European Union Norms Research Articles

Legal regulation of police organization and operations: European experience

The article examines the challenges of applying European experience in legal regulation of police organization and activities to Ukrainian legislation in the context of European integration processes. The author analyzes the current state of reforming the National Police of Ukraine, identifying key problems and challenges in implementing European standards in law enforcement activities. The paper discusses key aspects of adapting national legislation to European Union norms, particularly in human rights protection and public safety. Special attention is paid to analyzing the Law of Ukraine “On National Police” for compliance with international standards of police accountability and public oversight mechanisms. The author identifies main obstacles to effective implementation of European experience in Ukrainian police activities. These include insufficient regulation of public control mechanisms, lack of ratification of important international documents, the need to improve information and analytical support, and overcoming the “force-based” model in favor of a “service-based” approach. The article emphasizes the need to transform not only the legislative framework but also the mindset of police officers and society as a whole. It examines the implementation of new forms of policing, such as patrol police and dialogue police, as well as the application of modern technologies and analytical methods. Special attention is paid to anti-corruption issues in the law enforcement system and ensuring proper resource support for police activities, especially under martial law conditions. The author emphasizes the importance of further improving the regulatory framework to ensure effective protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms, increasing police transparency, and strengthening public interaction. The conclusions emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to reforming Ukraine’s law enforcement system, considering European experience while taking into account national specificities and current challenges facing the country.

Normative power at its unlikeliest: EU democratic norms and security service reform in Ukraine

This article traces the effects of European Union (EU) normative power on security sector reform in Ukraine. We argue that to get a better grasp of how normative power works in practice, we need to scrutinize more closely the domestic journey of EU norms. This local lens allows us to uncover the inherent contestation involved in the transnational travel of norms, emphasizing the importance of local agency and local conceptions of normativity. We reveal the internal struggle between liberal democratic norms and deeply ingrained attitudes, institutions and behaviours linked to the Soviet legacy. We show how EU democratic norms gradually empower domestic constituencies and overcome domestic structural resistance to change, leading to democratic advances in a sector least likely to reform.

Implementation of the Association Agreement with the EU by adapting Ukrainian legislation to EU law

Ukraine’s integration into the European Union (EU) is one of the most important areas of the State’s development, and therefore one of the conditions for rapprochement between Ukraine and the European Community, as well as a condition for accession to the EU, is the adaptation of Ukrainian domestic legislation to the EU acquis. The purpose of the study was to identify the peculiarities and problematic aspects of the implementation of EU law in national legislation. The research methods used were: historical, periodisation, formal legal and problem analysis methods. The study examined the peculiarities and problems of adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to EU law. The study found that the legislation is being adapted on the basis of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, which includes the European Atomic Energy Community and its member states. The implementation process involves the transposition of EU norms into national legislation, while adaptation is the alignment of national law with EU legislation. The current legislation provides for three stages of adaptation of legislative norms, which aim to harmonize with EU law as much as possible. As implementation is a rule-making process, it involves a certain sequence of actions. In particular, it includes the establishment of the acquis communautaire, the creation of a list of legislative acts to be adopted and their preparation for adoption, monitoring of implementation and other sequential actions. In addition, the process of adaptation should be based on the principles of compliance with EU directives, the principle of voluntariness, clarity of terminology and completeness. Among the factors that are obstacles to implementation are the following: Russian aggression, institutional failure of state bodies, high level of corruption, numerous conflicts in legislation

External Europeanization through timber trade agreements: Tracing causality in environmental governance reform

The business models of tropical timber production have long been configured around illegal practices that cause environmental degradation and hinder socioeconomic progress in the Global South. However, the global corporations trading timber often point to regulatory governance weaknesses in the jurisdictions where they source timber as hindering efforts to address illegalities in their supply chains. In an innovative response, the European Union (EU) combines mandatory due diligence for timber imports – the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR) – with EU Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership trade Agreements (VPAs) that offer finance, technology transfer, and capacity building to support domestic regulation in timber exporting countries. Through process tracing, we assess the extent to which the EU's efforts have been effective in reforming domestic environmental governance to reduce illegal logging in Cameroon and Ghana. This allows for understanding the potential of external Europeanization, a theoretical approach explaining how and why countries (and the businesses they regulate) outside of the EU might adapt their domestic governance institutions and processes to EU rules and norms. As the EU considers similar approaches to regulate forest-related illegalities and deforestation in global agricultural supply chains, it is important to take stock of past and on-going policy efforts. We find that the causal mechanisms embedded in FLEGT have lost their transformative potential due to unfinished domestic reforms, the technocracy of supply chain traceability systems, and market leakage. Our findings suggest the VPA deliberations underpinning supply-side efforts have not shifted the power balance but rather distracted from the reality that there will be winners and losers as the countries shift toward a more transparent and accountable political economy.

New aspects regarding the modernisation of High Power Laboratory of ICMET-Craiova to attain the technical and qualitative level corresponding to European Union requirements

High Power Laboratory is designed for high currents tests and it found within a modernisation process through: purchasing of new equipment, electrical apparatus and electromechanical equipment in order to realise a new installation endowed with equipment having superior characteristics and by rehabilitation of the existent buildings according to European Union norms.

THE TERRITORIAL REACH OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW: A PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW ENQUIRY INTO THE EUROPEAN UNION'S SPATIAL IDENTITY

AbstractThis article offers a reconstruction of how the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) justifies the territorial scope of application of EU law. Scholarship on this issue tends to advocate for an expansive projection of EU norms in the pursuit of global values, subject to the external limits of public international law. This article will develop a critique of this approach by pointing to its underlying assumptions as to the territorial dimension of the EU's rule, the insoluble practical issues that it leads to, and the need to consider differently the EU's spatial identity and relation to the wider world. It will also be argued that, in fact, other case law sometimes already reflects an alternative vision, by imagining the EU implicitly, not as a ‘global actor’ promoting universal values, but as a concretely situated and spatially bounded community. It will be shown that this is so with the methodological help of private international law, and in particular three doctrines that are traditional to this discipline—the localisation of cross-border relations, international imperativeness, and the public policy exception. This will ultimately allow for a more sophisticated understanding of the EU's territory to emerge—irreducible to the physical coordinates of its acts of intervention, or the mere sum of the physical spaces under Member State sovereignty, but as a distinct space of social relations, informed and delineated by the particular axiology and structure of the EU legal system.

HOW THE EU ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT SHAPES UKRAINE'S FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET REGULATION

This article delves into the impact of the European Union (EU) Association Agreement on Ukraine's financial services market regulation. The study examines how the harmonization of Ukrainian legislation with EU norms has shaped the financial services sector's development and integration into the European economic area. Research Objectives: The main objectives of this research are to analyze the extent to which Ukrainian legislation aligns with the acquis EU in the financial services domain and to identify the challenges and opportunities arising from this process. Additionally, the study aims to assess the implications of the EU Association Agreement on Ukraine's financial market stability, transparency, and regulatory oversight. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a comprehensive review of relevant literature, EU directives, and regulatory acts concerning financial services was conducted. The study also analyzed official documents related to Ukraine's adaptation to EU norms and the implementation of the Association Agreement. Furthermore, expert opinions and insights from prominent scholars in the field were considered to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. Findings: The analysis reveals that the EU Association Agreement has played a pivotal role in shaping Ukraine's financial services market regulation. The step-by-step adaptation of Ukrainian legislation to the acquis EU has fostered a more unified legal environment for market participants in both Ukraine and EU countries. Notably, the transfer of regulatory functions for the non-banking financial services market to the National Bank of Ukraine has enhanced overall financial stability and brought Ukraine's financial practices in line with international standards. However, certain limitations and restrictions in the cross-border provision of services persist, presenting challenges to fair competition and market access. Despite these hurdles, the successful implementation of the Comprehensive Program for the Development of the Financial Sector until 2020 has contributed to resolving economic issues and restoring macroeconomic stability in Ukraine. As Ukraine continues on its path towards deeper integration with the EU, ongoing efforts and reforms in the financial services market are essential to align with EU norms, foster cooperation, and attract more investments.

헝가리의 비자유민주주의와 경제위기 프레이밍

This study analyzes the rising support of Fidesz, a national-conservative political party that declared Hungary an illiberal democratic state in 2014. Although objectives of Fidesz are in opposition with the core values of the European Union (EU), Fidesz has succeeded in re-elections for four consecutive terms with overwhelming approval ratings until the 2022 general election. Despite the Fidesz Party’s high approval ratings, evidence shows that many Hungarian patrons favor democratic principles engraved in the EU rules and norms. This seeming contradiction is the result of the public’s growing concerns in resolving the economic crisis more than upholding liberal ideals. Fidesz kept framing a series of challenges such as global economic crisis, refugee crisis, the war in Ukraine in terms of economic threat and won discursive war with opposition parties.

국제법질서에서의 EU의 지위 – Kadi 사례에 반영된 국제법질서를 중심으로 -

What is the European Union(EU)? The question of the legal status of the EU is important for making legal judgments in EU cases invol ving international organization and international dispute resolution, s uch as when the EU seeks to play a more prominent role in the int ernational legal order or when EU member states withdraw from the EU legal order. The debate over the legal status of the EU is also ev ident in the academic response to the Court of Justice of the Europ ean Union(CJEU)'s Kadi decision. This Article examines the response of European courts--and in particular of the Court of Justice of the European Union(CJEU)--to the dramatic challenges to the UN Securit y Council’s anti-terrorist sanctions regime brought before the courts. The CJEU in Kadi case annulled the European Community’s impleme ntation of the Security Council’s asset-freezing resolutions on the gr ound that they violated EU norms of fair procedure and of property protection. This Article argues that the robustly pluralist approach o f the CJEU to the relationship between EU law and international law in Kadi case represents a sharp departure from the traditional embr ace of international law by the EU. Paralleling in certain striking wa ys the language of the US Supreme Court in Medellin v. Texas , the approach of the CJEU in Kadi case carries risks for the EU and for the international legal order in the message it sends to the courts of other states and organizations contemplating the enforcement of Sec urity Council resolutions. More importantly, the CJEU’s approach ris ks undermining the image the EU has sought to create for itself as a virtuous international actor maintaining a distinctive commitment t o international law and institutions. This Article is preceded by an i n-depth analysis of the theoretical and concrete practical shortcomi ngs stemming from the lack of institutional cooperation between the UN and the EU in the Kadi case. Enhanced institutional cooperation between the institutions of the two systems will work to their mutua l advantage as well as, most importantly, maintain the rights and lib erties of individuals like Kadi.

Blacklisting and the EU as a Global Regulator: The Institutionally Predisposed Norm Breaker

AbstractThe European Union (EU) is commonly considered to be a regulatory great power that projects external influence based on the power vested in its internal market. Relatively little is known, however, about why and when the EU mobilises its market power to put direct pressure on non‐cooperative countries in regulatory matters. This article examines a critical case of such power projection: the ‘blacklisting’ of third countries. Testing expectations drawn from some of the main theories of EU power, it finds that elite action to promote the rule of law best explains why the EU uses blacklisting, whereas bottom‐up stakeholder pressure explains when this technique is used. A combination of the theories can therefore explain the puzzling pattern of where blacklisting schemes were set up with reference to EU norms and pegged to international law but eventually applied quasi‐exclusively to tiny third countries. These findings call for further research on EU market power.

TURKEY’S EXTERNAL DIFFERENTIATED INTEGRATION WITH THE EU IN THE CONTEXT OF INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONS WITH FRONTEX

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonunun sınırlarını ve belirleyici faktörlerini Entegre Sınır Yönetimi (ESY) sisteminin uygulanması ve AB Sınır ve Sahil Güvenlik Ajansı (FRONTEX) ile işlevsel işbirliğinin durumu kapsamında analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Makalenin kuramsal bölümünde, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon ve belirleyici faktörleri, farklı politika aktarımı modelleri ve literatür haritalandırılması üzerinden kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ampirik bölümdeyse, ESY’nin uygulanması ve FRONTEX ile işbirliği konularında gerçekleşen farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonun kapsamı Avrupa Komisyonu Türkiye ilerleme/ülke raporları temel alınarak incelenmektedir. Entegrasyonun kapsamını ve sınırlarını etkileyen faktörler, makalenin kuramsal bölümünde gerçekleştirilen haritalandırmadan yararlanılarak ele alınmaktadır.Bulgular: Makalenin ana bulgusu, cazip ve güvenilir teşviklerin Türkiye’nin sınır yönetimi konusunda AB ile entegrasyonunu kolaylaştırırken, sektörel siyasallaşmanın ve öngörülen yüksek uyum maliyetlerinin harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyonu olumsuz etkilediğidir.Özgünlük: AB-Türkiye ilişkilerinin ele alındığı yazında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon konusundaki kuramsal çalışmalar az sayıda olmakla birlikte, oldukça da yeni bir alandır. Bunun ötesinde, kuramsal tartışmaları farklı politika alanları bağlamında inceleyen sınırlı sayıda ampirik çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu makale, AB-Türkiye ilişkilerini, göç ve sınır yönetimi gibi oldukça önemli ve güncel bir politika alanında, harici farklılaştırılmış entegrasyon tartışmaları bağlamında inceleyerek özellikle Türkçe yazına önemli ve özgün bir katkı sağlamaktadır.

NORMATIVE POWER POLICY IN EUROPEAN UNION-AFRİCA RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COTONOU AGREEMENT AND THE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENTS AND ITS IMPACTS ON EMPOWERING AFRICA

This study analyzes the normative power policy of the European Union (EU) in its relationships with Africa through the Cotonou Agreement, which includes normative provisions and conditionality, and the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The study also tries to evaluate how effective the EU's normative power policy towards the continent and these agreements developed within the framework of the normative values are in the strengthening of the region. In the study, which was conducted by using the literature review method, current articles, books, and reports on the subject have been examined. The results of the study revealed that the normative power policy of the EU in its relations with Africa has been based on a realistic strategy rather than an idealist approach, and this policy has been used to realize the EU's political and economic interests, which have been the basis of its relations with the countries in the continent where the EU has a colonial past. In other words, the study argues that the normative power used by the EU in its relations with Africa is based on the economic interests of the EU. Therefore, it has been argued that the normative power policy of the EU towards the continent, the Cotonou Agreement developed within the framework of normative values, and the EPA has not been effective in improving and developing Africa. In particular, the EU practices cannot be implemented in compliance with the normative values it has set forth as part of the economic and commercial cooperation. The promotion of the values, the strengthening, and development of the continent might be kept relatively in the second place by the Union by prioritizing its own interests in economy and commercial cooperation. In this context, considering the structure and basic needs of the continent rather than the interests of the member states in the EU's normative approach to the continent will both ensure consistency in the normative approach of the EU by preventing the interests of the Union and its member states from getting ahead of EU norms and will be extremely important in the development and strengthening of the continent.

Перспективи реалізації системи підтримки прийняття рішень для водія електромобіля

There has been proposed a way of implementing the decision-making support system for the driver of an electric car while driving it along the horizontal section of the road as well as on descent and ascent with different angles of the slope. The system was based on the synthesized the authors' mathematical models of the electric car's optimal movement by the criterion of the minimum consumption of the electric car power battery charge by its frequency-controlled induction motor which is traction in the drive system of an electric vehicle using Lagrange variational method and a mathematical model of the magnetization curve in the form of an inverted hyperbolic sine, which with high precision binds the current in the stator winding of an induction motor with a magnetic flux created by the field of this current and based on the mathematical models of determination of speeds values while the car with an internal combustion engine or electric car cornering not exceeding which makes it impossible to overturn or skid, which has been synthesized based on the balance equations of both kinematics and dynamics. Carried out the analysis of on-board electronic systems of modern cars, which are currently mandatory for passenger vehicles under the European Union norms and has been revealed that the available ones are quite sufficient for the implementation of decision-making support system for the driver of an electric car in the bound of the proposed concept. Determining the necessary angles of pitch and yaw of the car is possible with the help of sensors of the Electronic Stability Control. Determining electrical parameters of the electric drive - current, voltage, frequency, and mechanical - the position or speed of rotation of the electric drive shaft of an electric vehicle is possible from the engine control unit, which it receives from the relevant sensors through feedback. It is also has been proposed to extend the implementation of the proposed decision-making support system for the driver of an electric car while driving it by integrating navigation elements based on open source projects into it, which will allow defining and considering such additional parameters as road signs, road markings, etc.

Beyond renovation: Addressing Europe’s long housing crisis in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic

This commentary reflects on the potential of European Union institutions to address the continent’s crisis of housing affordability, which was well underway before the COVID-19 pandemic and has been exacerbated in its wake. Despite having no direct competencies in housing policy, European Union norms and policies shape housing conditions in significant ways. The greater level of public spending on housing renovation enabled by the 2021–2027 multiannual financial framework and NextGeneration European Union funding signals a welcome shift away from austerity. However, investment alone is not enough to advance the right to housing and may even reinforce existing inequalities. Plans like the Renovation Wave and the Affordable Housing Initiative must strive not only for climate neutrality but also for housing cost and tenure neutrality. Beyond pandemic recovery plans, this commentary argues that a more thorough departure from the market-based approach underlying the European Union’s institutionality is needed to tackle the roots of the current housing problematic.

Благополуччя тварин молочного стада

Dairy animal welfare is of growing interest around the world, especially in developed countries, which have animal welfare programs and resources to establish optimal management systems for cows and understand that animal welfare is the foundation of innovative dairy farming. The article, based on the analysis, synthesis and generalization of world research and the results of own scientific expert assessment of animal welfare identifies the main problems of animal welfare on dairy farms, considers methods of assessing animal welfare in the world and substantiates the importance of implementing welfare programs and management protocols in dairy farming. Thus, in dairy farming, animal welfare is an important component based on world regulations. The analysis of regulations requires an understanding of the legislative aspects of different levels and examples of best practice: a) EU directives and practices, b) directives and practices of each European country c) national directives of non-EU countries, which must take into account all three legislative features. It has been shown that the EU has implemented a number of animal welfare acts, compromises between dairy producers and consumers on a number of instruments to harmonize law enforcement through audit, training, scientific expertise and consulting, and contributes to the stability of the EU food chain. In Ukraine, it is important to harmonize legislation with European Union norms and create a system for assessing the welfare of dairy animals, as well as information and educational activities and training on animal welfare on dairy farms for stakeholders and practical approaches to implementing animal welfare in production. We launched the European approach "Signals of cows" within the Ukrainian-Dutch project "Dairy farm", which allowed to work out the basic aspects of animal welfare in research farms NULES. In 2021, a new law on veterinary medicine was adopted, which implements 14 EU acts and includes a section on animal welfare, which is already a big step forward and opens new opportunities. However, in addition to the provisions on the welfare of calves (harmonization with Regulation 98/58 EC) do not consider regulations on the welfare of the dairy herd, which is not enough to develop the dairy industry in a global transformation. The article presents the basic indicators of welfare of cows, which are used in European countries and which we use in expert assessments. However, systemic data to assess the welfare of cows is not enough, because it is in the plane of consulting, which does not allow the analysis of the welfare of cows. In the context of globalization, the basic problem of animal welfare on dairy farms is the intensification, so the main welfare assessment programs (FARM, The Code of welfare, Welfare Quality and IDSW), which are widely used in milk production in accordance with current animal welfare standards. Intensification of animal husbandry, which provides greater economic efficiency, poses many threats to animal health and remains one of the biggest problems of animal welfare. The desire for profit reduces the ability to implement the principles of sustainable development. We consider it expedient to develop and implement programs for assessing the welfare of cows in Ukraine. So in the EU there is a voluntary WQ program that certifies producers and aims to meet the needs of society, develop a reliable monitoring system on farms and improve the welfare of cows in general. In New Zealand, the Code of welfare has been implemented, which forms awareness of farmers and care for animal welfare. Almost 98% of US farms are members of the FARM (USA) program, which is positioned as a voluntary program and a number of others. Thus, despite the fact that dairy farming is one of the strategic sectors of animal husbandry in Ukraine, the welfare of dairy farms is insufficiently studied and covered. In the perspective of research, it is important to analyze the experience of other countries in this area and the introduction of a system of welfare assessment, as well as the development and implementation of protocols on animal welfare in Ukraine based on the concept of "Five Freedoms". It is important to raise the awareness of stakeholders and officials to ensure proper compliance with EU animal welfare rules, taking into account national, regional and local networks, different support and understanding of the target audience (both farmers and producers, civil servants, scientists and educators, etc.). Also a priority is research on animal welfare, as well as the development of modern approaches to the legal provision of animal welfare, which will improve animal welfare. Thus, in order to ensure a high level of welfare of cows in relation to world standards of animal welfare, the priority is to assess the welfare of cows, improve the legal framework in Ukraine, further research in this area, implementation of effective programs to control the welfare of dairy animals.

Oxide Emissions Reduction from Combustion Control in a Diesel Engine

The authors showed that the European Union norms for the toxicity of exhaust gases (Euro 1 – Euro 5) contributed to the reduction of main harmful components emissions by several times. In foreign countries, Stage and Tier regulations applied to tractor equipment, which also limited the content of toxic components at the legislative level.(Research purpose) To reduce the content of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gases by more efficient regulation of the fuel charge distribution in the gas-diesel engine cylinder, changes in the concentration of diesel and gas fuel in certain zones, as well as the use of exhaust gas recirculation.(Materials and methods) The authors analyzed the results of modeling the formation of nitrogen oxides by controlling the workflow in the gas-diesel modification of the diesel engine. In the calculations, the geometric parameters of the D-120 engine, operating at 2000 revolutions per minute, with a filling of 0.6-0.9 volume, were used. The average excess air ratio for the charge was 1.2-3.0, and the excess air ratios for the gas-air mixtures did not exceed 1.2-2.5.(Results and discussion) Using the computational model, the authors estimated the parameters at different pressures at the engine inlet within 0.05-0.09 megapascals, as well as with an increase in the residual gas coefficient in the range of 5-15 percent with a decrease in the concentration of nitrogen oxides from 2500 to 1100 parts per million. Experiments showed that when the power changed from 100 to 20 percent, the nitrogen oxides concentration decreased from 1940 to 800 parts per million.(Conclusions) The authors confirmed the adequacy of the calculation model. They determined that a 40-50 percent reduction in the nitrogen oxide concentration in exhaust gases was achieved with various layering schemes in the combustion chamber. They found that the standards for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides would require mixed engine regulation. It was proved that recirculation of 15 percent of exhaust gases could reduce nitrogen oxide emissions by another 50 percent.

The Implications of the EU-Turkey Refugee Agreement on the EU’s Role as an International Human Rights Actor

CESAA Essay Competition 2018 – Postgraduate winner: Katie HelmeWhile the European Union (EU) discursively frames itself as a values-driven actor, the recent influx of individuals seeking asylum within its borders problematises this image. The EU-Turkey refugee agreement, signed in March 2016, has been embraced as a mode to offset the burden of mass migration to the EU and to reassert the EU’s image as an international human rights actor. This paper contends, however, that the agreement negates the EU’s capacity to actively promote human rights norms externally by: 1) compromising on its high standards in order to achieve internal cohesion and redress waning solidarity between member states; 2) transgressing EU and international laws and norms; and 3) relegating the previous approach it has taken to seeking structural reform in Turkey. Ultimately, this paper concludes that the EU’s participation in the refugee agreement with Turkey delegitimises the EU as an international human rights actor.

MONITORING THERMOTECHNICAL PARAMETERS OF THE PROCESSING INSTALLATIONS FROM A COMPOUND FEED FACTORY

To satisfy the growing and diversified demand for food from the population, all compound feed factories propose to obtain finished products of the best possible quality, in the shortest time and at the lowest possible cost. Given the complexity of the activities performed during the technological flow from a compound feed factory, this article proposes monitoring the thermotechnical parameters of installations by made experimental measurements using sensors installed at critical points. The measurements shown in this article were made during the production of two compound feed types, because each recipe involves different work parameters. The scope of this monitoring of thermotechnical parameters is to confirm the reliability of the devices that ensure the automated control of the equipment, so as to respect the European Union norms regarding the protection of staff and the environment.

The European Union and Regional gender equality agendas: Wales in the shadow of Brexit

ABSTRACT This article explores what the UK’s European Union membership has meant for the development of a distinctive, substate equalities agenda in Wales. An analysis of interview data through the lens of feminist institutionalism reveals European Union membership as integral to the emergence of Wales’ approach to gender equality, with Welsh equality advocates using access to European Union norms and funding to establish and legitimize more progressive institutions to advance equality, overcoming domestic resistance and gatekeeping. In turn, research exposes structural risks for Wales’ equalities agenda post-Brexit. Recent equality-related activity in Wales partially mitigates against post-Brexit risks, although vulnerabilities remain.

Shaping ocean governance: a study of EU normative power on Thailand’s sustainable fisheries

The European Union (EU) has been championing an agenda for better ocean governance based on a cross-sectoral, rules-based international approach and indicated its role as a strong global actor in this field. The EU, as reflected through its strategies adopted during the last decade (2005–2015), aims to shape international ocean governance on the basis of its experience in developing a sustainable and ethical approach to ocean management, notably through its environment policy and regulatory regime. This paper observes a significant transition of the EU internal policy towards a more externally-oriented one as well as its ambition in exporting the EU norms to third countries. It seems that the EU aims to lead this maritime and fisheries domain as a global actor, diffusing norms via interstate relations. The case study of EU policy towards Thailand fisheries policy, resulting in Thailand’s adopting sustainable fisheries policy in 2015 will be explored in this research paper. In addition, the paper aims to analyse the development and evolution of Thailand’s sustainable fisheries policy during 2015–2019 and to examine the rationales behind Thailand’s shift towards more environmentally and socially friendly fisheries policy. It focuses on how and in what ways Thailand as a third country has been influenced by the EU normative power in the maritime and fisheries domain and in particular, by the EU’s illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) or “IUU Regulation” entered into force since 2010 as one of its main tools to promote ocean governance.