European Vector Research Articles

УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ РОЗВИТКОМ ЗАЛІЗНИЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ УКРАЇНИ У ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНОМУ ВЕКТОРІ

The article, the substantiation, deepening and development of scientific and methodological and practical recommendations for improving the mechanism of state governance for the development of the railway industry in the conditions of structural reform of rail transport in providing the European integration vector for the formation of a competitive environment. the approach to implementation of the mechanism of state management of the development of the railway industry of Ukraine with the definition of the main, generalized by the author, goals, methods and results of implementation for increasing competitiveness ozhnosti railway industry in terms of European integration processes.The scientific and methodical approach to the reform of the railway industry of Ukraine on the basis of generalization of strategic directions of the reformation of the railway transport of Ukraine in accordance with the norms of the European Union (the formation of a vertically integrated system of economic management of rail transport, the introduction of state support for passenger transport and liquidation of their financing at the expense of revenues from other activities of railways , improvement of work of technical, border and port railway stations, has been improved the system of evaluation of economic activity in the field of railway transport, improvement of the nomenclature of expenses for economic activity in the field of railway transport, improvement of the process of management of transportation with the use of the latest information technologies, bringing railway transport standards in line with the requirements of the EU) for the effective realization of the directions of public administration of this branch and acceleration Integration of the railway industry of Ukraine.

ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНА ПОЛІТИКА УКРАЇНИ У ВІДОБРАЖЕННІ ПОЛЬСЬКИХ ПРОВІДНИХ ВИДАНЬ (2005–2006)

У статті за матеріалами провідних видань Польщі висвітлено тенденції, особливості євроінтеграційної політики України 2005–2006 рр. Проаналізовано основні напрями реалізації євроінтеграційного курсу України. Визначено позиції польських провідних видань щодо проблем євроінтеграції України. Розглянуто підсумки роботи дев’ятого і десятого самітів Україна – ЄС. На основі аналізу публікацій польських провідних видань з’ясовано, що у контексті геополітичних реалій зовнішньополітична діяльність України протягом 2005–2006 рр. була спрямована на практичну реалізацію стратегічного зовнішньополітичного пріоритету – інтегрування до ЄС. З’ясовано позиції ЄС щодо європейської перспективи України. Для визначення характерних рис європейської політики України та з’ясування процесу формування медійної складової політичної проблематики співпраці Україна – ЄС використовувався історико-описовий метод. Системний метод у поєднанні з проблемно-хронологічним дозволив проаналізувати європейський вектор зовнішньої політики України як комплексний процес.

Strategic Interests of Romania in the Black Sea Region: Energy Security Aspects

The article substantiates the idea of Romania's key role in the Black Sea region from the standpoint of EU energy security. It is proved, first of all, by the Romanian promotion of the EU energy policy on its eastern borders. The National Defense Strategy of Romania for the period 2015–2019 and the Romanian Energy Strategy for the period 2016–2030 are aimed at this and fully correspond to the European energy vector. At the same time, the energy policy of the EU meets the strategic interests of Romania itself. The article is dedicated to the role of Romania in the future EU Energy Union. In the first area of activity — "Energy security, solidarity and trust" — this country has a central role. At the core of the EU energy security lies primarily the diversification of energy sources, which is assumed to be implemented through the development of the Southern Gas Corridor, that can provide the access to the Caspian resources. This fact underscores the importance of the Black Sea region and in particular of Romania, regarded as the vehicle of this initiative. The article also describes the main energy projects of Romania, as well as their importance for the entire European Union. Four strategic directions have been officially announced: the Bulgaria-Romania-Hungary-Austria gas transport corridor (BRUA), the connection to the national energy system of neighboring countries (the most important in this respect is the project of connecting the Republic of Moldova to the EU energy system through Romania), AGRI (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Romania Interconnector), as well as projects aimed at creating and developing new natural gas storage facilities. The strategic interests of Romania are very closely intertwined with the aspects of energy security and, mostly, are formed on their basis. In addition to an advantageous geopolitical position, Romania has its own oil and gas deposits, which makes it less dependent on Russian energy imports. Therefore, the Romanian authorities, together with the national energy companies, make every effort to develop the national oil and gas sector, because this can significantly contribute to the promotion of Romania's interests in the Black Sea region.

Increased Relative Risk of Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Warmer Weather.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a serious acute neuroinfection of humans caused by a tick-borne flavivirus. The disease is typically seasonal, linked to the host-seeking activity of Ixodes ricinus (predominantly nymphs), the principal European tick vector species. To address the need for accurate risk predictions of contracting TBE, data on 4,044 TBE cases reported in the Czech Republic during 2001–2006 were compared with questing activity of I. ricinus nymphs monitored weekly at a defined location for the same 6-year period. A time shift of 21 days between infected tick bite and recorded disease onset provided the optimal model for comparing the number of cases of TBE with numbers of questing nymphs. Mean annual distribution of TBE cases and tick counts showed a similar bimodal distribution. Significantly, the ratio of TBE cases to questing nymphs was highest in the summer-autumn period even though the number of questing nymphs peaked in the spring-summer period. However, this pattern changed during a period of extreme meteorological events of flooding and abnormally high temperatures, indicating that changes in climate affect the incidence of TBE. Previous studies failed to link human behavior with changes in incidence of TBE but showed extrinsic temperature impacts arbovirus replication. Hence, we hypothesize the apparent discrepancy between peak nymphal tick activity and greatest risk of contracting TBE is due to the effect of temperature on virus replication in the tick vector. Relative proportions of questing nymphs and the numbers of weeks in which they were found were greater in summer-autumn compared with spring-summer at near-ground temperatures >5°C and at standard day and weekly average temperatures of >15°C. Thus, during the summer-autumn period, the virus dose in infected tick bites is likely greater owing to increased virus replication at higher microclimatic temperatures, consequently increasing the relative risk of contracting TBE per summer-autumn tick bite. The data support the use of weather-based forecasts of tick attack risk (based on daytime ambient temperature) supplemented with weekly average temperature (as a proxy for virus replication) to provide much-needed real-time forecasts of TBE risk.

Провідні принципи розвитку сучасної вищої освіти України в контексті євроінтеграції

The reform of education in Ukraine, which began after the proclamation of independence, is due to three reasons: significant socio-economic transformations in the country, a change in the vectors in the country's political, social and economic development; the spread of globalization of them and integration processes in the world, the rapid development of information and communication technologies. Having chosen the European vector of development, Ukraine, after a short historical period from the proclamation of independence, joined the Bologna process, which also caused not only significant changes in the content and organization of higher education, but also affected all other levels of education. It is determined that the urgent need for modernization shifts in higher education requires a conceptual improvement of the education system and professional training of specialists in the following areas: 1) the formation of attitudes towards man as the goal of social progress, not means; 2) focus on the activation of human capital in higher education and vocational training, based on the concept of harmonious development of man; 3) reforming the system of higher education and vocational training are strategic to ensure the quality of specialists; 4) development in the process of training a specialist of deep professional competence and social responsibility in solving problems of scientific and technological progress, social and cultural development. At the same time, Ukraine's transition to the European integration path of development is especially important. For the successful implementation of the modernization of the educational sphere, the importance of legal regulation of this sphere is becoming an effective tool for the development of domestic education. Participation of the domestic system of higher education in the European integration reforms should be directed only at its development, the acquisition of new quality attributes, and this is possible only through the modernization of the regulatory and legal framework of the national education and the creation of a program for its progressive rapprochement with the European educational and scientific space.

Інформаційна безпека України: загрози, зумовлені цивілізаційним вибором європейських цінностей

The aim of the paper is to present the General state of information security in Ukraine and the attempt to understand the further possibilities of its development in conditions of European integration processes. Methodological basis of research are General scientific methods of research of information processes in modern society, which is based on the principles of system and structurally functional analysis using modeling methods that identify the state of information of the stability of society and the state. Information security for many countries in modern conditions, especially in integration processes and relations between them, due to several objective factors. A constant source of information threats is rooted in the unsettled international relations, international competition and the clash of national interests in militancy Nations, the differences of the vital goals and interests of the state. It is proved that the protection of state interests in the information sphere on the way to the European community provides for the implementation of a number of humanitarian, economic and military-technical nature, especially in the face of opposition to the European vector from extremely unfriendly to this process States. For a successful European integration process, it is necessary not only to adopt a more effective model of public policy, but also to put into practice social and cultural life is fundamentally new, integrated approaches to information security of individuals, society and the state, which, in turn, will contribute to the creation of a reliable soil information for the implementation of the European vector of Ukraine’s development. One of the important tasks of society and state is to develop and implement strategies for cultural development, the essence of which is to minimize destructive impacts on the society of the multidimensional communication space and create the conditions for the implementation of national and regional programmes to protect from humanitarian disasters.

Антикорупційні ініціативи болгарського громадянського суспільства: оцінка впливу на системну корупцію.

The article studies the participation of Bulgarian civil society in corruption counteraction on the national levels. It determines the extent of the “capture” of the state by corruption and underlies the systemic character of corruption in this country despite over a decade of EU membership. It is emphasized that the modern corruption practices in Bulgaria originated in the late 1980s and early 1990s: the overthrow of the communist regime and transition to market economy caused the emergence of informal groups of the former communist nomenklatura. It is noted that these groups still control the decision-making processes in the country by their activities in the “shadow zone” of politics, economy, and justice. Corruption significantly reduces the effect of the EU financial assistance and is an obstacle to Bulgaria’s accession to the Schengen Area. The author notes that corruption counteraction has been included in the agenda of public policy only since the formation of I. Kostov’s democratic government in 1997. The final decision concerning the European integration vector in Bulgaria’s development led to the government and civil society cooperation in defining the national anti-corruption policy. The analysis of the pace of reforms in Bulgaria made it possible to conclude that this country has fallen into a post-communist trap, being in the “grey zone” between socialism and capitalism: de facto, several families form the Bulgarian politics; the media owners usually have close ties with the political elite, leading to lack of quality investigative journalism and to pronounced self-censorship of journalists; none of the Bulgarian ex-government officials have been convicted of corruption crimes. What makes Bulgaria significantly different from the other Central and Eastern European countries (especially Romania and Slovakia) is that the protest actions are not strong enough to force the authorities to take them into account. The largest surge in anti-corruption protests (three “waves”) was noted in 2013: 1) protests of socio-economic nature, complemented by anti-corruption demands (January – February); 2) protests against corruption and oligarchic political system (June – July); 3) student anti-corruption protests (November). The author emphasizes that currently the Bulgarian civil society remains relatively weak in its anti-corruption activities. The main obstacles to the effective work of the non-governmental sector include a rather limited participation of the NGOs in the public and political life, lack of solidarity etc.

Impact of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of bluetongue in Europe

Climate changes may have significant impact on animal health, including changes in the distribution and seasonality of vector-borne diseases. Arboviruses, such as bluetongue virus (BTV), are particularly susceptible to climate change because of their small size and their ability to adapt to variations in the temperature of the environment. Climate also has long-term indirect effects on the transmission of BT via its effects on the distribution and availability of suitable habitats. Changes in BT incidence in Europe have been matched by spatio-temporal changes in regional climates, including the specific climatic drivers of BTV infection. The climate changes are responsible for the occurrence and distribution of BT through their impact on the viral vectors. Changes in climate, i.e. temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, etc., can influence various aspects of the Culicoides vectors’ life cycle, including survival, population numbers, vector-pathogen interactions, pathogen replication, vector behaviour and, of course, its distribution. Different species of Culicoides have different environmental tolerances, and the optimal temperature and humidity levels for populations of Afro-Asiatic species, such as C. imicola, are different from those for Palearctic species, such as the C. obsoletus and C. pulicaris groups. However, the biotic processes of changing vector roles and distribution have been as important as the climatic process in driving the invasion of Europe by multiple BTV strains. The enhanced transmission of BTV by indigenous European vectors has been instrumental in the spread and persistence of infection in cooler and wetter areas of different regions of Europe after the invasion. The vectorial capacity of Culicoides is dynamic and climate-mediated, making it difficult to state unequivocally that particular species cannot or will not be involved in transmission – even of strains that enter Europe unexpectedly from geographically remote regions. .

Bio-Algorithmic Workflows for Standardized Synthetic Biology Constructs.

A synthetic biology workflow covers the roadmap from conceptualization of a genetic device to its construction and measurement. It is composed of databases that provide DNA parts/plasmids, wet-lab methods , software tools to design circuits, simulation packages , and tools to analyze circuit performance. The interdisciplinary nature of such a workflow requires that experimental results and their in-silico counterparts proceed alongside, with constant feedback between them. We present an end-to-end use case for engineering a simple synthetic device, where information standards maintain coherence throughout the workflow. These are the Standard European Vector Architecture (SEVA), the Synthetic Biology Open Language (SBOL), and the Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML).

ОСВІТНІ СТРАТЕГІЇ В ПРОСТОРІ ТВОРЕННЯ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІДЕНТИЧНОСТІ: ВІД ТОТАЛІТАРНОЇ КОНФЛІКТНОСТІ ДО ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКОГО ДІАЛОГУ

The article studies the problem of forming Ukrainian national identity of the Ukrainian citizens, which becomes crucial in the modern Ukrainian studies discourse, especially during the opposition to the hybrid war initiated by Russia against Ukraine. The formation of a national identity is a decisive socio-cultural trend not only for Ukraine, but for the whole of the modern world. The urgency and importance of this problem is expressed in the fact that for some societies, the crisis of national identity has become such forms and scales that overcoming it means not only the choice of an adequate strategy for development, but also becomes a problem of survival. The attention is drawn to the fact that since the establishment of the new Ukrainian state in 1991, Ukrainians haven’t managed to overcome Russian identity with its “friendship of nations” and great Russian culture. The majority of citizens in the new country have preserved the distorted understanding of their own history and state traditions, related to the historical myths and a pantheon of historical heroes and traitors. It is determined that our state must construct its own policy of shaping Ukrainian national identity, which must be implemented in the system of education and upbringing of the younger generation. This context requires giving credence to the researchers’ opinion about the priority of education as the key factor for shaping modern Ukrainian national identity, which serves as the base for the national development, national security, and consolidation of the Ukrainian society. It is with education that modern scholars associate the implementation of the state policy of preserving the united socio-cultural space of Ukraine, the formation of a value system, genuine citizenship and patriotism, the formation of a consolidation of society and Ukrainian national identity. Today, the Ukrainian education is undertaking a journey from de-ideologization and humanization to the national focus on the European vector of transformations. Special attention is paid to the educational strategies: National Education Development Strategy for 2012–2021, Strategy of National and Patriotic Education of Children and Youth for 2016–2020, «Ukraine 2020» Sustainable Development Strategy, etc.

EUROPEAN VECTOR OF THE POLICY OF RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH: THE FEATURES OF THE FORMATION IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD

With the raising of the security dangers in Europe and the challenges of the migration the problem of the saving of the Christian identity of the continent was recognized as more actual and sharp. As well as the problem of the discrimination of Christians in the Middle East. Russian Orthodoxy suggested its own response on the global challenges. The Author analyzed the role of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the effectiveness of the using of the potential of the ROC in the foreign policy of Russia. In the article was used the methods of the historical and sociological analysis of the public declarations and actions of the representatives of the ROC and the state officials. The author pointed that the Russian Church step by step in its foreign policy proceeded from the nationalistic ant western rhetoric to the European vector of its policy where the significant role began to play the super national interests of the Russian Church and the rights and freedoms of the religious associations in a secular society.

Standardized Cloning and Curing of Plasmids.

Plasmids are highly useful tools for studying living cells and for heterologous expression of genes and pathways in cell factories. Standardized tools and operating procedures for handling such DNA vectors are core principles in synthetic biology. Here, we describe protocols for molecular cloning and exchange of genetic parts in the Standard European Vectors Architecture (SEVA) vector system. Additionally, to facilitate rapid testing and iterative bioengineering using different vector designs, we provide a one-step protocol for a universal CRISPR-Cas9-based plasmid curing system (pFREE) and demonstrate the application of this system to cure SEVA constructs (all vectors are available at SEVA/Addgene).

Expanding the toolbox for Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: validation of replicative vectors and characterization of a novel set of promoters.

Cyanobacteria are promising ‘low-cost’ cell factories since they have minimal nutritional requirements, high metabolic plasticity and can use sunlight and CO2 as energy and carbon sources. The unicellular Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, already considered the ‘green’ Escherichia coli, is the best studied cyanobacterium but to be used as an efficient and robust photoautotrophic chassis it requires a customized and well-characterized toolbox. In this context, we evaluated the possibility of using three self-replicative vectors from the Standard European Vector Architecture (SEVA) repository to transform Synechocystis. Our results demonstrated that the presence of the plasmid does not lead to an evident phenotype or hindered Synechocystis growth, being the vast majority of the cells able to retain the replicative plasmid even in the absence of selective pressure. In addition, a set of heterologous and redesigned promoters were characterized exhibiting a wide range of activities compared to the reference PrnpB, three of which could be efficiently repressed. As a proof-of-concept, from the expanded toolbox, one promoter was selected and assembled with the ggpS gene [encoding one of the proteins involved in the synthesis of the native compatible solute glucosylglycerol (GG)] and the synthetic device was introduced into Synechocystis using one of the SEVA plasmids. The presence of this device restored the production of the GG in a ggpS deficient mutant validating the functionality of the tools/device developed in this study.

Bacillus SEVA siblings: A Golden Gate-based toolbox to create personalized integrative vectors for Bacillus subtilis

Bacillus subtilis combines natural competence for genetic transformation with highly efficient homologous recombination. These features allow using vectors that integrate into the genome via double homologous recombination. So far, their utilization is restricted by the fixed combination of resistance markers and integration loci, as well as species- or strain-specific regions of homology. To overcome these limitations, we developed a toolbox for the creation of personalized Bacillus vectors in a standardized manner with a focus on fast and easy adaptation of the sequences specifying the integration loci. We based our vector toolkit on the Standard European Vector Architecture (SEVA) to allow the usage of their vector parts. The Bacillus SEVA siblings are assembled via efficient one-pot Golden Gate reactions from four entry parts with the choice of four different enzymes. The toolbox contains seven Bacillus resistance markers, two Escherichia coli origins of replication, and a free choice of integration loci. Vectors can be customized with a cargo, before or after vector assembly, and could be used in different B. subtilis strains and potentially beyond. Our adaptation of the SEVA-standard provides a powerful and standardized toolkit for the convenient creation of personalized Bacillus vectors.

НАПРЯМИ РОЗВИТКУ СИСТЕМИ МЕДИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ В УКРАЇНІ: ПОГЛЯД У МАЙБУТНЄ

Метою даної роботи є концептуальне обґрунтування моделі підготовки медичних кадрів в Україні. Робота побудована на статистичних даних МОЗ України із застосуванням методів концептуального узагальнення та соціального моделювання.Визначено проблеми підготовки медичних кадрів, що існують у всьому світі і в Україні, наприклад: невідповідності між компетенціями, потребами і фінансами; географічні і професійні дисбаланси медиків на ринку праці; гендерна стратифікація по спеціальностях; кадрове домінування стаціонарної допомоги над первинною; професійний сепаратизм із великою кількістю спеціальностей тощо.Запропоновано низку концептуальних першочергових заходів, які стосуються змін у законодавстві та направлені на: улагодження взаємовідносин між ВНЗ та практичними закладами охорони здоров’я; введення ліцензування медичної практики; удосконалення системи кількісної оцінки безперервного професійного розвитку; введення резидентури; якісної підготовки управлінців та фахівців за спеціальністю “Громадське здоров’я”; оптимізації спеціальностей та підготовки лікарів в інтернатурі тощо.Соціальними наслідками втілення концептуальних складових моделі підготовки медичних кадрів в Україні прогнозується не тільки значне підвищення якості підготовки професійних медичних кадрів, а й забезпечення європейського вектора розвитку держави. Робота є оригінальною.

Включеність малих агровиробників у систему державної підтримки

The Common Agricultural Policy of European Union (CAP EU) is the most modern model of agrarian policy, that provides equal competitive capacities for the development of each agriproducer and rural areas. Taking into account the European vector of Ukraine' development, this investigation aims to analyze the European support system in terms of the promotion of small argiproducers, which can help to offer some recommendations for the improvement of Ukrainian agrarian policy. Analysis of CAP EU indicates that measures of rural development pillar are more favorable for small farm development than market support programs. But the inclusion of small farms and, in particular, semi-subsistence farms into the rural development programs is lower than that of the larger commercial enterprises. And access limitation to the support program for small farms depends both on the direct factors (minimal access levels) and on the indirect ones (entrepreneur and personal skills, education level, information availability etc.). Practical experience of CEE countries confirms that participation of small farms in the non-oriented rural development programs is very low (less than 0.5 percent of total). In this case it is more efficient to use the target programs, like the Measure 141 Semi-subsistence farm implemented specially for the CEE countries. Each CEE country adapted the European regulation with regard to their agriculture structure. This helped to identify a well-defined target group of the most viable beneficiary farms. The most successful case study among the investigated CEE countries is the Polish one due to the favorable institutional environment (including fiscal policy for small agriproducers) and the active work of the local advisory services. Specialists mention the insufficiency of a solely financial support for modernization of small farms. The development of these agriproducers requires a parallel solution of one more problem, namely the expansion of their outlets. We estimated the number of potential applicants in the case of implementing a similar program in Ukraine using different scenarios of access criteria. In determining the amount of support, one should consider not only the need to expand financing of current production costs, but primarily the need to raise capital investment in the farms' fixed assets. Since it has been established that the possibilities of increasing agrarian output and the level of commercialization of semi-subsistence farms in Ukraine are related to the development of livestock production, much attention should be paid to the expansion of the trade channels and, above all, their inclusion into the agri-food chains (short and long ones). In this case, it is necessary to use all the opportunities arising in the context of strengthening connection and communication between towns and villages, as well as increasing the mobility and accessibility of remote areas.

European standards for the rights of children to mental health

The right of a person to mental health should be considered in the context of the legal status of certain groups of persons (women, children, migrants, refugees, etc.). For the purposes of this article, we will consider the right of children to mental health. The choice of this category of persons is due, in particular, to the steady increase in the number of nervous, unbalanced, hyperactive children with mental disorders, both in Ukraine and in the world as a whole. The future mental health of the nation depends on the extent to which the growing person will be provided with conditions that would guarantee mental health, optimal physical, spiritual and social well-being. Proceeding from the general principles of the European vector of development of the state, the formation of an institution for the social protection of children and the implementation of European standards of children's right to mental health in order to create favorable conditions for the formation of future generations is the most important task for Ukraine.

The Evolution of The Republic of Moldova State in The Context of The European Integration Vector

The Evolution of The Republic of Moldova State in The Context of The European Integration Vector

EUROPEAN VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSURANCE COMPANIES INVESTMENT ACTIVITY

UDC 368
 
 Viktor Smoliak, PhD, Associate Professor. Kharkiv National Simon Kuznets University of Economics. European vector of development of the insurance companies investment activity. The article investigates Ukrainian insurance market problems and peculiarities of the insurance companies investment activity. The author defined the differences between Ukrainian insurance companies investment activity and European insurance companies investment activity. There are justified the main directions of development of Ukrainian insurance market in the article.
 
 Keywords: insurance, insurance company, investment activity, insurance market, development of insurance.

Phylogeography of Monochamus galloprovincialis, the European vector of the pinewood nematode

We reconstructed the phylogeography of European populations of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae), the European vector of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. This study investigated the Quaternary history of M. galloprovincialis and tested whether environmental parameters and/or host tree species influenced the genetic structure of M. galloprovincialis populations. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci and a Bayesian analysis were applied to 1098 individuals of M. galloprovincialis from 45 European locations. The continental populations formed five main genetic clusters, typical of postglacial recolonization routes observed for temperate biota associated with pine trees. The distribution of clusters formed boundaries along mountain ranges, indicating a potential role of elevation as a large-scale barrier to dispersal for this species. The correlation between environmental parameters and the distribution of genetic clusters of M. galloprovincialis was investigated using a partial redundancy analysis and showed an effect of precipitation rather than host tree species. From an applied perspective, these results suggest that climatic conditions and elevation may constitute barriers to the dispersal of M. galloprovincialis and the associated PWN.