EU Norms Research Articles

Bilateral relations as a key element of international cooperation — 48–54

Today, domestic institutions and organizations maintain bilateral relations in the scientific field with more than fifty countries around the world, and the number of existing bilateral agreements reaches five thousand. For Ukrainian scientists, integration into the European Research Area is an opportunity to deepen cooperation with the EU scientific community, and for the state, it is a tool for adapting EU standards and norms in the field of science and innovation. The article examines the place of bilateral relations as a key element of strengthening international cooperation. The insufficient level of research on assessing the level of influence of the scale of bilateral cooperation on the development of international cooperation is emphasised. The main stages of the development and strengthening of bilateral scientific and technical cooperation (contributions of the parties, project implementation, obtaining scientific returns and practical results, determining medium and long-term consequences) are considered. The main directions of international cooperation in the scientific field with the EU and NATO countries in the framework of Ukraine’s integration into the European Scientific Area and the role of bilateral scientific and technical cooperation in this process are analysed. It is emphasized that modern research project support programmes already at the application stage require that the participating organization has a foreign partner in one of the participating countries, which encourages domestic organizations to enter into bilateral agreements to access grant opportunities. The article also outlines further prospects for strengthening bilateral cooperation in Ukraine.

Regulatory and Legal Framework for the Development of the Circular Economy in Ukraine

Ukraine's regulatory framework for the circular economy is in the process of active development, but requires a comprehensive approach that includes both the integration of international standards and the stimulation of domestic initiatives. The main challenges include imperfect legislation, a weak level of business incentives for environmental initiatives, limited financing of environmental projects, and the lack of a single toolkit for implementing circular business models. Military aggression also has a significant impact, slowing down the transition to new economic models. Ukraine is working to harmonize its legislation with EU norms that provide for the integration of circular economy principles. This includes the implementation of European waste management standards, stimulating the reuse of resources, and developing strategies for sustainable economic development. In Ukraine, a circular economy foresight activity has been launched, initiated by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in cooperation with the Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Center in Ukraine (RECP Center) within the framework of the EU4Environment program, funded by the European Union with the support of the Government of Germany. The main goal of the circular economy foresight activity in Ukraine is to form a vision of the most appropriate measures for the future of Ukrainian industry, cleaner production and environmental protection. Analysis of the regulatory framework is the basis for determining the key principles, tools and directions for implementing sustainable development and resource efficiency strategies. The article analyzes the main principles of regulatory and legal support for the development of the circular economy of Ukraine, as well as the main tools for its implementation, namely: environmental taxation (the introduction of environmental taxes on pollution, stimulating the use of renewable resources), the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) system and financial incentives. The results of the study show that the prospects for implementing a circular economy are significant thanks to the support of international partners, the development of new draft laws, and the growth of public interest in sustainable development.

FRUIT GROWING NUCLEAR STOCK IN PROGRESS AT RIFG PITEȘTI

Nuclear stocks are in a permanent and dynamic evolution because of new assortments and legislative changes. At the present time, the production and maintenance of nuclear stocks from higher biological categories especially, is carried out based on the requirements of several legislative acts, which provide rules starting from the selection of the material, up to the consumers, material labeled with mention "EU norms and standards". At RIFG Pitesti, are active all three components of such a process: 1. Obtaining mother plants under the requirements of authenticity, quality, traceability, phytosanitary assessment for the free from harmful organisms’ status. The working methods include viral tests by biological, serological ELISA and molecular PCR techniques; 2. Maintaining of the mother plants in special insect proof spaces or in the field; 3. Exploitation of nuclear stock by vegetative multiplication: in vitro cultures and other classic methods. At RIFG Pitești, there are under operation 2 categories of mother plantations: established before 2017 and exploitable until 2029 (according to O.M 40/2023) and mother plantations established after 2017 in accordance with the new legislation. (O.M.784/2016, O.M. 119/2020, O.M. 40/2023).

The Making of Modern Sheep. The New Pastoral Regime and Its Discontents

Although pastoralism has a special place in Romanian history and national mythology, shepherds “occupy a complicated position” (O’Brien and Crețan 2019) in contemporary technoscientific capitalism (Birch and Muniesa 2020). As their age-old shepherding routes shrink (Săgeată et al. 2022), new devices need to be adopted and associated with traditional shepherding methods to meet the new market challenges and industrialised model of sheep farming. Opting for an approach that combines science and technology studies (STS) and anthropology, our paper examines how a New Pastoral Regime (NPR) was assembled with the help of a small piece of technology: the ear tag. EU norms, market imperatives, scientific innovation, financial subsidies, political interests, and technical devices become entangled in a political and scientific network of governing nature and the future that produces different kinds of sheep as techno-natural entities. By opening the black box of ear tagging technology our paper reveals what was left out, what was included, and with what consequences.

Bridging the gap(s): The importance of private law theory in the EU context

This article advocates for applying private law theories originating in the common law to EU private law. It argues that those theories can enhance the coherence and workability of EU private law, which currently lacks a comprehensive doctrinal structure. They can also help EU private law overcome the prevailing but flawed functionalist approach that suggests that EU private law primarily serves as a policy tool to achieve specific goals.The article unfolds in three parts: first, it compares the development of civil and common law private law theory, highlighting why thick private law theory only developed in common law jurisdictions and arguing that the same reasons apply to EU private law. Second, it contends that common law theories can enrich the discourse on EU private law, emphasising the need to consider both EU and national private law norms together. Lastly, it proposes that the common law-derived New Private Law theory offers a promising approach to interpreting EU private law, reconciling interpersonal aspects with instrumental objectives. This integration could foster a common language for discussing EU private law, akin to Roman law’s historical role. The paper encourages scholarly debate and adaptation of these theories to local conditions, aiming to bridge the gap between private law theory in common and civil law jurisdictions.

The EU as Active and Passive Political Determinant of Forced Migrants’ Health: Insights from the Case of Germany

Context: This article examines the EU's function as a political determinant of health (PDoH) in national-level regulation of forced migrants’ access to health(care), with a focus on Germany. It sheds light on the role the EU has come to play—and has been assigned—in national policy making under the impact of different crises. Methods: By applying the concepts of claims and frames/framing, the article examines in a document analysis how and to what end(s) the EU as a polity and specific EU legislation were invoked in German draft legislation. Findings: Increasing Europeanization in the areas of health and migration has not only forced national legislators to adapt legislation to abide by EU rules and standards, it has also prompted governmental actors to shift responsibility for policy reforms to the EU—even in cases where not all of these reforms were legally required. Conclusions: The EU's role as a PDoH must be considered from two angles: the EU's active potential to determine public health through its policies and laws, and its passive—to some extent involuntary—potential to do so through the strategic invoking of EU norms, rules, and (in)competences by actors across the EU multilevel governance system.

INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT AS A CONCEPTUAL PROVISIONS COMPONENT FOR THE CARGO FLOWS FORMATION OF MARITIME TRANSPORT IN UKRAINE

. The article is devoted to updating the legal field of Ukraine, which regulates maritime transport, in accordance with EU standards and norms. The purpose of the study is to develop a proposal for institutional support for the realisation of the maritime transport potential in the security dimension in the post-war period. After analysing the legal framework governing maritime transport, 1086 documents were identified. Among them, there are 39 international Directives in force (for maritime transport) and 6 (for inland waterway transport). In addition, the unimplemented Directive 2015/757/EU "On the monitoring, reporting and verification of carbon dioxide emissions from maritime transport and amending Directive 2009/16/EC" was found. If this document is implemented into Ukrainian legislation, Ukraine's maritime transport will see positive changes in the direction of green logistics. And the author proposed to introduce amendments to the draft CMU Resolution "On Amendments to the Procedure for Providing Guarantees of Compensation for Damage Caused as a Result of the Armed Aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine and Military Actions on the Territory of Ukraine to Charterers, Operators and/or Owners of Seagoing Ships and Inland Navigation Vessels Flying the Flag of Ukraine and Flags of Foreign States". It was proposed to pursue a course towards "green" logistics by implementing the necessary EU Directives into the legislative framework. Bringing Ukraine's regulatory framework in line with international EU standards, namely the documents governing maritime transport, will lead to an increase in trade and a higher level of security.

Key stages of adapting the acquis communautaire to Ukraine's legal system: a historical overview

The article is aimed at clarifying the status of regulatory and legal support for the process of adaptation of the national legislation to the acquis communautaire. It is stated that the Ukrainian state has already completed most of the steps to join the EU. Attention is focused on the relevance of the study, which is due to Ukraine's officially obtaining the EU candidate status and the transition to the negotiation process between the EU and Ukraine on the latter's accession to the EU. The author analyses the provisions of Ukrainian legislation and scientific research on the understanding of the concept of ‘acquis communautaire’. The author's definition of this legal phenomenon is formulated, which should be understood as the sources of EU law, standards, principles of external and internal activities and other achievements of the European Communities. The author's own approach to distinguishing four stages of adaptation of the national legislation to the acquis communautaire in chronological order is proposed. The first stage was when Ukrainian legislation implemented the EU norms and standards to establish economic cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in various areas for the development of various relations between the partners. The second stage was a testament to the irresistible desire of Ukraine and Ukrainians to be part of the EU community and contributed to the signing and entry into force of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. The third stage demonstrates Ukraine's path from the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement to the EU candidate status. The fourth stage is connected with the European Council's announcement of the start of negotiations with Ukraine on the country's accession to the EU and the need for comprehensive harmonisation and adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the EU acquis in connection with the prospect of EU membership. It is emphasised that the implementation of the acquis communautaire into the national legal system should pursue national interests and be a political, economic, legal and social consensus on key issues of European integration transformations

Why Do So Few Preliminary Questions Come From Czechia?

Abstract Although a substantial part of the body of laws of an EU Member State is founded upon European Union law and norms, the number of preliminary questions emanating from courts in the Czech Republic appears to be disproportionately low compared to other similar EU Member States. The aim of this article is to analyse and outline possible reasons for the lack of preliminary questions coming from the Czech Republic. In her analysis, the author identifies three possible factors underpinning the issue. These factors include attitudes towards the EU and a general lack of understanding of the relevance of EU laws and norms; the role of preliminary rulings; and the perception and recognition of courts. An integral part of this analysis is a critical commentary on the shifts in how courts and tribunals are perceived within the meaning of Art. 267 TFEU. Lastly, the author offers guidance to fellow legal professionals and academics for interpreting EU norms.

The Impact of the European Union on the Endorsement of the Justice Reform in Albania

European integration has been the primary goal of Albanian foreign policy since the collapse of the communist regime, regardless of the ruling political party. The political elite and the Albanian people embrace and support the integration process. Also, the European Union has grown as a transformative power in Albania, fostering democracy, influencing structural reforms, and impacting the rule of law through the promise of future accession. However, the enlargement process has been slow due to internal and external factors. The article analyzes the EU as a transformative power and the use of Conditionality in Albania as an essential diffusion channel of the EU's values and norms, using the adoption of justice reform as a key study. The article's objective is to examine how the EU perspective membership has influenced the endorsement of justice reform in Albania. The paper argues that the EU approach has succeeded in fostering compliance with formal accession criteria but has yet to implement the justice reform due to internal factors and a not linear enlargement perspective. Progress Reports, literature, surveys, and media articles will be analyzed to fulfill the paper's objective. Received: 10 February 2024 / Accepted: 20 April 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

From New to Indispensable: How the 2004 Enlargement Reshaped the EU’s Transformative Powers

This editorial introduces a thematic issue that examines the consequences of the accession of the Central and East European countries to the EU 20 years onward. The socioeconomic transformation of these countries in the pre-accession period was considered a remarkable success, that was attributed to the EU’s conditionality policy. However, in the post-accession period, when these countries gained full membership rights and began playing a more active political role, they started deviating from some EU norms and rules, against a backdrop of EU crises. This shift has been, notably, reflected in concerns about democratic backsliding and rule of law violations. Nonetheless, the contributions in this issue also underscore that these countries have internalized (both top-down and bottom-up) EU norms and rules to a much greater extent than the focus on conditionality would suggest. Moreover, since Russia invaded Ukraine, Central and East European countries have become entrepreneurs of EU policy and bolstered its transformative power. These findings indicate a need to focus not only on the fundamental shortcomings in these countries—as the attention conferred to the (lack of post-accession) conditionality suggests—but also to consider other factors, such as the quality of the EU’s governance and political system, policy learning, geopolitics, and member states’ domestic politics.

FEATURES AND EMPHASIS OF TEACHING FORENSIC MEDICINE FOR STUDENTS OF THE PEP "PAEDIATRICS"

This article addresses current issues in teaching the academic discipline "Forensic Medicine and Medical Law" to students of the professional educational program (PEP) "Pediatrics." With a focus on violence against children, the authors emphasize the necessity of educating pediatric students on forensic principles and practical skills. The article highlights the harmonization with international standards, the importance of awareness among students, and the critical role forensic medicine plays in pediatric training. Forensic medicine, as a discipline encompassing diverse medical fields, plays a crucial role in pediatrics. This article explores the integration of forensic principles into the PEP "Pediatrics," emphasizing the increasing societal issue of violence against children. The importance of training pediatric students to recognize and respond to such incidents while maintaining a solid evidence base is paramount.
 The authors emphasize that teaching forensic medicine to pediatric students should prioritize the following directions:
 
 Expert Involvement in Forensic Medical Examinations: Focuses on the significance of forensic medical examinations related to medical errors and offenses. Article 69 of the Criminal Procedure Code allows pediatricians to act as experts, emphasizing equivalence in rights and responsibilities with forensic medical experts.
 Physician Participation in Urgent Investigative Actions: Emphasizes the importance of practical skills, such as examining a corpse at the scene. Article 238 of the Criminal Procedure Code permits pediatricians to participate in urgent investigative actions. This includes instructing students on organizational and legal aspects, as well as theoretical and practical principles of examining a corpse at the scene.
 Accurate Documentation of Physical Injuries: Stresses the essential skill of accurately describing physical injuries on a child's body. Acknowledges the role of pediatricians in initial injury documentation, considering the potential involvement in criminal investigations.
 Accuracy and Completeness of Medical Documentation: Underscores the critical nature of accurate and complete medical documentation, serving as evidence in criminal proceedings. The article discusses potential legal consequences for physicians due to improper maintenance.
 Recording Sexual Offenses Against Children: Introduces an elective course focusing on preventing sexual offenses against children and domestic violence. Aims to form theoretical and practical competencies in students, adhering to the "Istanbul Protocol" and emphasizing the role of pediatricians in recognizing and responding to sexual violence against children.
 
 Therefore, educating pediatric students on how to act in such cases, how to work with patients without compromising the evidence base, and simultaneously providing timely medical assistance becomes paramount. This ensures the preparation of a highly qualified specialist in pediatrics whose competencies align with their professional qualification characteristics.
 Conclusion.
 
 Harmonizing domestic legislation with EU norms and standards as part of Ukraine's integration into the EU creates priority directions in teaching the discipline "Forensic Medicine and Medical Law."
 Insufficient awareness among pediatric students and a casual attitude towards the consequences of unprofessional actions or inaction in future professional activities contribute to a lack of motivation for studying "Forensic Medicine and Medical Law."
 Teaching forensic medicine is a crucial part of pediatric training. By providing students with the knowledge and skills necessary to recognize and respond to cases of violence against children, we can help protect children and ensure they receive the necessary assistance.

MODERN TRENDS IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL INVENTORY

13485 Medical Device Quality Management System, specially designed for businesses operating in any area of the medical device manufacturing sector, helps identify and meet customer requirements, based on the problems in this sector. ISO 13485, which refers to the international standard, allows companies to have a corporate function, more flexible and useful services. At the same time, it is important for all companies in the medical equipment sector to integrate and implement this standard in order to act in accordance with the current legal regulations, to ensure quality products and services, to create customer satisfaction and to comply with all the EU norms. The Medical Device Directive defines the basic requirements for medical devices and equipment and defines the design, manufacture, placing on the market and supervision of these devices and their equipment, Keywords: Medical standards, consumer satisfaction, Device operation, system certification.

The process of implementation of the EU acquis in the national legislation of Ukraine

The article summarizes the process of implementing the EU acquis into the national legislation of Ukraine, as well as the obligations undertaken within the framework of the Association Agreement. Thus, as part of the negotiation process, Ukraine's commitments are grouped into six clusters, which in turn contain 34 chapters. It was found that 80 state authorities assessed the approximation of Ukrainian legislation to EU legislation (self-screening) within six months. According to the results of the inspection, several EU acts do not require implementation into Ukrainian legislation, some acts are subject to further full or partial incorporation, and some of the acts have already been fully implemented into Ukrainian legislation. It was also analysed that the largest number of EU acquis acts, which Ukraine has already fully incorporated into its legislation, relate to the sections «Customs Union», «Statistics», «External Relations», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy» and «Protection of Consumer Rights and Health Care». However, under such sections as «Transport Policy», «Food Safety, Veterinary and Phytosanitary Policy», «Freedom of Movement of Goods», «Freedom of Entrepreneurship and Provision of Services» there is still work to be done in terms of the implementation of EU norms in the internal legislation of Ukraine. In addition, the article also defines the state of implementation of the EU acquis in Ukraine. In addition, the activities of government bodies during 2023 in the process of implementing EU legislation were also analysed. It was found that Ukraine also fulfilled all seven recommendations of the European Commission, which it received during the granting of candidate status. It was also determined that Ukraine, on its way to European integration, continues to fulfill its obligations under the Association Agreement. During the period from 2015 to 2022, Ukraine fulfilled 72% of its obligations.

Ecosystem approaches in the practice of national enforcement

The article is devoted to current problems of ecology and enforcement. Ukraine is not a member of the EU, which makes it impossible to directly apply EU norms in national enforcement practice. However, having been ratified the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part is a full-fledged part of the national legal order, which outlines a range of key issues, in particular, the standards that appear before national legislation as a challenge to cooperation on environmental protection issues, and adaptation to EU legislation. The agreement envisages the strengthening of environmental protection activities through the improvement of the health care system, the preservation of natural resources, the improvement of economic and environmental protection efficiency, the integration of environmental policy into other areas of state policy, as well as the increase of the level of production thanks to modern technologies, which will have positive consequences for citizens and enterprises in Ukraine and the EU. As well as the issue of harmonization of legislation on environmental protection, including the implementation of the UNECE Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention), which provides for the involvement of the public in the decision-making process on environmental issues and guarantees access to justice for person and public organizations when environmental legislation and/or provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights are violate.
 The need to analyze domestic judicial practice on environmental legal relations in various jurisdictions is extremely urgent. The application of international ratified documents, in particular the Aarhus Convention, is precisely the source of law that, firstly, opens wide public access to appeal procedures; secondly, it is the legal basis for resolving disputes about compensation for damage to the environment; thirdly, it makes impossible the limited interpretation of the current national legislation of Ukraine, regarding the right to appeal to the court for the protection of an interest protected by law in the sphere of guaranteeing environmental safety; fourthly, guarantees the right to appeal to the court of an unlimited number of persons (can be exercised by citizens personally or jointly through the association of citizens), and the resolution of disputed environmental-legal relations, i.e. those are public; fifth, guarantees the subject of the law access to the court without discrimination based on his actual location or actual center of activity; sixth, it affects the formation of established legal practice in environmental disputes.

The Institutionalisation of Security Norms in the Context of Cyber Alignments: The Transatlantic Alignment in the Cyber Domain

Realists argue that security alliances are established to confront military threats posed by one state to others. In contrast, this study argues that nonmilitary cyberthreats have become a factor in establishing new security arrangements that do not necessarily take the form of an alliance, but rather emerge in the form of alignments. Cyberthreats lie in the political, economic, societal and military repercussions caused by the employment of cyber technologies, not these technologies themselves. Therefore, alignments are not automatic reflections of cyber capabilities, but depend on common perceptions and meanings that identify a certain behaviour as a security threat. The transatlantic alignment in the cyber domain, having been produced by common EU and US cyber norms, represents this type of security alignment. These norms have constructed common meanings and perceptions of cyberthreat patterns, which are primarily embodied in Chinese and Russian policies and behaviour in the cyber domain, involving a set of alternative and competing norms to those adopted by the former two, and through which China and Russia seek to alter the structure of the prevailing international order.

When the power of realpolitik overcomes the power of norms - EU enlargement at a dead end

Drawing on the positive experience of the 1993 Copenhagen accession conditions on the post-communist democratization of countries in East Central and Baltic Europe, Ian Manners defined ?Normative Power Europe? (NPE) as the EU?s ability to spread its international influence by relying on the power of its norms, rather than the political power of its member states. the author argues that, since the onset of enlargement fatigue in the mid-2000s, the relevance of the EU?s normative power has faded, and realpolitik has once again become the determining factor in its foreign policy. Without clear prospects for EU accession, numerous initiatives to resolve key stability and security issues in the Western Balkans (WB) have produced mixed or no results. the author concludes that the sudden ?expansion? of the enlargement process, after Russia?s invasion of Ukraine, to countries lagging behind the WB candidates in meeting EU norms and standards has further undermined NPE and emphasized the importance of the EU?s (weak) political power and realpolitik in relations with these countries. Such an approach is unlikely to secure regional stability, effectively promote peace and democracy, or provide a clear EU membership perspective.

POLITICAL CULTURE LEGACY HINDERING EUROPEANIZATION EFFORTS IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

In recent years, the democratization efforts required for EU integration have been challenged by authoritarian regimes' persistence across some Southeast European countries. This study focuses on Albania as a case study, examining the endurance of political and administrative cultural legacies within its public institutions. Despite numerous reforms aimed at EU integration and democratization processes, institutional transformation remains impeded by outdated behavioural attitudes, concepts, and mindsets. The efficacy of democracy is intrinsically linked to the adherence to fundamental principles within the realm of Public Administration, encompassing key values such as meritocracy, impartiality, professionalism, and a steadfast commitment to public service. Moreover, a resilient judiciary is pivotal in upholding integrity by acting as a bulwark against malfeasance and procedural impropriety. Additionally, the autonomy of the media and the empowerment of civil society are indispensable requisites for sustaining a robust democratic framework. Collectively, these elements serve as the bedrock for establishing and perpetuating a well-functioning democratic system. Various scholars highlight that political culture can impact the implementation of good governance practices, values, and behavioural methods. This research delves into the challenges Albania, an early-stage EU aspirant, encounters over three decades as it endeavours to adopt EU norms during the transformation of public institutions. The study considers the influence of internal hindrances, including political memory and past legacies, on the reform process and the Europeanization of Public Administration. By analysing these factors, the research aims to gain insights into the negative internal dynamics and provide recommendations for fostering a democratic political culture that strengthens institutions through effective reforms.

The Possible Impact of Urgenda and the Klimabeschluss on Climate Litigation on the Example of the Petition Pending Before the Hungarian Constitutional Court

Abstract While there is scientific consensus on the causes and consequences of climate change, also reflected in international agreements and EU norms obliging states to reduce GHG emissions, domestic legislation has been slow or imperfect in implementing reduction duties. Although climate litigation is not a new phenomenon, a specific strand of climate litigation is now gaining impetus owing to the success garnered in Urgenda and the Klimabeschluss: litigation focusing on states’ omitting to lawfully regulate emission targets. This paper presents the context of novel climate litigation in the face of Russian aggression and the ensuing disincentives to promote ambitious reduction goals, proceeding to describe the arguments and findings in the two landmark cases and their effects on future climate litigation as seen in the example of the climate petition pending before the Hungarian Constitutional Court.

Analysis of the Ukrainian legislation on labour protection adaptation to the European Union acts

The decision of the European Council dated 23 June 2022 to grant Ukraine the status of an EU candidate became a significant incentive for reforms in the country. Reforming labour protection legislation is one of the most urgent tasks for the successful completion of Ukraine’s European integration and for the development of the country’s economy.
 The purpose of the article is to study the state of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation in the field of labour protection, in particular, occupational safety and health as well as employees’ health protection, to the legislation of the European Union. To achieve this goal, the general scientific and special scientific methods were used, in particular, dialectical, formal and logical, and comparative legal methods.
 The state of implementation of the provisions of the main European directives relating to occupational health and safety in the workplace into Ukrainian legislation is analysed. It has been established that by the beginning of 2023, the provisions of the analysed directives have been implemented only partially, since a significant part of the provisions has not been implemented into Ukrainian labour protection legislation.
 On the basis of the study, there have been identified factors that negatively affect the implementation process. Recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the implementation of EU acts into Ukrainian legislation have been proposed. The adoption of the necessary regulatory legal acts in the field of labour protection to harmonise Ukrainian legislation with the European one has been substantiated.
 The process of Ukrainian legislation adaptation to EU norms requires coordinated cooperation between all branches of government for effective work and successful implementation of their rule-making and law enforcement powers in practice. The main focus of the ongoing process of Ukraine's legislative approximation with the EU should not be on the implementation of individual directives, but on the transfer of the overall architecture of EU legislation on health and safety, starting with the alignment with Framework Directive № 89/391/ЄЕС. In order to create a national state legal system that complies with EU norms, it is necessary to simultaneously adapt existing laws and adopt new legislative acts that comply with the European legal framework.