: Quantitative-cross-sectional study. Study setting: Department of Medical Education of Khyber Medical University, Peshawar from 15th February to 15th July 2017. Methodology: Ten thousand and sixty one students attending 10 Medical colleges of KP from entering for qualification who were registered in the 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 academic sessions. Results: Intermediate marks (with median =0.22) have noteworthy correlation (both at 0.05 & 0.01 points) with all 5 professional exam marks of all medical sample scholars, trailed by Merit and Entrance test (0.33 and 0.19 median marks). The relationship for merit and entrance marks was also noteworthy for all of the cases excluding for 3rd year. Conclusion: All the forecasters (intermediate, entrance test and merit marks) were meaningfully linked with all 5 MBBS examination marks of all the medical colleges, in nearly all the six units. Though, stepwise regression analysis uncovered that amongst the analysts, from 1st to 4th year, Intermediate was establish the finest analyst, tracked by merit and entrance score whereas for the fifth year; merit was the finest analyst, trailed by entrance test and Intermediate scores. Key words: Educational Testing and Evaluation Agency (ETEA), Predictive validity,

Adherence of the Spanish National Plan of Science and Innovation to open access mandates

As one of the fundamental pillars of open science (De Filippo & Mañana Rodríguez, 2020; De Filippo, Silva & Borges, 2019), open access (OA) is the central topic of the European Commission’s Open Science Policy Platform (Mendez et al., 2020) and the main goal of the CoalitionS initiative for open publication of publicly funded research. The Spanish Science, Technology, and Innovation Act (BOE, 2011) requires that publicly funded research is published in OA, but with so many exceptions to the rule it makes OA rather a choice than a stipulation. Unfortunately, the draft of the new bill has retained the same formulation.The Spanish National Plan of Science and Innovation (SNP) is Spain’s leading research funding instrument. This paper analyses publications derived from the projects funded by the SNP in the period 2013–2019 and their compliance with the OA recommendations. Projects obtained after 2019 are not included as most of them do not have published results. We investigate the presence of OA by area, how OA influenced the citation impact of the publications, and how did their inclusion in journals by journal quartile. These are the two most common measures of the quality of the article and a requisite for academic advancement in Spain.OA rates noticeably vary between research areas and types of institutions. OA rates highly (with (over 60% of articles) in life sciences, biomedicine, physical sciences, and technology whereas in arts, humanities, and social sciences it is below 50%. As for the type of institution, regional research, government and technology centres and hospitals have over 70% of their academic production published in OA, whereas this decreases to 30% for private foundations. Surprisingly, the university rate is below 60%. Overall, OA has experienced a steady growth over the past years, which is reflected in a 9% increase in the studied period. This is an encouraging result compared to earlier reports (Borrego, 2016). Future research should look more closely into the differences between research areas and institution to inform policies and regulations on open access at universities and research institutions.Our major finding is that the relationship between OA and citation count is positive (Mann-Whitney U test and GLM regression; p<0.01) controlling for research area, number of authors, presence in Q1, international collaboration, reference count, and other article measures such as paper and abstract length. This result is in line with previous reports of citation advantages of OA publications (Bautista et al., 2020; Piwowar et al., 2018). However, being published in a Q1 has a significant negative relationship with OA. Although preliminary, these results show that publishing in OA might be positive for the article impact in terms of citations but punitive in terms of academic advancement if evaluation agencies and public policies have not adapted to the new OS paradigm. Further research might explore the effects on individual authors, who might be forced to publish in high-impact open journals. More importantly, OA publication might be punitive if only a few high-impact OA journals are available.

New Information on Old Medicinal Products: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Guidance for Paediatric Use for Substances on the European Priority List of Off-Patent Medicinal Products.

As part of the European Paediatric Regulation, the European Medicines Agency (former European Medicines Evaluation Agency) and the Paediatric Working Party (precursor for the Paediatric Committee) revised a priority list for studies on off-patent medicinal products in 2007 where a need for studies on paediatric medicinal products was emphasised. We aimed to evaluate the status of guidance for paediatric use in the Summary of Product Characteristics for medicinal products on the priority list as well as the presence and status of Paediatric Investigation Plans for these medicinal products. We included active pharmaceutical ingredients on the priority list authorised through the centralised procedure and/or marketed in Denmark. The status of guidance for paediatric use (indication, posology and/or contraindication) was reviewed from the most recent Summary of Product Characteristics uploaded on the European Medicines Agency or the Danish Medicines Agency website as of November 2020. Information on Paediatric Investigation Plans status (Paediatric Committee opinion, completion and waivers granted) was retrieved from the European Medicines Agency website. A total of 121 active pharmaceutical ingredients were included in this study. Seventy-one percent had guidance for paediatric use in the Summary of Product Characteristics for at least one paediatric subpopulation, more often concerning adolescents (70%) and children (70%) as compared with neonates (41%) and infants (49%). The guidance included a paediatric indication in 46% of the cases, but less often a contraindication (13%). Thirty-three active pharmaceutical ingredients had an agreed Paediatric Investigation Plan, six of these were completed. Most active pharmaceutical ingredients from the priority list had guidance for paediatric use in the Summary of Product Characteristics. However, there is still an unmet need in relation to guidance for use for the youngest paediatric subpopulation.

Quantifying Raveling Using 3D Technology with Loss of Aggregates as a New Performance Indicator

Pavement raveling is one of the predominant distresses in the United States that impacts roadway safety and driver comfort on open-graded friction course (OGFC) pavements. Raveling specific treatments, such as fog seal and micro-milling the OGFC layer, can prolong pavement life and reduce resurfacing costs and environmental impact. However, with the current qualitative condition assessment methods (which rate pavements at Severity Levels 1–3 or as light, moderate, or severe), it is difficult to determine the optimal timing for these raveling treatments to be most effective. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a method to quantitatively evaluate the raveling condition. While 3D pavement technology provides opportunities for quantifying pavement raveling conditions using 3D pavement surface data, there are two main challenges for quantifying pavement raveling: (1) estimating a reference surface that represents the pavement without any raveling so that the actual pavement can be compared to the reference surface to quantify the raveling, and (2) obtaining pavement images with quantified raveling conditions (aggregate loss volume) for validation. This paper proposes a method with the loss of aggregate as a new performance indicator to automatically quantify raveling using 3D pavement surface data already collected by transportation agencies for pavement evaluation. The proposed method is validated using pavement images (with known aggregate loss) from simulated pavement mats fabricated in the lab and synthetic pavement images obtained by procedural generation. The proposed method consists of (1) 3D data acquisition; (2) pre-processing with (a) outlier removal and image smoothing, (b) two-sensor image stitching, and (c) range image rectification; (3) raveling detection using (a) region of interest selection, (b) reference surface estimation, (c) potential aggregate loss identification, and (d) noise removal; and (4) aggregate loss quantification. The validation results show a strong correlation (R = 0.99) between the computed aggregate loss and the expected aggregate loss. Better performance was observed with the proposed method than with other methods (such as the watershed method and the model fitting method). The proposed method provides a cost-effective means to quantify the loss of aggregates in support of quantitative raveling condition forecasting by leveraging 3D pavement data already collected by transportation agencies.

Comparison and Estimation of Brand Value for the Operation Strategies

Creating a brand is a competitive strategy. In order to prevent other products from replacing their own products, companies will find ways to establish their own brands in order to better control the market since the production of brands is generally considered to be the result of market competition. In recent years, some corporate management consulting companies and brand evaluation agencies have released various brand value lists. However, there is still no unified consensus on the quantitative assessment of brand value. This study introduces key global brand valuation authorities and the methods they applied for brand valuation. The impacts of profits, revenue and asset on brand evaluation are investigated as the regressors to estimate the brand value of Fortune Global 500 in 2021 and to propose diverse operation strategies for improving the brand value and sustaining the life of brand. The results suggest that profits and total revenues outperform assets in brand value evaluation, and BrandZ is the highest among the brand multipliers estimation, Interbrand is in the second, GYbrand is slightly lower than Interbrand, and Brand Finance is the lowest. The results also suggest that brand value innovation can enhance the extensive and lasting trust relationship of customers on related products, and increase the frequency and type of repeated purchases. It can promote the value spillover of brand reputation and promote the expansion of brand equity to establish an effective barrier for competitors to enter.

MO463: Machine Learning-Based Prediction of Mortality and Risk Factors in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Developed With Data From 10000 Patients Over 11 Years

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Around the globe, over 850 million patients suffer from chronic kidney disease (CKD). These have associated with high mortality rates, in particular when undergoing renal replacement therapies (RRT) such as dialysis, reaching up to 10% a year, and therefore, are considered of a fragile status. CKD is also associated with cardiovascular complications that can cause mutual aggravation. Available clinical guidelines identify certain risk factors and predictive models, but those have not been tested and validated successfully for renal patients and consequently, there is for the identification of predictive factors and the prediction of mortality. This is caused by the limitations of current methodologies and statistics: current models simplify complex relationships by assuming a linear relation between risk factors and certain events, and so, there is a need for a new approach. Over the last years, a rise in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning has been seen, presenting an alternative for the first time. This project aimed to study the performance of different ML algorithms for the prediction of mortality and the identification of risk factors for CKD patients. METHOD Design: Retrospective analysis of a historical cohort from the Register of Renal Patients of Catalonia (RMRC) and the Catalan Agency for Health Quality and Evaluation. Group of 10 473 patients with CKD stages from first to RRT. Follow-up of 11 years, from January 2010 to December 2020. Inclusion criteria: ˃18 years. Training of an Extreme Gradient Boosting model, and comparison with other algorithms for the prediction of mortality at different times, using different follow-up periods for each patient. Methodology: Variables: i) Age, gender, body mass index, time for death (9), ii) Diagnoses (ICD-9/10) (26); iii) Laboratory variables (37) iv) All pharmacological treatments (46). For all executions, data was balanced using the SMOTETomek technique. Analysis: RESULTS The patient sample presented a mean of 68.2 ± 12.9 years and 65.8% were female and 34.2% male. Different follow-up and time windows were tested and the best results were obtained when using a 2-year period follow-up and a 4-year mortality prediction. The Area Under the Curve values obtained for each model were: XBGClassifier (0.89), LGBM Classifier (0.90), CatBoost Classifier (0.91). The 10 variables with major relevance according to the XBGClassifier (54.65% of the total weight of the 71 variables) and in this order, are cardiopathy, advanced chronic kidney disease, vasculopathy, age, neoplasia, transplant, digestive pathology, estimated glomerular filtration rate, high blood pressure. The results presented in Figure and Table correspond to the mean obtained for the 5-folds of the Cross-Validation. CONCLUSION Machine Learning techniques suppose an alternative to classical statistical methods, with a high predictive capacity for mortality. The possibility of generating algorithms with real-world data can allow the individualization of the mortality risk as well as the predictive factors.

Kajian Perencanaan dan Pengendalian Anggaran Pendapatan Belanja Pada Badan Keuangan Daerah Parepare

Government agencies are one form of non-profit organizations that aim to improve services to the general public which can be in the form of improving security, improving the quality of education or health quality and others. This research aims to find out the process of Income Budget Planning and spending at the Parepare Regional Finance Agency and the Process of Controlling the Budget of revenue and expenditure at the Parepare Regional Finance Agency. To apply this goal, qualitative methods are used, using observation and interview techniques. The results of this study showed the Budget Planning Process of revenue and expenditure at the Parepare Regional Financial Agency. Planning process based on programs and activities running effectively, The process of controlling revenue and spending budgets carried out at the regional financial agency of Parepare city both monitoring and evaluation.

Epidemiological, Clinical, and Diagnostic Aspects of Urinary Tract Infection in Newborns at the Departmental Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori (DTH-B/A) in Benin

To study epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of urinary tract infection (UTI) in newborns at the Departmental Teaching Hospital of Borgou-Alibori (DTH-B/A). This was a cross-sectional study conducted from April 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019 and concerned all newborns admitted to the neonatal unit of DTH-B/A. According to the National Agency for Health Accreditation and Evaluation (NAHAE)recommendations of 2002, all symptomatic newborns who did not have a visible malformation outside the genitourinary system and whose parents gave their consent were included in the study. The census was exhaustive despite the calculated minimum size of 109 newborns. Urine sedimentation and cytobacteriological examination of urine samples, taken in adhesive bags after local disinfection, demonstrated presence of pathogenic microbes. Sensitivity of detected microbes was studied to different antibiotics. Interpretive reading of antibiograms was established according to the Standards of the French Society of Microbiology (FEMS), edition 2012. If UTI was confirmed, an abdominopelvic ultrasound was performed in search for a malformative uropathy as a contributing factor in newborns. A standardized survey was developed for data collection. The data entered were analyzed using the Epi info software, version 3.5.4. In all, 124 newborns were included in the study. UTI accounted for 8.06% of all neonatal infections and 2.15% of admissions. The average age of onset was 7.8 days, with a gender ratio of 1:1. The main clinical manifestations were jaundice and respiratory distress. Microbes involved were Staphylococcus aureus (6/10), Escherichia coli (2/10), and Klebsiella oxytoca (2/10). The resistance of microbes to antibiotics was generally high. No abnormalities were revealed in the ultrasound. Although neonatal UTI is not a rare infection, bacterial resistance is of concern.

Interpreting the outcomes of research assessments: A geometrical approach

• Geometric approach for the comparison of frequency distributions of ordinal variables. • Assigning a single score to research assessments given as repartitions in merit classes of scientific publications. • Distance measure defined in the n-simplex following the path toward the best possible scenario in the frequency repartition. • Definition of a geometric-statistical score for building a fair ranking of institutions inhomogeneous in their composition. • Computation of the geometric score using Monte Carlo simulations. • Case study: application to the Italian Quality Research Evaluation. Research evaluations and comparison of the assessments of academic institutions (scientific areas, departments, universities etc.) are among the major issues in recent years in higher education systems. One method, followed by some national evaluation agencies, is to assess the research quality by the evaluation of a limited number of publications in a way that each publication is rated among n classes. This method produces, for each institution, a distribution of the publications in the n classes. In this paper we introduce a natural geometric way to compare these assessments by introducing an ad hoc distance from the performance of an institution to the best possible achievable assessment. Moreover, to avoid the methodological error of comparing non-homogeneous institutions, we introduce a geometric score based on such a distance. The latter represents the probability that an ideal institution, with the same configuration as the one under evaluation, performs worst. We apply our method, based on the geometric score, to rank, in two specific scientific areas, the Italian universities using the results of the research evaluation VQR 2011–2014.

Assessing the impact of de‐escalation training on police behavior: Reducing police use of force in the Louisville, KY Metro Police Department

AbstractResearch summaryChanging police use of force policies and training to incorporate de‐escalation tactics is one of the most routinely recommended police reform measures. Despite widespread promotion and proliferation of de‐escalation trainings, to date, no research has empirically demonstrated that these trainings reduce use of force in the field (Engel, R. S., McManus, H. D., & Herold, T. D., 2020). Therefore, it is unknown if de‐escalation trainings actually reduce force, have no impact, or have unintended consequences that possibly increase injuries to officers or citizens. We collaborated with the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) in 2019 to evaluate the impact of the Integrating Communications, Assessment, and Tactics (ICAT) de‐escalation training developed by the Police Executive Research Forum. Using a stepped‐wedge randomized controlled trial research design, the panel regression results demonstrated statistically significant reductions in use of force incidents (−28.1%), citizen injuries (−26.3%), and officer injuries (−36.0%) in the post‐training period. These significant reductions were larger than any changes in LMPD arrest patterns during the same period. Other possible time‐based confounders were also considered; the combined analyses show robust, consistent, and immediate impacts on use of force counts after training.Policy implicationsOur findings suggest that agencies should continue to implement and evaluate de‐escalation trainings and adopt other resiliency‐based approaches to police training. To facilitate long‐term changes in police behavior, a holistic approach is recommended that supports training tenets with complementary policies, supervisory oversight, managerial support, and community involvement in reform efforts. Finally, researchers must continue to support police executives willing to open their agencies for evaluation and oversight. Due to the LMPD's partnership with researchers, evidence now exists that de‐escalation training can make police encounters with the public safer for all. Continuing to implement and evaluate innovative police trainings is our best opportunity for meaningful changes in policing.

Place of patient-reported outcomes & experiences measurements (PROMS/PREMS) in the assessment and pricing of Health technologies in France

In the context of health technologies assessment, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have become assessment criteria that are expected by evaluation agencies along with the other usual clinical criteria. PROMs instruments measure all aspects of patient experience in connection with their health: symptoms, activities of daily living (physical function, sleep, etc.), various aspects of health-related quality of life (QoL), compliance, global impression of change in wellbeing. PROMs are useful both as 1) a primary or secondary efficacy endpoints, and 2) a tolerability criterion to supplement vigilance data reported by clinicians. Measurement of PROMs must be subject to methodological rigor that is identical to that of other assessment criteria measured by an observer. Scales must be validated, suitable for the objective, and where possible specific to a disease. In addition to standard measures of quality of life, PROMs are taken into consideration in the assessments performed by the HAS, even if their impact on the conclusions is difficult to isolate, as assessments are multifactorial and take into account all data available with regard to the medical context. The CEPS will indirectly take into account PROMs in the fixing of the price or tariff only if they have contributed to the award of the ASA/ASMR by the ad hoc committee of the HAS. The working group has formulated three recommendations which aim to further the implementation of patient-reported outcome measures: (1) Better information for all parties involved in a dossier for technology assessment, (2) Systematization of the collection of PROMs for evaluation of health products, (3) Improved quality of dossiers thanks to the use of relevant and validated tools.

"IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS AND HUMAN HEALTH RISKS PRODUCED BY THE PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES IN THE ENVIRONMENT II. HUMAN HEALTH RISKS GENERATED BY THE PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES IN PLANT PRODUCTS "

The risk to human health generated by the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing pesticide residues is evaluated applying the method recommended by the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), taking strawberries, apples, lettuce and potatoes for evaluation. In the case of the USEPA method, several age categories of consumers were considered, from 3 years to over 75 years in the acute case, and from 18 years to over 75 years age categories in the chronic case. The results showed that no risks to significant human health were identified. According to the results, it was found that most of the pesticides taken into account do not pose a risk to the population, except for a few cases in which the short-term and long-term evaluation values exceeded the limits at which the pesticides pose a risk to the population represented by children (especially those that have exceeded the maximum allowed residual limit).

Rethinking about continuous quality assessment in Iran higher education: Need for strengthening national evaluation agencies and framework revision

Rethinking about continuous quality assessment in Iran higher education: Need for strengthening national evaluation agencies and framework revision

Analysis of the types of symbols used by Korean University

대학의 상징은 그 의미로만 보더라도 대학을 대표하는 하나의 인증과 같은 의미를 지니게 된다. 대학은 상징을 활용하여 공인된 대학의 이미지를 사람들에게 각인시키고 대학의 정체성 및 정통성을 추구한다. 연구의 방법은 영국의 대학평가기관인 QS 세계대학평가(2021) 데이터를 기준으로 한다. 그중, 아시아 대학평가 상위 20위 이내에 속한 국내 4개 대학을 대상으로 각 대학의 상징활용에 대해서 조사·분석하였다. 대학의 상징을 활용하고 있는 유형과 내용적 측면을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 상징의 이미지 구성은 많게는 6개부터 적게는 2개 정도의 요소를 포함하고 있다. 상징 표현 형태는 구상적 형태가 대부분이다. 대표 상징색은 모두 하나의 색상을 선택하고 있다. 마지막으로 상징(심볼)이 표현하고 있는 색채는 단순한 색상 위주로 이루어져 있다.In that sense alone, the symbol of a university has the same meaning as a certification representing the university. Universities use symbols to imprint the image of an accredited university on people and pursue its identity and legitimacy. The research method is based on the data of QS World University Evaluation (2021), a British university evaluation agency. Among them, four domestic universities in the top 20 in the Asian university evaluation were surveyed and analyzed on the use of symbols by each university. The types and content aspects using the symbols of universities were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the image composition of the symbol contains as many as 6 to as 2 elements. Most of the symbolic expression forms are conceptual. All of the representative symbolic colors are choosing one color. Finally, the colors expressed by the symbol consist mainly of simple colors.