Ship Evacuation Research Articles

A general method to combine environmental and life-safety consequences of Arctic ship accidents

Risk aggregation is the process of combining multiple individual risks to develop a better understanding of the overall risk on a system. Different risks can have different consequences and different units of measure. This study contributes to the process of risk aggregation by presenting a general method to combine multiple consequences posed by an Arctic ship accident. The method considers ecological and socio-economic consequences of a potential oil spill, and life-safety consequences of a potential ship evacuation. Existing models for each consequence type are adopted. Individual consequence types are monetized and combined to quantify total consequence cost for a given accident scenario. A framework is proposed to assign a qualitative rating for total consequence severity. The qualitative scales of the framework are established using the quantitative method. Total consequence severity is evaluated for different ship types and regions in the Canadian Arctic. Results indicate that Arctic ship accidents involving oil tankers in environmentally sensitive regions and cruise ships in regions associated with long response times are worst-case scenarios, with similar total consequence severity levels. Implications for safe Arctic shipping are that on the basis of total consequence severity, mitigating the potential consequence severity of Arctic cruise operations is of near equal priority to that of Arctic tanker operations. Evaluating total consequence severity of potential Arctic ship accidents provides decision-makers and risk analysts with a data-driven tool to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge for the assessment, management, and communication of Arctic shipping risks.

Analisis hukum terhadap peran Syahbandar dalam pengawasan evakuasi kapal kandas di perairan laut

This writing aims to oversee the role of the harbormaster institution in supervising the evacuation of ships, obstacles, and the efforts of the harbormaster in evacuating an aground ship. This type of legal research is divided into 2 (two), namely normative legal research and empirical or sociological legal research. The type of legal research used by researchers is empirical legal research which is based on field data. The data interview technique was carried out by researchers with interviews, namely the process of interaction and communication directly in the research location with the resource persons who will be interviewed by prospective researchers are Awareness Instation Workers. The results of the study show that talking about ships aground at sea has occurred a lot in the Batam sea where fast action is needed because of the people and the large costs available for the damage to the ship. Seeing the case above, the actions of the harbormaster when evacuating a ship that ran aground at the Batam sea were in accordance with law no 18 of 2008 concerning ships and PM 71 of 2013 concerning Salvage / Underwater Work, such as the initial action when there was a report made by VTS when the ship ran aground, when asking ship documents, ask for general documents of agents, local agents and supervision when the ship runs aground as well as supervision when the ship is taking place.How to cite item: Hidayatulloh, I., Arman, Z. (2022). Analisis hukum terhadap peran Syahbandar dalam pengawasan evakuasi kapal kandas di perairan laut. Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum, 13(1). doi:10.26905/idjch.v13i1. 7440.

A Stochastic Network Approach to Modelling Ship Evacuation

This paper presents a development of a novel, efficient, and robust tool to conduct evacuation from maritime ships using multi-commodity network theory and graph search techniques. MSC/1533 (IMO, 2016) presents guidelines to conduct simplified/quasi-advanced analysis methods for the evacuation analysis of ships. The IMO techniques describe a prescriptive approach and don’t consider path variabilities or uncertainties associated with the dynamic nature of the evacuation environment. To enhance the work presented by the IMO, a linear programming multi-commodity graphing solution has been developed and implemented in Excel. This model is based on network and graph theory and specifies basic passenger characteristics, simulates ships geometry and specifies path constraints. The simulation determines the shortest route to the nearest safe point/muster station. Monte Carlo is used to characterise model uncertainties in the simulation. Initial experiments indicate this technique is feasible. As a Systems Engineering tool, it can be used in trade-off studies to finalise ship layout design and identify path delay/choke points and can be used to rank evacuation performance of existing ship configurations.

Ship evacuation simulation using a game engine: Modelling, testing and validation

The topic of evacuation analysis plays an important role in the maritime field, because of its natural link to safety and also because of relevant SOLAS requirements. In this context, this paper focuses on the description, testing and validation of an agent-based mathematical model. As primary goal, the model has been developed targeting a use in evacuation simulations using immersive virtual reality, also with the possibility of real-time human participation. At the same time, the model is suitable also for standard evacuation simulations. The model has been developed starting from existing social force models and introducing a series of improvements, modifications, new modelling, and adaptations. The model is described in detail, providing and discussing all adopted parameters. The choice of a game engine as development environment is also discussed, highlighting benefits and limitations. Results from IMO test cases, validations using experimental data, and comparisons with FDS+Evac are presented. A more realistic test case, relevant to the maritime field, with a two-cabin-deck geometry is also presented, together with corresponding simulation results. Particular attention is paid to the post-processing and reporting of the results from Monte Carlo simulations, in order to properly reflect, quantify and emphasize the underlying aleatory uncertainty.

Bi-objective evacuation problem in ships or buildings

In this paper, we introduce an evacuation problem that involves several real-world evacuation elements, such as different types of evacuees and different types of exits, applicable to the evacuation of buildings or ships in emergency, e.g., fire. In particular, we exploit the multiple commodity flow in a time-expanded network to model the evacuation routes for different commodities. The commodities characterise the different types of evacuee groups which have different speeds during evacuation. We use the bi-objective programming to consider two different objectives of the evacuation planning from both time and space dimensions. Then we propose a method to solve this newly developed evacuation model. Based on a series of computational experiments and sensitivity analyses, we find that the evacuation speed of evacuees is a critical element to be considered when planning an evacuation on ships or buildings in emergency.

Evacuation analysis of a passenger ship with an inclined passage considering the coupled effect of trim and heel

Passengers escaping from a sinking or inclined ship inevitably choose the transversal, upward, and downward routes and the coupled route where two statuses coexist. A passenger's travel speed varies greatly depending on individual characteristics, as well as the environmental factors, such as the inclination of the ship and the route status. In this study, the walking speed reduction coefficient that considers the coupled effect of trim and heel was applied according to the route status for realistic escape simulation. To calculate the walking speed reduction, the coupling coefficient is introduced to assign weighted values to the coupled route where two route statuses exist. To establish the necessity of reflecting upon the passenger's route status in the escape simulation, simulations were performed on tests 6, 10, and 11 of IMO MSC.1/Circ.1533 ANNEX 3. We believe more accurate ship evacuation simulation can be performed considering the coupled effect of trim and heel.

PASSENGER RESPONSE TIME DATA-SETS FOR LARGE PASSENGER FERRIES AND CRUISE SHIPS DERIVED FROM SEA TRIALS


 
 
 This paper describes research that was carried-out under the EU FP7 research project SAFEGUARD and presents passenger response time data generated from five full-scale semi-unannounced assembly trials at sea. The data-sets were generated from three different types of passenger ships, a RO-PAX ferry without cabins (RP1), a cruise ship (CS) and a RO-PAX ferry with cabins (RP2). In total, response times from 2366 people were collected making it the largest response time data-set ever collected – on land or sea. The analysis methodology used to extract the response time data and the resultant response time distributions (RTD) is presented. A number of key findings from the data analysis are presented along with three recommendations to modify the IMO guidelines governing ship evacuation analysis, namely; (a) it is inappropriate to use the same RTD for cruise ships and RO-PAX vessels; (b) a new Day Case RTD is suggested for RO-PAX vessels and (c) new Day and Night RTDs are suggested for cruise ships.
 
 

A SIMULATION-BASED METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING THE FACTORS ON SHIP EMERGENCY EVACUATION

There are many hazards on a ship that makes an emergency evacuation process inevitable. Providing safe and effective evacuation of passengers from ships in an emergency situation becomes critical. Handling a real ship evacuation practice is often unaffordable as modelling such an environment is very expensive and may cause severe distress to participants. As an alternative, simulation models have been used to overwhelm the issue above in recent years. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel simulation-based methodology for evaluating the effect of factors including physical as well as psychological passenger characteristics and routeing systematic on emergency evacuation process for public marine transportation. A detailed questionnaire has been conducted in this work to reflect passenger characteristics on simulation model in a more realistic manner. Also, a new routeing systematic is developed to provide an efficient evacuation procedure. As another contribution, a novel grid-based approach where the meshed discretized nodes can contain more than one passenger is proposed in simulation model for the first time. Then, a statistical analysis is included within the methodology to assess the importance level of each factor on evacuation time. The proposed methodology is applied to a real life Ro-Ro ferry. A validation protocol based on IMO regulations is conducted and confirmed the effectiveness of the suggested simulation model. The simulation of different scenario types have indicated the influencing factors in a ship emergency evacuation. According to results, passenger characteristics has been identified as the most dominant factor on evacuation performance. The highest evacuation time difference has been observed for different levels of weight attribute. Moreover, it is concluded that the consideration of load utilization balancing among evacuation systems for routeing decreases evacuation time significantly. Finally, significant evacuation time difference between grid approaches have been demonstrated.

Influence factors on the passenger evacuation capacity of cruise ships: Modeling and simulation of full-scale evacuation incorporating information dissemination

The passenger evacuation capacity (PEC) of a cruise ship is a pivotal guarantee for quickly and safely evacuating all personnel on a damaged ship during an emergency. A general framework of the agent-based evacuation model is proposed in this study to simulate the entire process of cruise ship evacuation. The total evacuation time, duration of Level of Service (LOS) lower than E, effective flow rate of the escape route, density of the muster station, and usage rate of the lifeboat/life raft are used as the five evaluation indicators to quantify the PEC of cruise ships, thus providing a reference for the optimization analysis of evacuation procedures. With this framework, the PECs under different evacuation strategies of a cruise ship were evaluated in the context of ship heeling to capsizing for the Yangtze Gold 1. Evaluation results show that the increase of heeling angle when the evacuation order is issued does not affect the perception time of the first 90% of evacuees, but significantly increases the total evacuation time after more than 20°. Moreover, the degree of regional congestion is affected by several factors, including the assignment of muster stations, evacuation in batches, the place of obtaining life jackets, the heeling angle, the difference of escape route flows, and other factors. The results of this study provide PECs under different strategies as references for specific accident scenarios and evacuation targets.

SEA-Pro와 FDS를 이용한 실습선 한나라호 비상탈출 분석

Maritime accidents caused by vessels are classified as below: collision, contact, grounding, stranding and fire. In case of accidents, the seafarers and passengers need to be evacuated from the vessel. In spite of that the vessel is too more complicated than other transportation or constructions to induce immediate escape. Especially people on a passenger ship or a ferry are not trained crews and they are not familiar with the inner architecture. Hence, we should analyze the Required Safe Escape Time, which is important to improve the survival rate in case of many types of maritime accidents. In this research, we used a Ship Evacuation Analysis Program to carry out a simulation for evacuation on a real ship

Consequence modelling for Arctic ship evacuations using expert knowledge

Risk-based decision-making is central to the development of Arctic shipping policy and regulation. Policy-makers within the International Maritime Organization rely on the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) methodology to evaluate proposed regulatory changes and Arctic ship operators rely on it to establish operating limits and procedures. The FSA recommends incorporating life-safety consequence in the assessment of maritime industry risk. This paper presents an expert-based assessment of the factors that influence the potential for loss of life during an Arctic ship evacuation and quantified consequence severities for a range of evacuation scenarios. A two-phased mixed methods design is used to elicit expert knowledge. Sixteen experts in the fields of Arctic seafaring, policy and regulation, academia and research, and ship design participated in the study. Semi-structured interviews elicited perspectives on the factors that influence the expected number of fatalities resulting from an evacuation in Arctic waters. Surveys were administered in which evacuation scenarios were rated for the level of life-safety consequence severity they pose. This study provides a scenario-based life-safety consequence model for Arctic ship evacuations. Results show evacuation of passenger vessels poses the highest consequence severity of evaluated ship types. Response time and the time available to evacuate have the greatest levels of influence on consequence severity. Implications for Arctic marine policy include the need for enhanced competency and training for Arctic ship crews and SAR services, continued research and development of Arctic life-saving appliances to satisfy Polar Code functional requirements, heightened regulatory oversight of Arctic cruise operations, and consideration of inclusion of fishing vessels under the Polar Code. Application of the results to the FSA methodology is discussed.

Evacuation Analysis of Ship Passenger Using Agent Based Modelling Simulation

Ship accidents that occur in Indonesian have a high frequency. The ship accidents is dominated by fires of Ro-ro or passenger ships which cause material loss, water pollution and loss of human life. In this paper, an analysis of the ship evacuation system will be carried out. The Agent Based Modelling Simulation (ABMS) was using in this study. Initial data required are in the form of ship general arrangement, passenger walking speed, as well as the composition and distribution of passengers. The distribution of ship passengers in Indonesia for the category of women aged less than 30 years is 12%, women aged 30-50 years are 21%, women aged greater than 50 years are 5%, there are no female passengers with disabilities, while for the category of males aged less than 30 years as much as 19%, males with an age range of 30-50 years as much as 31%, males over 50 years old as much as 12%, and no male passengers were found. a man with a disability. The number of ship passengers is conditioned to exceed the passenger capacity, namely 880 passengers should be conditioned to become 1527 passengers. The evacuation simulation of ship passengers using an agent based modelling simulation is run based on the IMO MSC. 1 / Circ. 1533 using 4 cases during the day and night. In the case of a normal night it takes 38.24 minutes to evacuate all passengers, and in the case of a night the evacuation takes 36.45 minutes. In the normal day case it took 29.49 minutes and in the afternoon case the evacuation took 28.12 minutes.

Experimental study on individual walking speed during emergency evacuation with the influence of ship motion

Ship motion is an important influencing factor in passenger ship evacuation that affects the entire evacuation process by reducing an individual’s walking speed. This study aims to quantify such effects in ship berthing and sailing operations by collecting experimental data to support passenger ship evacuation decisions. The study utilized Dalian Maritime University’s training ship to conduct human walking experiments to study the influence of ship motion on passengers’ normal and fast walking speeds. It was found that during the berthing period, an individual’s normal walking speed was 1.28–1.68 m/s, and the fast walking speed was 1.50–2.14 m/s. During the sailing, the ship’s rolling motion reduced the normal walking speed by 3.8%–10.3% and the fast walking speed by 3.7%–14.0%. Due to the influence of ship rolling, the higher the deck and the farther away the rolling centre is, the smaller the athwartship and fore-aft walking speeds. Athwartship walking was slightly faster than fore-aft walking. Similarly, in the normal walking mode, the athwartship walking speed was 1.6%–3.7% faster than fore-aft walking, while in the fast walking mode, the athwartship walking speed was 0.8%–4.9% faster than fore-aft walking. Furthermore, during the berthing period, the average walking speed of the younger group was 24.1% higher than that of the older group. Finally, during the sailing, the speed reduction ratio of an individual’s walking speed was 86.0%–96.2%, and the value decreased as the deck height increased.

Passenger Ship Evacuation Analysis with Fire Risk Assessment Approach Using NFPA 551

Based on ship accident data by Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee (NTSC) from 2018 to 2019, there was 773 ship accidents and 21 of those accidents caused by fire, evacuation process when accident occurred is very important. When it is not working, the number of fatalities will be high. The more number of passengers, the more number fatalities if the evacuation process is not good. Evacuation failure are generally caused by trapped passengers in rooms aboard. Therefore an analysis of passenger evacuation is carried out to determine the risk level of the evacuation route has been created by the designer. The method used in this study uses a model analysis Fire Risk Assessment based on NFPA 551 with a qualitative checklist method. The analysis shows the evacuation route for this research object has not met the passenger safety criteria (SOLAS) related to the number of escape routes both primary and secondary which is lacking and inappropriate and subsequently for evacuation routes passengers pass through areas with a high level of fire risk ranking is 5, therefore re-arrangement of evacuation routes is needed to avoid areas of high fire risk or by re-arrangement of the galley location, especially on the 3rd deck.

ANT: Deadline-Aware Adaptive Emergency Navigation Strategy for Dynamic Hazardous Ship Evacuation With Wireless Sensor Networks

Efficient and safe ship evacuation strategy plays a critical role in protecting passengers' lives when ships encounter accidents. Existing wireless sensor network (WSN)-based emergency navigation methods mainly consider the dynamics of hazards and accordingly plan evacuation paths to minimize human exposure to the environmental hazards, such as fire and smoke. However, without sufficient consideration of the ship capsizing time and the impact of dynamic ship inclination on the passengers' walking speed, these methods may fail to evacuate passengers before the deadline. In this paper, we propose ANT, a deadline-aware adaptive emergency navigation strategy for dynamic hazardous ship evacuation with WSNs, which informs each passenger about a hazard-avoided evacuation path to successfully reach lifeboats within the specified deadline under all circumstances. To achieve this aim, ANT analyzes the process of ship capsizing to predict the specific limited evacuation time and the worst-case traversal delay. Next, an online evacuation path planning strategy is proposed based on a real-time adaptive routing algorithm to maximize navigation efficiency while ensuring user safety. We evaluate ANT by conducting prototype experiments and extensive simulations. The results demonstrate that ANT improves the navigation success ratio by 40% and 5%, compared with state-of-the-art emergency navigation systems, namely, medial axis-based approach and ENO-based oscillation-free emergency navigation approach, respectively.

Ship Evacuation and Emergency Response Trends

Accidents such as the Costa Concordia and more recently the Viking Sky incident cause a societal pressure for improving safety and emergency response in passenger ships. Finding realistic solutions for improvement requires first and foremost an understanding of the current regulatory landscape and the corresponding performance assessment standards. The first part of this paper is dedicated to the provision of a comprehensive outline of the regulatory framework that will ensure compliance of any new system and model developed. The second part is dedicated on the state-of-art projects and novel ideas on ship evacuation analyses, Life Saving Appliances (LSAs), Search and Rescue (SAR) with the purpose of unveiling areas for improvement. Finally, having identified the gaps in the aforementioned topics, suggestions are made on how future work can address the challenges of marine accident response.

선박피난분석프로그램 신뢰성 제고를 위한 실선 퇴선훈련과의 비교분석

Marine accidents caused by ships are very diverse, such as collision, sinking, stranding and fire. In particular, persons on passenger ship are unspecified and not trained, so it makes evacuation harder. For this reason, evacuation plan that considers diverse situation in ship is needed. Effective evacuation planning requires training in consideration of various evacuation situations. In this study, to verify the reliability of the SEA-Pro(Ship Evacuation Analysis Program), we conducted an actual evacuation drill at the Trainingship HANNARA which belongs to the Korea Maritime University and compared it with the results of SEA-Pro. The results were analyzed to be almost similar to those of SEA-Pro and actual ship training. SEA-Pro will be able to predict the result of situations that may occur on a real ship but are difficult to test. Moreover, this will be the basic data for the effective evacuation planning such as proper designation of appropriate number of ships and evacuation facilities in consideration of safety of evacuation during ship`s construction or evacuation dispersion for high-flow areas through evacuation analysis of existing ships.

Analysis of Naval Ship Evacuation Using Stochastic Simulation Models and Experimental Data Sets

In the present paper, a hierarchical multi-scale method is developed for the nonlinear analysis of composite materials undergoing heterogeneity and damage. Starting from the homogenization theory, the energy equivalence bet... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on Tech Science Press

船舶避難行動解析による海上交通の保全・減災法の提案－平成30年台風21 号通過時における大阪湾の事例－

船舶避難行動解析による海上交通の保全・減災法の提案－平成30年台風21 号通過時における大阪湾の事例－

Analysis of Decision-making Factors for Ship and Passenger Evacuation Using AHP

When a ship accident occurs, it is imperative that the captain makes a prompt decision because the accident directly leads to the loss of human lives. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the main factors and to provide basic data for making decisions in case of ship related contingencies. Experts were surveyed using questionnaires containing eight main factors. The priorities based on relative importance of those factors were determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). As a result, the main priority factors were capsizing (heeling occurs), and fire/explosion, which could have the greatest impact on decision making. We plan to do a larger, more detailed scale survey to improve the reliability of the results. The results above will be used as a basis for the main factors of ships and passenger evacuation decision-making procedures.