Evaluation Of Prevention Programs Research Articles

Integrating the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) into a Culturally Responsive Evaluation (CRE) Approach to Conduct Mixed-Method Evaluations of Diabetes Prevention and Management Programs Reaching Underresourced Populations and Communities.

Diabetes is a significant population health threat. Evidence-based interventions, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Diabetes Prevention Program and diabetes self-management education and support programs, can help prevent, delay, or manage the disease. However, participation is suboptimal, especially among populations who are at an increased risk of developing diabetes. Evaluations of programs reaching populations who are medically underserved or people with lower incomes can help elucidate how best to tailor evidence-based interventions, but it is also important for evaluations to account for cultural and contextual factors. Culturally responsive evaluation (CRE) is a framework for centering an evaluation in the culture of the programs being evaluated. We integrated CRE with implementation and outcome constructs from the Adapted Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to ensure that the evaluation produced useful evidence for putting evidence-based diabetes interventions to use in real-world settings, reaching populations who are at an increased risk of developing diabetes. The paper provides an overview of how we integrated CRE and CFIR approaches to conduct mixed-methods evaluations of evidence-based diabetes interventions.

Effects of the Prevention Program “HateLess. Together against Hatred” on Adolescents’ Empathy, Self-efficacy, and Countering Hate Speech

Currently, there is a lack of empirically evaluated prevention programs targeting hate speech among adolescents. This is problematic because hate speech jeopardizes adolescents’ well-being and social integration. To this end, this study aims to evaluate the short-term effects of the newly developed anti-hate speech prevention program, “HateLess. Together against Hatred”, on adolescents’ empathy, self-efficacy, and counter-speech. Eight hundred and twenty adolescents between 12 and 16 (M = 13.27, SD = 1.04) from 11 German schools participated in this study. More specifically, 567 adolescents participated in the one-week prevention program, and 253 participants were assigned to the control group. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed that HateLess was successful, as there was a significant increase in empathy, self-efficacy, and counter-speech in the intervention group from the pretest (T1) to the posttest (T2) one month after the intervention. In contrast, no changes were found among adolescents in the control group. A multilevel mediation model revealed that the effect of being a member of the intervention group on counter-speech was partially mediated via empathy and self-efficacy. The findings indicate that HateLess is an effective, cost-efficient approach to enhance adolescents’ counter-speech directly and indirectly by altering the skills they need to become informed citizens in democratic societies.

HIV Positivity, Linkage to Medical Care, Interview for Partner Services, and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Awareness and Referral Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Tested in Non-healthcare Settings in the United States, 2019.

Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. This study reports data on HIV testing program outcomes among MSM tested for HIV in non-healthcare settings in the United States. We analyzed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National HIV Prevention Program Monitoring and Evaluation data collected in 2019. Descriptive and multivariate robust Poisson regression analyses were conducted to summarize the patterns of HIV testing program outcomes [ie, positivity, linkage to HIV medical care within 30 days of diagnosis, interview for partner services (PS), and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and referral] by demographic characteristics, HIV prevalence, and testing site type. A total of 123,251 HIV tests were conducted among MSM; of these, 1773 (1.4%) were newly diagnosed with HIV. Among MSM newly diagnosed with HIV, 75% were linked to HIV medical care and 80% were interviewed for PS. Among MSM who tested HIV-negative, 63% were aware of PrEP and 47% of those who were eligible for PrEP were referred to PrEP providers. Referral or linkage to services varied by demographic characteristics or other factors. Linkage to HIV medical care and interview for PS among MSM newly diagnosed with HIV in non-healthcare settings were below national or funding program targets. Most MSM with risk factors for HIV infection were not referred to PrEP providers. Expanded efforts to address barriers to equitable access to services may help improve HIV-related outcomes among MSM and contribute to ending the HIV epidemic in the United States.

Evaluation of Pre-School Development Prevention Programs in Order to Develop a Child-Friendly City Model

Evaluation of Pre-School Development Prevention Programs in Order to Develop a Child-Friendly City Model

The impact of primary prevention programs of dental diseases on the main trends in the development of dental services

Analysis of the methodology for the development, implementation and evaluation of programs for the primary prevention of dental diseases and their impact on the main trends in the development of dental services. The main research methods were search for publications, analysis and systematization of information on the methodology for developing, implementing and evaluating programs for the primary prevention of dental diseases. Despite the single main goal of dental disease prevention programs, the analysis of the methodology of their construction and implementation must be carried out considering their impact on the main trends in the development of dental services. The main directions of development of the methodology for the development, implementation, and evaluation of primary prevention programs of dental diseases should include the use of indicators of oral health recognized by the international community, which allow us to trace the degree of their influence on the development of the system of dental care.

Structure and evaluation of preventive medicine residency programs' websites: A cross sectional analysis.

The goal of this study was to analyze the content availability and accessibility of preventive medicine residency program websites. In COVID-related travel restrictions, the information provided on program websites has become increasingly crucial for residency applicants. A cross-sectional study was conducted by extracting the list of preventive medicine residency programs on the Fellowship and Residency Electronic and Interactive Database (FRIEDA). A 40-point criterion was used for the quality evaluation of residency programs. The study was conducted and analyzed in 2021. 82 preventive medicine residency programs were identified, and listed on FRIEDA, out of which 65 program websites were accessible. The median number of 40-point criteria met by the preventive medicine residency website was 25. The criteria fulfilled by the greatest number of program websites was research opportunity/facilities (94%). The majority of the preventive medicine residency program websites were not up to the mark regarding accessibility and quality. An updated preventive medicine residency program website is essential for the applicants. Programs with relevant and precise information on their websites have higher chances of attracting potential candidates and better chances of finding the match between applicants and programs.

Promoting wellbeing and empowerment via Youth First: Exploring psychosocial outcomes of a school-based resilience intervention in Bihar, India.

Youth worldwide are struggling with increased mental health concerns. As youth in low- and middle-income countries make up more than 20% of the world's population, finding ways to improve their psychosocial wellbeing is crucial. CorStone's Youth First program is a school-based psychosocial resilience program that seeks to improve the mental, physical, social, and educational wellbeing of early adolescents. The program is delivered via trained government schoolteachers who facilitate students' learning and development in small groups using a discussion and activity-based curriculum. In August 2021, a study among 322 adolescents was conducted to investigate and compare program participants' and non- participants' understanding and use of inter- and intra-personal psychosocial skills. Focus group discussions were held with students in eight intervention schools and four comparable schools not receiving the intervention (control). Through the focus group discussions, students provided their opinions, thoughts, and ideas about vignettes describing challenges that youth in their communities frequently face, including early marriage and financial pressures. Analysis integrated qualitative and quantitative approaches, consisting of an iterative thematic analysis process followed by quantizing data and conducting t-tests. Youth who had received Youth First had greater awareness of problems, perspective-taking, problem-solving strategies, helping approaches, awareness of their own strengths, and visions for the future, when compared with the control group. Findings provide insights into potential outcomes for measurement in future evaluations of mental health promotion and prevention programs among youth in low- and middle-income countries.

A Review of Childhood Sexual Abuse Perpetration Prevention Programs.

The present review examines existing childhood sexual abuse prevention programs that are focused on providing services to individuals who are at risk of perpetration. We describe several perpetrator-oriented prevention programs with evaluation data as well as avenues for future development and research. Perpetration prevention programs can be divided into anonymous and non-anonymous programs. Anonymous programs include those that provide support via helplines and those that provide self-guided digital interventions. Non-anonymous programs provide traditional psychotherapy. There are several prevention programs with limited evaluation data, but no research to date has aggregated these findings and provided a comprehensive assessment of perpetration prevention. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether perpetration prevention programs are effective. More rigorous evaluations of secondary prevention programs are needed. Despite this, early data suggests that perpetration prevention programs are promising.

Accounting for Context in Randomized Trials after Assignment

Many preventive trials randomize individuals to intervention condition which is then delivered in a group setting. Other trials randomize higher levels, say organizations, and then use learning collaboratives comprised of multiple organizations to support improved implementation or sustainment. Other trials randomize or expand existing social networks and use key opinion leaders to deliver interventions through these networks. We use the term contextually driven to refer generally to such trials (traditionally referred to as clustering, where groups are formed either pre-randomization or post-randomization — i.e., a cluster-randomized trial), as these groupings or networks provide fixed or time-varying contexts that matter both theoretically and practically in the delivery of interventions. While such contextually driven trials can provide efficient and effective ways to deliver and evaluate prevention programs, they all require analytical procedures that take appropriate account of non-independence, something not always appreciated. Published analyses of many prevention trials have failed to take this into account. We discuss different types of contextually driven designs and then show that even small amounts of non-independence can inflate actual Type I error rates. This inflation leads to rejecting the null hypotheses too often, and erroneously leading us to conclude that there are significant differences between interventions when they do not exist. We describe a procedure to account for non-independence in the important case of a two-arm trial that randomizes units of individuals or organizations in both arms and then provides the active treatment in one arm through groups formed after assignment. We provide sample code in multiple programming languages to guide the analyst, distinguish diverse contextually driven designs, and summarize implications for multiple audiences.

Systematic scoping review of innovation on malaria prevention programs in pregnancy during pandemic

The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that the prevalence of malaria among pregnant women in Indonesia could rise as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Malaria during pregnancy has a severe effect on both the mother and the fetus, and is particularly dangerous for those who are infected while pregnant. The study is intended to summarize the literature on strategies for preventing and treating malaria in pregnancy in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic. The literature search strategy was systematically applied using keywords in the Springerlink database, Scopus, Google scholar, Garuda Portal. The inclusion criteria applied include Languages (English and Indonesian), which are the results of public health research, published since 2018. There are a total of 11 articles that match the inclusion criteria for further qualitative descriptive analysis. it was discovered that several strategies and innovations, including the evaluation of pregnancy-specific malaria prevention programs, health promotion strategies, wire netting home modifications, and sustainable midwifery care, were implemented in Indonesia to prevent and treat malaria in pregnant women.

P06-01 Development of a French paper-and-pencil association test to measure athletes’ implicit doping attitudes

BackgroundThe continued prevalence of positive samples to banned performance-enhancing drugs confirms the importance to maintain the anti-doping efforts. Though the role of socio-cognitive variables in doping attitudes is well identified (e.g., Ntoumanis et al., 2014), the role of implicit processes remains sparsely studied in sports’ doping, especially in high level cyclists. While the potential of traditional computer-IAT has been developed to capture individuals’ implicit attitudes toward doping (Brand et al., 2014ab; Schindler et al., 2015), paper-and-pen IAT offers unquestionably ease-of-administration prospects (Chan and al., 2017). The aim of this study was thus to test and provide a preliminary validation of a French paper-and-pen IAT as an alternative method to measure implicit attitudes toward doping: the IAT-Dop.MethodThis work was based on the testing procedure of the paper-and-pen Personalized Single-Category IAT test (i.e., p&p SC-IAT-P) of Bardin et al. (2016), which we enriched with the procedure of Boateng et al. (2018). This paper was built around four studies: (a) the first study consisted in the development of a preliminary version of the IAT-Dop, (b) the second study measured the dimensionality and criterion validity of the IAT-Dop to confirm the structure of the p&p version, (c) the third study verified its test-retest reliability, and (d) the fourth study explored the relations between the p&p and computerized versions of the IAT-Dop as a first approach to construct validity.ResultsStudy 1 developed a preliminary French version of the IAT-Dop based on Chan et al.’s IAT proposal (2017). Study 2 provided preliminary support to the dimensionality and criterion validity of the tool. Study 3 demonstrated the test-retest reliability of the instrument. Finally, Study 4 suggested the construct validity of the IAT-Dop through a significant correlation between the computerized and p&p versions.ConclusionThe IAT-Dop is a preliminary tested French-language version of a tool for measuring athletes’ implicit attitudes toward doping, with the advantages of simplicity, low cost, and quick administration. This tool should contribute to the better assessment and understanding of the mechanisms related to doping and may be a useful new indicator in the evaluation of prevention programs.

Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the sedentary behavior questionnaire among office employees

ABSTRACT Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the sedentary behavior questionnaire (SBQ) among university office employees in Kermanshah province in the west of Iran. Methods. A validation study was performed among 701 university office employees in Kermanshah province. The content validation process was conducted using interviews with content and lay experts. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated as test–retest reliability. In addition, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the validity of the questionnaire structure. Results. The scale content validity indices using two general agreement approaches and the mean approach were 88.88 and 97.77%, respectively. The ICC was estimated at 1.00 (95% confidence interval [0.99, 1.00]). The exploratory factor analyses suggested nine-factor solutions, and in the independent sample the confirmatory factor analysis fit indices showed that the model had acceptable fit to the data. Conclusion. The Persian version of the SBQ had acceptable reliability and validity for assessing sedentary behavior (SB) among office employees. This questionnaire is a simple and self-report tool for measuring SB in daily life and would be useful in the design and evaluation of preventive programs among administrative staff and for high-risk population surveillance.

Meta-analysis of Federally Funded Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program Evaluations.

Beginning in 2010, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) sponsored numerous studies testing the effectiveness of Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention programs on youths' risky sexual behaviors. This article presents results from a meta-analysis of such studies completed between 2015 and 2019 and provided to us by HHS. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they used an experimental/quasi-experimental design, included a comparison condition, assigned at least 10 study participants to each condition, and measured and reported at least one outcome related to sexual behavior or consequences. Data were extracted using a standardized coding protocol and outcomes were coded as, or transformed to, log odds ratio effect sizes for analysis and then transformed to odds ratio effect sizes for presentation in the text. All outcomes were coded such that log odds ratios greater than zero (odds ratios greater than 1) indicate beneficial effects (e.g., reductions in risky sexual behavior). A total of 52 studies met the inclusion criteria. Across 7 outcome types, pooled effects were generally small, the direction of effects was mixed, and none achieved statistical significance: recent pregnancy (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.00, 1.68]), ever had sex (OR = 1.07, 95% CI [0.99, 1.15]), recent sexual activity (OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.84, 1.09]), recent unprotected sexual activity (OR = 1.05, 95% CI [0.96, 1.16]), ever pregnant (OR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.51, 2.89]), number of sexual partners (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = [0.28, 4.22]), and proportion of recent sexual experiences that were unprotected (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = [0.43, 1.31]). Moderator analyses pooling across all 7 outcome types indicated minor differences in program effectiveness between program settings, with those delivered in classroom settings being the least effective (b = - 0.17, 95% CI [- 0.33, - 0.01]). These findings do not lend meaningful support for the overall effectiveness of this group of pregnancy prevention programs. However, because the meta-analysis sample only included programs recently funded by HHS, these findings may have limited generalizability to programs funded by other entities or implemented in other countries.

Cystic Echinococcosis: An Impact Assessment of Prevention Programs in Endemic Developing Countries in Africa, Central Asia, and South America

Background. Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the tapeworm species, Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1), is one of many primary neglected zoonoses worldwide. Within endemic developing countries, CE has multiple effects on animal and human health and well-being. To address such effects, veterinary and human medical sector collaboration on prevention program delivery is essential. To begin preliminary evaluations of county specific prevention programs, a critically appraised topic (CAT) was conducted. It sought to answer: What impact do CE prevention programs have on human and animal disease prevalence, in populations living in endemic developing countries within Africa, Central Asia, and South America? Methodology. The aim was to assess the ability of prevention and control program outputs to produce measurable differences in health, social, and economic outcomes (e.g., improved access to medical services, positive behavioral change, or reduced treatment costs, respectively). Included articles were obtained using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria from the four databases (CAB Abstracts and Global Health; the National Library of Medicine (PubMed); ScienceDirect; and WHO Institutional Repository of Information Sharing (IRIS)). The articles were appraised using three checklists: the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme (CASP), and the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. Results. Ten articles were selected. Geographically, 20% of studies were conducted in South America, 30% in Africa, and 50% in Central Asia. For definitive hosts, dogs, CoproELISA antigen testing, before and after Praziquantel (PZQ) de-worming, was a primary focus. For humans, who are intermediate hosts (IH), disease surveillance methods, namely ultrasound (US), were commonly assessed. Whilst for sheep, also acting as IH, disease prevention methods, such as the EG95 livestock vaccine and de-worming farm dogs, were evaluated. Common to all studies were issues of program sustainability, in terms of regular human US screening, dog de-worming, and annual sheep vaccination. This was attributed to transient and remote human or animal populations; limited access to adequate roads or hospitals; few skilled health workers or veterinarians; an over-reliance on communities to administer preventatives; and limited resources. Conclusion. Despite variations in result validity and collection periods, useful comparisons of CE endemic countries produced key research and program recommendations. Future research recommendations included testing the significance of multiple program outcomes in relation to prevalence (e.g., the social outcome: behavioral change), further research on the impact of livestock vaccinations, and the CE transmission role of waterways and sanitation. Program recommendations included calculating and distinguishing between stray versus owned dog populations; formal representation of internal and external stakeholder interests through institutional organization; establishing sustainable guidelines around the frequency of PZQ and vaccination administration; improved veterinary-human medical training and resource sharing; and combined prevention methods and multiple canine disease management.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Investments in Adverse Childhood Experience Prevention Efforts

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Investments in Adverse Childhood Experience Prevention Efforts

Results of medical and economic efficiency assessment of the gastroduodenite prevention program for retirement age patients with essential arterial hypertension, which took part in the program "Affordable medicines"

The medical and economic effectiveness of approaches to the prevention of gastroduodenitis in patients of retirement age with essential hypertension has been insufficiently studied. This fact necessitated this study. A combined (retrospective-prospective) study of gastroduodenitis prevention programs for retirement age patients with essential hypertension who are taking drugs under the "Affordable Medicines" program was conducted. A new theoretical model for assessing the medical and economic effectiveness of the gastroduodenitis prevention program in patients with essential hypertension with key parameters "incremental cost – effectiveness ratio" (ICER) and "incremental benefit – cost ratio" (IBCR) has been developed. The effectiveness of the proposed program was evaluated. The main factors of lifestyle and treatment that affect the development and exacerbation of gastroduodenitis in this category of patients are identified. The risks of gastroduodenitis due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, the presence and absence of compliance, age and sex of patients, living alone (without a family), which indicate ways to improve prevention programs and determine the nature of recommendations for patients on lifestyle and treatment of hypertension. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed prevention program on the criteria of ICER and IBCR allowed to determine the positive additional effect of participation in the reimbursement program, compliance, male gender, identified patient income levels at which increasing costs of prevention programs has greater economic effect. It is recommended to use the results of the study to improve the programs of prevention of hypertension in patients with hypertension at the stage of primary health care, including the cost of individual items of expenditure of the program "Affordable Medicines". Keywords: prevention program, risk, clinical and economic evaluation, costs-effectiveness, essential hypertension, gastroduodenitis.

Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021.

Tobacco Product Use and Associated Factors Among Middle and High School Students - National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States, 2021.

A program evaluation of the Innovative Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (iTP3) Project

BackgroundTeen pregnancy prevention in the United States has traditionally focused on the development, testing, and subsequent implementation of a set of evidence-based programs (EBPs), recommended nationally. However, these existing EBPs often do not prioritize the most at-risk or vulnerable populations.MethodsThe Innovative Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (iTP3) project was funded to facilitate the development of new, innovative programs to reach disparate populations. Through a mixed methods design, iTP3 evaluated the process and resulting innovative programs from five iterative cohorts of funded organizations, referred to as Innovators. iTP3 utilized both a traditional funding model with more traditional methods of capacity building assistance, but transitioned over time to a design-focused funding model in which organizations and individuals developed innovative programs through an intensive human centered design process.ResultsEvaluation results showed that the resulting portfolio of programs had differences in the types of programs resulting from the differing funding models. Notable differences among programs from the two funding models include program length, along with personnel, time, and resources needed to develop and manage.ConclusionBoth traditional and design funding models led to innovative programs, with notable differences in the development process and resulting programs.

The specifics of economic evaluation of primary prevention programs for non-communicable diseases

<h3></h3> Спрос на услуги здравоохранения продолжает расти во всем мире, а доступные здравоохранению ресурсы для их оказания ограниченны во всех странах. В силу этого экономические соображения приобретают все более важную роль при планировании, управлении и оценке систем здравоохранения. Недостаточно четкое понимание видов экономической оценки, методологической базы их проведения и получаемых результатов ограничивает, а иногда искажает потенциальную роль этих инструментов в информировании политических решений, направленных на максимизацию улучшения здоровья населения и повышение эффективности использования ресурсов системы здравоохранения. <h3>ЦЕЛЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</h3> Анализ специфики проведения экономической оценки программ первичной профилактики неинфекционных заболеваний (НИЗ). <h3>МАТЕРИАЛ И МЕТОДЫ</h3> Основными методами исследования являлись поиск публикаций по разработанному протоколу, комплексный анализ и систематизация информации о методологии проведения экономической оценки программ первичной профилактики НИЗ. В протокол включали базы данных рецензируемых публикаций, термины поиска, а также ограничения на поиск. <h3>РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ</h3> Несмотря на общие концептуальные рамки и единые методы проведения экономического анализа программ в сфере здравоохранения, анализ реализации программ первичной профилактики НИЗ необходимо выполнять с учетом их специфики по отношению к программам лечебного характера. К основным методологическим проблемам проведения экономического анализа программ первичной профилактики НИЗ можно отнести методы измерения результатов, определение ценности эффектов и учет соображений справедливости. <h3>ВЫВОДЫ</h3> К основным направлениям развития методологии проведения оценки программ первичной профилактики следует отнести усиление внимания к влиянию программ на неравенство населения в отношении здоровья и к возможности учета социальных эффектов от их реализации.

Do Sports Programs Prevent Crime and Reduce Reoffending? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Sports Programs

ObjectivesSports programs are widely implemented as measures of crime prevention. In contrast to their popularity, there is little systematic knowledge about their effectiveness. This systematic review and meta-analysis have been carried out to fill this gap. In a systematic review, we gathered data on evaluated prevention programs specifically designed to prevent crime and delinquency. We then conducted a meta-analytic integration with studies using at least roughly equivalent control groups for the program evaluation.MethodTo retrieve relevant literature, we conducted a comprehensive international literature search until June 2021 drawing on scientific databases. We also applied snow-balling searches and contacted practitioners in the field. Studies were eligible if they evaluated sports programs designed to prevent delinquency on primary, secondary, and/or tertiary level. We focused on crime-related outcomes and potentially underlying psycho-social factors. We made no restrictions regarding characteristics of the participants or other aspects such as duration of the program.Results24 studies were eligible for our systematic review, from which only thirteen were included into our meta-analytic integration. We found a moderate effect of participation in sports programs on crime-related outcomes (d = 0.36, p < .001). Participants showed a significant decrease in outcomes such as aggressiveness or anti-social behavior. We also analyzed psychological outcomes such as self-esteem or mental well-being, which also significantly improved when participating in sports programs (d = 0.87, p < ..05).ConclusionsSports programs seem to be an effective measure of crime prevention. However, future research needs more sound evaluation designs and moderator analyses to better understand the functioning and improve the implementation of sports programs.