European Union Standards Research Articles

Управління мисливським господарством України на сільськогосподарських землях: еколого-правові обструкції

Intensive anthropogenic transformations of European territories during the last century caused a significant depletion of the indigenous fauna and led to the formation of its new agglomerations by a modern type. Actually in our country the transition to high-tech processing methods and practice of monoculture agricultural production almost completely eliminated indigenous finely mosaic landscape, which significantly worsened the living conditions for the most wild life species. The analysis findings of environmental and legal instruments of effective game management ensuring on the cultivated lands of Ukraine confirmed their imperfection. In particular, the research has established that now it makes impossible the sustainable development of domestic hunting in the market economy conditions and requires the relevant government bodies to provide timely and appropriate normative response to current challenges in basic laws and regulations, providing branch functioning. It has been found out that current arable lands of Ukrainian lowlands through much of the year become destructive with a total dominance of winter fallows (on average more than 69.8 % of the areas), mixed with rare inclusions of winter crops and low-value, in the trophic sense, stubbles of late harvested tall-stalked crops (98%), mainly corn for grain and public initiatives aimed at environmental sustainability restoration. Therefore, in our opinion, the legally regulated allocation of a part of private shares lands (up to 3-5 %) for semi-natural buffer zones (protective and feeding areas) of multifunctional purpose remains almost the only one theoretically possible legal instrument of agricultural lands ecological capacity improvement. Due to the threatening plowing of Ukraine’s territory this proposal is rather harmoniously combined with a number of legislative and recreational attractiveness of domestic cultivated lands. Despite a significant number of mainly ineffective regulations of various levels on the legal support of game exploitation protection and economic, the Law of Ukraine «On game management and hunting» remains the main regulatory document in this area. This Law regulates the social, legal and economic foundations of game management, determines the process of relations between central and local governments, users of hunting lands, hunters and landowners, as well as liability for violation of the current legislation is determined. Modern agricultural lands of Ukraine are unsuitable for the successful existence of field game, considering the four main reasons: monoculture production declaration of crop growing on critically plowed large-contour territories; lack of a sufficient number of field boundaries, biograssplots with natural grass cover, which creates a feed shortage in the non-growing season, as well as from cereals maturity stage to winter sprouting of these crops; excessive predatory pressure of not properly regulated harmful species; low zoo-sozological, not regulated legislatively farming standards generally. In turn national legislation on public relations regulations in the areas of protection and special use of cultivated lands fauna, having been at the embryonic developmental stage for a long time, remains ineffective in solving a number of socio-environmental challenges of our time, therefore requires urgent improvement and adaptation to European Union standards. Future approaches to the development and application of environmental policy instruments, namely legislation, national-level programs, developmental plans of individual economy sectors etc. should provide for maximum complementarity and synergism of effective practical legal instruments of intersectorial level to achieve environmental and agricultural goals of the state.

Osage Orange, Honey Locust and Black Locust Seed Meal Adhesives Employed to Fabricate Composite Wood Panels

Seed meal of three trees common to the Midwest region of the USA (Honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., family Fabaceae), Osage orange (Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid., family Moraceae) and Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L., family Fabaceae) were tested for their adhesive abilities. Seed meals were employed at dosage levels of 10, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 100% reinforced with Paulownia elongata L. wood (PW) or Osage orange wood (OOW) chips to fabricate composite wood panels (CWPs). A comparison of the flexural properties of various tree seed meal CWPs reinforced with PW showed that their flexural properties met or exceeded European Union standards. However, their dimensional stability properties were inferior to nominal standards. Therefore, tree seed meal CWPs could probably have applications in interior environments where such CWPs accept negligible dimensional stability standards.

Europeanisation and Administrative Relations in Turkey in the Post-Helsinki Era

ABSTRACTAfter the Helsinki Summit of 1999, Turkey faced the impact of Europeanisation in the context of regional policy and structural funds. This impact challenged the long-established statist tradition of the Turkish administrative structure and led to the need for reforms in order to bring its regional policy in line with European Union (EU) standards. The polity effect of Europeanisation in Turkey in the post-Helsinki era has been a change in administrative relations between three different territorial tiers: supranational, national and subnational.

Erken Laktasyon Döneminde Erzincan İlinde Yetiştirilen Brown Swiss Irkı İneklerden Elde Edilen Sütlerin İstatistiki Kalite Kontrolü

Çalışmada, Brown Swiss ırkı ineklerden elde edilen sütlerin mikrobiyolojik kalite standartları ile mikrobiyolojik parametreler (somatik hücre sayısı ve toplam bakteri sayısı) arasındaki farklar araştırılmıştır. Erzincan ilinde yetiştirilen 15 adet Brown Swiss ırkı inek, hayvan materyali olarak kullanılmıştır. Erken laktasyon döneminin ilk ayının ikinci haftasında günlük süt örnekleri ineklerden toplanmıştır. Çalışmada, Brown Swiss ineklerin sütlerindeki mikrobiyolojik parametreler ile Avrupa Birliği ve Türk kalite standartları arasındaki farklar belirlenmiştir. İneklerin sütlerinde somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) ve toplam bakteri (TB) seviyeleri, Avrupa Birliği için bildirilen kalite standartları (en fazla 400.000 hücre/mL SCC, en fazla 100.000 adet/mL TB) ve Türk Standartları (en fazla 500.000 hücre/mL SCC; en fazla 100.000 adet/mL TB) ile tek örnek t testi kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Erzincan İli'nde yetiştirilen Brown Swiss ırkı ineklerden elde edilen SHS (46.570 hücre/mL) ve TB seviyeleri (48.066 adet/mL) AB ve Türk kalite standartlarına göre arzu edilen düzeylerdir. SHS ve TB sayısı süt ürünlerinin üretimi için önemlidir. Çünkü belirtilen mikrobiyolojik parametreler süt kalitesini ve arzu edilen lezzeti değiştirebilir. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre, Erzincan İli'nde yetiştirilen Brown Swiss ırkı ineklerden toplanan sütteki SHS ve TB sayıları, Avrupa Birliği ve Türk kalite standartları için uygun bulunmuştur.

Effect of CO2 on the generation of biomass and lipids by Monoraphidium contortum: A promising microalga for the production of biodiesel

In this work, the effect of different concentrations of CO2 (0.03, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) was evaluated on the generation of biomass, the productivity of lipids, the consumption of nitrate and phosphate, the lipid profile, and the quality of biodiesel obtained by Monoraphidium contortum. The maximum productivity of biomass (529.26 mg·L−1·d−1) and of lipids (37.52 mg·L−1·d−1) was obtained by M. contortum with 7.5% CO2. The lipids were transformed to biodiesel through a transesterification reaction; the major components of biodiesel obtained from M. contortum oil were oleic and palmitic acid. Fuel properties were estimated and found to be within the limits for biodiesel of the American Standard for Testing Materials (ASTM 6751:2006) and the European Union Standards (EN 14214:2008). The results obtained with M. contortum in this study justify its transformation into biodiesel of adequate quality.

Regional Policy Paper on the Biodiversity Information Management and Reporting in Southeast Europe

In the region of Southeast Europe (SEE) the obligation to establish and maintain information systems for nature conservation is scarcely mentioned in national legislation and is not adequately covered in legislative documents. Therefore, there is a great need for a more detailed regional policy paper that consists of a set of measures and a template of regulation. A set of measures was proposed and agreed upon among Biodiversity Information Management and Reporting (BIMR)* Regional Platform members and prepared in a way to be feasible, clear, resourceful and adjusted to the national circumstances, thus easier to implement. The regulation tackles all information system aspects in order to improve reporting processes towards the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, https://www.cbd.int/mechanisms) and other relevant conventions (e.g., exchange and provisioning of the data, access and usage rights, technical and functional requirements/standards, compliance with relevant international standards and European Union (EU) directives such as EU INSPIRE Directive (Infrastructure for spatial information in Europe, https://inspire.ec.europa.eu), Birds (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm) and Habitats Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm). Capacities and skills of BIMR Regional Platform partner institutions are utilized while other available policy and strategic documents are used for emphasizing BIMR priorities in BIMR policy paper. Stakeholders have an opportunity to express national data gaps and needs through a questionnaire where BIMR priorities are selected at the regional level and presented in a proposed set of measures and regulation. Consultative meetings of the BIMR Regional Platform are used for drafting and preparing the document in a form to be ready for endorsement. The BIMR policy paper will be delivered to the Biodiversity Taskforce (BD TF https://www.rcc.int/docs/443/biodiversity-task-force-of-south-east-europe--technical-and-advisory-body-of-the-regional-working-group-on-environment), an intergovernmental technical and advisory body of the Regional Working Group on Environment (RWGE), which coordinates regional activities, facilitates the implementation of the SEE 2020 Strategy (https://www.rcc.int/pages/86/south-east-europe-2020-strategy) and creates a framework for more efficient implementation of biodiversity policies in the framework of accession to the EU. As a final outcome, the BD TF will report on the BIMR policy paper to the RWGE for further endorsement. Main result: Cooperation between economies is strengthened and their willingness to implement EU standards and fulfill international obligations is fostered by improving the capacities and skills of partner institutions for an active regional exchange, including learning/knowledge transfer and practices. This regional paper enables amplification of BIMR issues in the national legislation by improving the decision-making processes of stakeholders in their own institutions and reporting progress towards international biodiversity agreements. BIMR Regional Platform is a consultative technical group which represents focal points from the Ministries of Environment, Environmental Protection Agencies and Institutes for Nature Conservation from SEE and Croatia. It facilitates consultant work at the national/regional level, communicates and disseminates information on BIMR activities in respective institutions and other biodiversity relevant sectors and initiatives, verifies and presents BIMR deliverables and mobilizes institutional, scientific and technical networks in support of BIMR activities.

Exhaust emission testing methods – BOSMAL’s legislative and development emission testing laboratories

The latest legislation regarding the reduction of harmful exhaust emissions, greenhouse gases and fuel consumption determines not only maximum permissible emissions factors, but also emissions testing methods and laboratory design and additionally leads to the development of new research methods. BOSMAL has risen to meet these challenges by investing in an updated, state-of-the-art emissions testing laboratory, housed within a climate chamber and in parallel investing in a completely new laboratory designed with incoming and future legislative requirements in mind. This paper presents BOSMAL’s improved M1/N1 vehicular emissions and fuel consumption laboratory in a climatic chamber and BOSMAL’s standard chamber for the testing of vehicles in accordance with European Union, US and Japanese standards. The specifications, capabilities and design features of the sampling, analysis and development research possi-bilities and climate simulation systems are presented and discussed in relation to the increasing drive for cleaner, light duty road vehi-cles (including hybrids and electric vehicles). The recently-renovated laboratory with extended standard temperature range and the laboratory with climatic chamber are described in the context of the newest European Union legislation on the emission in the range of Euro 6d testing requirements. The laboratories permit BOSMAL’s engineers to compete in the international automotive arena in the development of new, more ecologically friendly and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles.

FDA's Cheese and Cheese Products Compliance Program guideline criteria for non-toxigenic Escherichia coli: A retrospective analysis of impacts on domestic and imported cheeses

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) 2015 Domestic and Imported Cheese and Cheese Products Compliance Program Guidelines (CPG) (U.S. FDA, 2015) consider cheeses to be adulterated if non-toxigenic Escherichia coli levels of greater than 10 most probable number per gram (MPN/g) and less than 100 MPN/g are found in 3 or more of 5 subsamples. It is unclear if, or how, these standards impact food safety, and the extent to which these standards affect domestic and imported cheese commerce. We conducted a retrospective analysis of microbiological data from FDA's Domestic and Imported Cheese Compliance Program for cheese samples collected between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2006. Out of 3,007 cheese samples tested by the FDA for non-toxigenic E. coli, 76% (2,300) of samples contained E. coli levels that exceeded 10/g. Of these samples, 68% (2,047) exceeded 2009 regulatory guidelines of 100/g. In comparison, only 7.7% (232) of tested cheese samples exceeded European Union (EU) standards (<1,000 E. coli/g) and 170 (5.7%) of samples exceeded the 1998 CPG criteria (<10,000 E. coli/g). Mexican-style soft, semi-soft, and soft ripened cheeses were the cheese types most impacted by application of the 2015 non-toxigenic E. coli standards. At E. coli levels of 10/g and 100/g, there was no statistically significant association with the presence of Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella. However, associations between S. aureus levels of 10,000 cfu/g and presence of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were statistically significant, indicating that EU regulations targeting S. aureus as the pathogen of concern may be more appropriate for cheese safety assessment.

The role of the EU in reforming the civil security system in Ukraine

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the international participants’ influence on the Ukrainian civilian security sector reforming in 2014–2018 from the European Union example. The international and legal principles of the European Union Advisory Mission development and functioning aimed to reform the Ukrainian civilian security sector were analyzed in the framework of the Common Security and Defense Policy mission of the European Union. The main aspects of the civilian security sector reforming were framed by the way of strategic consultations and practical support measures taken according to the European Union standards and international principles of proper governing and respect for human rights; contribution while reforming the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, The Prosecutor General of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, forming The National Police of Ukraine and The Supreme Council of Justice and Service of Juridical Guard of Ukraine. It was investigated the practical side of the European Union Advisory Mission activity due to creation of laws, concept of reforms and strategies of development, conducting of trainings to fight against offences in financial system, respect for human rights, communication and open dialogue between law-enforcement officers and mass-media representatives, also financial support for law-enforcement agencies in Ukraine and organization of cooperation between Europol and Eurojust.It was analyzed the EU countries influence on the political decisions taken during security sector reforming, the coordination of the European Union Advisory Mission reforms between the Ukrainian and international partners.It were given the recommendations for the heads of law-enforcement agencies due to creation of training courses in compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights, the Ukrainian Cabinet of Ministers, the Verkhovna Rada, the President of Ukraine, Political and Security Committee within the EU for essential steps for efficiency increase and further work assignments of the international partners during the realization of the Ukrainian civilian security system reforming in 2019–2020.

Introduction: special issue on EU-induced policy change in Turkey’s environment and energy policy

ABSTRACTIn view of Turkey’s increasing distance from the European Union (EU), the continued partial alignment with EU standards is often attributed either to domestic factors, or to diffusion processes induced by external actors other than the EU. Against this background, in this special issue, we explore the extent to which reforms in Turkey’s environment and energy policy are (still) influenced by the EU. This introduction briefly reviews the Turkey related Europeanisation literature and previews the articles in this special issue.

ENERGY EFFICIENT USAGE OF NATURAL GAS CRITERIAS

The article suggests that Wobbe Index is one of the main criteria when determining quality of natural gas for natural gas Interchangeability from different sources ДСТУ ISO:13686:2016. For effective natural gas combustion the Wobbe Index Ws gas of should not differ form Ws of gas G20 by more than 2 percent. Especially in cases where equipment designed precisely to work with G20 gas. In that case it is necessary to adjust gas pressure or substitute machine design for different gas usage. Methane number that is corrected by Wobbe Index could be another criteria of quality of gas determination. Authors suggest minimal methane number of MN=65 defined by EN 16726:2015 is not sufficient. It is proven that even in case of higher combustion energy output for gas with Wobbe Index significantly lower of G20 gas test values the overall efficiency of using this gas in particular burner system is much lower. Flame flow for natural gas in streams M166 and M208 is closer to wrinkles due to chemical mixture of gas and natural gas in M1204 stream creates yellow tipping due to incomplete combustion, sulfur content similar to G21 test gas. With mediocre combustion energy output same burners consume more natural gas to provide same amount of energy. Natural gas from stream M404 has almost ideal mixture of components. Its Wobbe Index is 50,41 MJ/Nm3 but hydrocarbon dew point of 15.3 °C at P=3.92 MPa. That indicates relative humidity of 100%. Specific humidity of gas in stream is 0.44 grams per cubic meter that is dangerous for creating natural gas hydrates, solid clathrate compounds that may damage machinery or obstruct pipeline flow. Authors suggest to provide certain set of actions to process natural gas into so called clean “pipeline quality dry gas” at wells or gas-processing plants to improve gas parameters to be closer to European Union standards. As for government policies they have to be reworked from using “energy saving” term to “energy efficiency” term and start improving on efficient usage of natural gas by approving and applying newest energy efficient technologies and machinery into gas transport\consumer network.

Speciation Analysis of Arsenic Compounds by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Combination with Inductively Coupled Plasma Dynamic Reaction Cell Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Application for Vietnamese Rice Samples.

In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography in combination with inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell quadrupole mass spectrometry was introduced and optimized for speciation analysis of five major arsenic species including arsenobetain (AsB), arsenite (As(III)), monomethylarsonic (MMA), dimethylarsenonic acid (DMA), and arsenate (As(V)) in rice samples. Five arsenic compounds were separated on a Hamilton PRP X100 strong anion-exchange column employed with the mobile phase that is compatible with mass spectrometry, containing ammonium carbonate, methanol, and disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Arsenic compounds were detected online by inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell quadrupole mass spectrometry utilizing oxygen as the reaction gas at a flow rate of 0.7 mL·min−1. Five selected arsenic species were baseline separated at the optimum experimental conditions. The excellent LOD and LOQ values of the developed method were achieved in the range of 0.5 to 2.9 μg·kg−1 and 1.7 to 9.6 μg·kg−1 for all species of arsenic, respectively. The ionization effect in plasma during chromatographic gradient elution was systematically investigated by using postcolumn injector. Arsenic compounds in rice samples were extracted by diluted nitric acid at elevated temperature. The extraction efficiency and the interconversion of target compounds during sample preparation were also assessed. The full validation of the developed method was performed by using certified reference material, BRC 211, from European Institute of Reference and Standard for speciation analysis. The recovery of all selected arsenic species was in the range of 70 to 135.5%. The validated method was also applied to analyze rice samples collected from some contaminated rice fields. The results showed that As(III), DMA, and As(V) were found in all rice samples. Average concentration (range) of inorganic arsenic and DMA in all rice samples were 130.3 (65.5–228.1) and 32 (8.2–133.01) μg·kg−1, respectively. However, total concentration of inorganic arsenic in most of investigated rice samples was below the maximum residual level according to US-FDA and European Union standards.

THE ROLE OF INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT IN IMPROVING COFFEE COMPETITIVENESS IN THE EU-INDONESIA PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION AGREEMENT FRAMEWORK

Indonesia is a crucial trading partner for the European Union (EU) and vice versa. Indonesia as one of ASEAN member countries contributes 36% of ASEAN's GDP with a population of 255 million (equivalent to almost half the ASEAN population). Indonesia and the EU further strengthen economic cooperation through the framework of the EU-Indonesia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) cooperation. In the framework of the collaboration, most of Indonesia's exports to EU countries are in the form of agricultural and plantation commodities. For plantation commodities, coffee is Indonesia's leading export commodity with the potential to increase national economic growth. However, Indonesian coffee production has not been fully able to control EU market share. Although Indonesia is the third largest coffee producer in the world, Indonesia only controls 4.17% of the EU coffee market share. This is because only a small portion of Indonesian coffee is produced based on EU standards such as sustainability standards. Therefore, the Indonesian Government seeks to improve the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee commodities, such as production, quality of coffee, quality standards, human resources, and government coordination with coffee / private sector entrepreneurs.

The role of the police in anti-money laundering

PurposeThis paper aims to describe and discuss the role of the police in anti-money laundering, with particular reference to the situation in the Republic of Macedonia.Design/methodology/approachA doctrinal approach is used to describe the role of the police in anti-money laundering policy, as well as to discuss whether the police is the central and main body in the fight against this crime. Deductive and inductive methods are used to analyze the collected data about Macedonian activities, provided by domestic and international organizations and institutions. Government agencies, institutions and bodies with different capacities for identifying and combating money laundering are included.FindingsAccording to global statistics, about $2tn is laundered annually. Money laundering directly affects general economic and social life and the entire development, which shows why the concerns about this phenomenon have been growing worldwide. The most important issue in combating money laundering refers to preventing and detecting the problem. The police have the central role in combating money laundering in the Republic of Macedonia, but they must co-operate with public prosecutors and other agencies to fight this crime with more success. Even though Macedonian legislation is harmonized with European Union (EU) directives, there are a lot of activities in the field of money laundering to be done to fulfill EU standards. Relevant collected data were acquired from MONEYVAL reports, annual reports from the Ministry of Interior, Public Bureau of Statistics and statistics from the public prosecutor’s office, including all published documents.Originality/valueThe paper answers questions related to the role and effectiveness of the police by examining different authorizations and powers. Different approaches in implementing the law are specified and suggestions to overcome “two voices” are given. A comparative approach is also used to demonstrate the number of criminal charges per year, mainly collected by the public prosecutor’s office. The authors analyze whether additional training is needed for the police. All institutions should collaborate with the police because money laundering offences may be disclosed during investigations of other offences.

Pensioners in Smart City - The Models of the Smart Pension System

The reform of the pension system is a cardinal and noteworthy subject in all countries of the European Union (EU), particularly the Visegrad Four. Visegrad Four are the four central European post-communist countries, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Hungary, the Republic of Poland and the Slovak Republic - the issue of ageing society and the problems of its pension systems' is often discussed in myriad scientific meetings. These economic and social challenges necessitate long-term government strategies, which need to be modelled, simulated (tested and verified). The study shows the numbers and the problems of the state pension system of Visegrad Four, particularly with regard to the main problems of Hungarian social security system is based on the expected population and demographic statistics. The study is based on statistical projections, it includes an attachment of the results of a questionnaire-based behavioural economics research, a presentation of a vision of pension expenses and pension standards in EU and Hungary.

Detailed characterization of waste from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) branches for energy production: Comparative evaluation of heavy metals concentration

Date palm biomass generates a huge amount of waste throughout the world which can be utilized to produce energy through thermochemical or biochemical conversion technologies. The objective of this study is to present a detailed characterization of parts of date palm branches (twig) and analyse the trace elements including heavy metals for environmental safety and potential slagging and fouling in a reactor. The biomass was divided into four parts: L (leaf ribs), SB (small part of the branch attached to the ribs), MB (middle part of the branch), and LB (large part of the branch attached to the trunk). Different characterization techniques applied were X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR, Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-Ray Fluorescence, Higher heating values, and ultimate (CHNSO) analysis. High crystallinity was observed in LB with all the heavy metals present in permissible limits. However, it showed a considerably high moisture holding capability. Conversely, SB was found to have low moisture holding capability, moderate higher heating values, and one heavy metal (As) higher than the permissible limit defined by the European Union standards. It can be concluded that LB can be used directly for energy generation after sun drying. The other parts are required to be treated for heavy metal reduction before being used for energy production, keeping in mind the environmental safety.

Dinamizam reformi oporezivanja imovine u Srbiji - administrativni i fiskalni aspekti

Since the introduction of property taxation in Serbian legislation, the tax system has been the subject of reforms a number of times for the purpose of its harmonization it with European Union standards. Initial changes were almost unnoticiable, while the latest modifications in the law attracted considerable interest of the tax policy creators, financial experts, as well as the taxpayers themselves because they introduced a new method of determining the tax basis which has increased the overall tax liabilities at annual level. Bearing in mind that the property tax generates local revenue and that local governments are in constant need for additional resources, the methodology of determining the tax liability should be based on the principle of equity and equality in order to ensure an ultimately efficient tax collection. In this paper, the authors will attempt to analyze both positive and negative aspects of improving the property tax system through a number of years, as well as to propose some solutions for the future reform of this system. By means of fiscal decentralization, this revenue plays an important role in financing local expenditure, while its abundance directly secures a larger autonomy of local self-government units, making them less dependable on the funds coming from the state budget.

Legal reforms in the field of public health and the accession of the Republic of Serbia to the European Union - a review of regulatory standards

Accession to the European Union (EU) is a comprehensive process of reforms and harmonization of legislation with EU regulations, which must be accompanied by the implementation of EU standards. Although the EU competencies in the field of health care are limited, and health law does not represent a large part of the EU legislation, harmonization and further reforms are needed in a number of areas. The main focus of this paper is the negotiation Chapter 28 within the EU accession process, which covers a number of thematic areas in the field of public health encompassing various legislative and strategic acts of the EU. At the moment, the EU has still not opened the negotiations in this field with Serbia. In order to introduce health professionals in Serbia to current developments, the paper analyzes the most important aspects of alignment with EU legislation and the need for further regulatory reforms.

Legal reforms in the field of public health and the accession of the Republic of Serbia to the European Union - a review of regulatory standards

Accession to the European Union (EU) is a comprehensive process of reforms and harmonization of legislation with EU regulations, which must be accompanied by the implementation of EU standards. Although the EU competencies in the field of health care are limited, and health law does not represent a large part of the EU legislation, harmonization and further reforms are needed in a number of areas. The main focus of this paper is the negotiation Chapter 28 within the EU accession process, which covers a number of thematic areas in the field of public health encompassing various legislative and strategic acts of the EU. At the moment, the EU has still not opened the negotiations in this field with Serbia. In order to introduce health professionals in Serbia to current developments, the paper analyzes the most important aspects of alignment with EU legislation and the need for further regulatory reforms.

THE PROCESSES OF CONSOLIDATION AND CONCENTRATION OF CAPITALAS IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION PROCESSES AFFECTING THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE BANKING SYSTEM IN POLAND

The systemic transformation and socio-economic, which was initiated in Poland since 1989, are related with the intensified globalization processes that take place in various economic and social spheres of economy, including banking. Financial institutions as well as commercial banks are the entities which are not only subjects to theglobalization processes, they co-create these processes. The key attributes of globalization include deregulation processes, digitalization and internationalization, ie. global determinants, which were correlated with the adaptation of the financial system functioning in Poland to the European Union standards. To adjust internal procedures, product offerings and techniques of ICT operating in Poland banking to EU standards one has to consider the processes of consolidation and concentration of capital. These processes are applied in the commercial dimension of the financial system, including the banking sector since the mid-90s. Financial systemthat currently exists in Poland and includes the banking sector is among the best adapted to the EU standards. It is simultaneously one of the most globalized sectors of the economy. The key date for this issue concerns the year 2004, when Poland entered the European Union market structures. Currently, it is assumed that the process of globalization of financial markets and the banking system in Poland, apart from the consolidation processes and adjustments has been determined by such factors as administrative and supervisory goals of the central banking and supervisory bodies in the financial system and adjusting banking norms of law to the standards of Western highly developed countries.