European Trade Research Articles

Who Reads the Trade Marks Register?

Abstract This article starts with a question that looks like it has been taken from an introductory legal reasoning class, namely, is coffee a non-alcoholic beverage? It will be seen that from a trade mark perspective there is reason to conclude that coffee is definitely a non-alcoholic beverage in Australia, is definitely not a non-alcoholic beverage under the European trade mark regime and may or may not be such a beverage in the UK. This divergence is itself worthy of attention, given efforts to facilitate cross-border registration using common terminology. More importantly, however, this article argues that the reason why trade mark law struggles with questions of this type is because it has never taken a clear view of the person at whom the trade marks register is aimed—in particular, it has never been clear as to the level of expertise and knowledge of the internal workings of the trade mark system that is to be attributed to the notional reader of the register. This oversight has important implications for matters that someone new to the field might imagine would have been resolved long ago.

The European deforestation-free trade regulation: collateral damage to agroforesters?

The European deforestation-free trade regulation: collateral damage to agroforesters?

Discursos educadores y compromiso político feminista en Europa del siglo XX: Dolores Ibárruri y Martha Desrumaux como modelos español y francés

In a largely male-dominated 20th-century European trade union world, Dolores Ibárruri and Martha Desrumaux distinguished themselves in their militancy. They openly claimed the social and economic rights of workers and defended women in Spain and France. Their political commitment and the speeches they gave mainly in 1936 to raise awareness in their different countries and throughout the world show that both contemporary women are role models for everyone in education. In a historical perspective and with the explanatory and comparative method, this analysis will be based on some speeches of both women in 1936 to know how the political commitment of these contemporary protagonists promotes equality, represents the diversity of their lives and makes them role models.

The Role of The Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading System in the Carbon Regulation of the European Union

The relevance of the study is due to the need to study the features of low-carbon development of the world economy, to understand the mechanisms and tools of decarbonization, including the formation of a comprehensive policy providing for a wide range of measures to transition to a green economy with minimizing negative consequences. The subject of the study is the EU quota trading system as an economic instrument for regulating greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of the work is to analyze the stages of development of the European quota trading system, identify the existing advantages and disadvantages of this system. As a result of the conducted research, the existing problems of the European quota trading system are identified; measures to improve the functioning of this system are described; the boundary carbon correction mechanism (as part of the development of the system) is investigated, including its impact on exporters to the EU.

The importance and benefits of the EU single market for Georgia

Relevance of the topic: The European Union's (EU) Single Market is one of the most integrated and competitive economic regions in the world. As countries in the EU's neighborhood, such as Georgia, seek closer economic ties with the Union, understanding the dynamics of the Single Market and its implications becomes increasingly crucial. Georgia, with its strategic geopolitical position and aspirations for deeper integration with the EU, presents a unique case for studying the potential benefits, challenges, and opportunities of aligning with the EU Single Market. Purpose of the article: The primary aim of this article is to analyze the implications of Georgia's potential integration with the EU's Single Market, exploring the benefits, challenges, and policy recommendations for enhancing Georgia's economic cooperation with the EU. Scientific work topic: This research examines the intersection of EU economic integration, particularly the Single Market, and the challenges faced by Georgia in aligning its economy with EU standards. The study focuses on trade, regulatory alignment, and sectoral opportunities for Georgia in the context of EU integration. Research object: The object of this study is the economic relationship between Georgia and the European Union, specifically Georgia's participation in the EU Single Market and the policies that could facilitate its closer integration. Research methods: The research employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, including a review of existing literature, policy analysis, case studies, in both Georgia and the EU. Statistical data on trade flows, regulatory changes, and economic performance are also analyzed to support the findings. Practical significance: This article provides policymakers, business leaders, and academics with insights into the practical steps Georgia needs to take to deepen its economic ties with the EU. It offers recommendations for aligning Georgian regulatory frameworks with EU standards and fostering a more robust trade relationship. Results and discussion: The analysis shows that Georgia stands to gain significantly from deeper integration with the EU Single Market, especially in sectors like agriculture, manufacturing, and services. However, significant challenges remain, particularly in terms of regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and overcoming non-tariff barriers. Additionally, the article discusses the political dynamics influencing Georgia's EU aspirations and how these might impact future integration prospects. Conclusion: Georgia's closer integration with the EU Single Market offers significant opportunities for economic growth, regulatory modernization, and enhanced trade relations. However, to fully realize these benefits, Georgia will need to continue implementing reforms, aligning its regulatory frameworks with EU standards, and addressing political and economic barriers that could hinder progress. Future research should focus on sector-specific analyses and the long-term impacts of EU integration on Georgia’s economy. Keywords: European Union, Single Market, Georgia, EU integration, trade relations, regulatory alignment, economic cooperation, Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA), policy reforms.

Towards Better Understanding of Party‐Union Relationship: An Empirical Analysis

ABSTRACTIn many European democracies, political parties and trade unions have developed a long‐standing relationship. This relationship has certainly evolved over the last few decades as both actors have had to adapt to changes in their constituencies. This study examines the evolving dynamics between political parties and trade unions across Europe, with a focus on both Western and Central‐Eastern European contexts. By utilising data from the Comparative Interest Group survey, we investigate how factors such as political power, resources, and ideological alignments influence these interactions. Our findings reveal that unions prioritise contacts with ruling parties, underscoring the importance of political access. Despite assumptions, financial resources alone do not determine engagement frequency, as well as ideological alliances. We also highlight differing contact levels influenced by political systems, showing that pluralist environments foster more interaction compared to corporatist settings. This research contributes valuable insights into the adaptive strategies of trade unions in contemporary democracies, reflecting on historical ties and varying institutional landscapes.

Presentation of the new EPM 23RPT03 project “Metrology for standardised moisture/water content measurement in plant-origin bulk materials in support of International and European food safety and trade – GrainMet”

Presentation of the new EPM 23RPT03 project “Metrology for standardised moisture/water content measurement in plant-origin bulk materials in support of International and European food safety and trade – GrainMet”

Changes in global NO2 pollution by shipping during the COVID-19 lockdown: Implication for sustainable marine operations

Severe restrictions on human travel and consumption during the lockdown (LD) have affected global marine traffic and operations. The LD period is ideal for studying the emissions as there were restricted human activities. Although several pollutants are emitted by ships, the most important is nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and can be considered an indicator of shipping emissions. Therefore, we examine the changes in NO2 pollution over the shipping lanes, ports and coasts across the globe during LD. Here, we find a significant decline in NO2 during LD over the major lanes, including the USA-Europe trade routes through the North Atlantic Ocean, Asia-Middle East through the Arabian Sea, Interasia, and Intereuropean through the North Sea and Baltic Sea, about 10-20%, as analysed form the TROPOMI satellite measurements. A similar reduction over the sea straight pass, such as the Cape of Good Hope and the Strait of Malacca is also estimated. Furthermore, the major global ports of Callao, Santos, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Busan, Tubarao, Richards Bay, Barcelona, Durban and Chennai exhibit a significant decrease in NO2 during LD, about 30%. The decline in NO2 over the shipping routes and ports can be attributed to reduced cargo, passenger, fishing and tanker vessel density due to the LD restrictions; consistent with the emission inventory analysis. Henceforth, this study suggests strict environmental policies in the shipping sector to curb emissions, as pollution is a great concern for public health in the port cities and coastal regions.

Atlantic Trade and Conflict in Europe

Abstract We use over 200 years of conflict and wheat price data to provide the first quantitative evidence that Atlantic trade reduced conflict in Europe. While other determinants of intra-European conflict during the Early to Late Modern period have been proposed, the role of Atlantic trade has not been previously explored due to a lack of historical trade data. We overcome this constraint by using wheat prices to calculate time-varying measures of price pass-through between Europe and the New World, which we use as a proxy for Atlantic trade. To identify the causal effects of Atlantic trade, we exploit exogenous changes in wind patterns and tropical cyclone activity over the Atlantic Ocean to instrument trade. Our results suggest that a one-standard-deviation increase in Atlantic trade resulted in a 0.157-standard-deviation decrease in intra-European conflict onset. We also find empirical support for Atlantic trade increasing real wages and reducing military sizes in Europe, which is consistent with the idea that the possibility of forgone Atlantic trade acted as a deterrent to conflict.

On trade in europe: anthropologists speak

This article is an introduction to the issue’s special theme on “Humans Buying and Selling: Anthropology of Trade (People, Goods, Structures, Relationships)”, featuring contributions by Svetlana Sidneva, Alexander Novik, Armando Maxia, Oxana Fais-Leutskaia, Julia Butschatskaja, and Irina Kucherova. The authors discuss the current state of trade as economic activity in a number of European regions, examining the local specificities of trade operations and their functioning, the symbolism of goods, the preservation of archaic traditional elements of “old ways of trade”, the human relationships of participants in these “games of exchange”, and other aspects of trade as a cultural phenomenon. Due to the fact that trade, especially in the context of modern developed societies, is infrequently considered as an object of anthropological research, while available studies in the vein of economic anthropology are mostly concerned with realities of the “Global South” or societies with “mixed economy”, these contributions are based on actual fieldwork material and represent an attempt at ethnographic reconstruction and anthropological analysis of trade through particular cases of European regions, such as Greece, Kosovo, Sardinia, Sicily, Germany, and Iceland. The contributors employ novel approaches to demonstrate the ongoing relevance of this theme in the context of contemporary culture.

Alexander Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures and Industrial Policy

Hamilton’s 1791 state paper on manufactures is a forward-looking argument for US industrialization supported by public policies designed to encourage it. Conventional wisdom circa 1790, along with static considerations of comparative advantage indicated that the United States should stick to farming, export its agricultural surpluses, and import European manufactures. Mercantilist trade policies of the major European empires, however, were barriers to US exports. Hamilton therefore contended that US manufacturing using the latest machine technologies would alleviate the effects of European trade restrictions by creating domestic demand for agricultural surpluses. His report specifies industries worthy of support, and policy measures to encourage their development. During the century that followed, US governments adopted nearly all of Hamilton’s recommendations. These measures contributed to an average annual rate of growth of industrial output of 5 percent during that century, helping the United States to become the world’s leading manufacturing nation.

Impact of Gas prices to Methanol Trading in European market

This paper is focusing on the impact of Russian gas price the Methanol price and trading in Europe. Europe’s hunger for energy has always been a difficulty. Despite efforts to increase the use of renewable sources, with the mounting sentiment against nuclear energy, reliance on fossil fuels is more important. In particular, energy source with extensive industrial and domestic uses. Nearly three-quarters of the European Unions natural gas consumption is imported and 40% of the total import comes from Russia. We investigate the impact of Russian gas price the Methanol price and trading in Europe. The purpose of our investigation is to show the effect of Russian gas for Methanol trading and to define another alternative way to Russian gas. Firstly, we introduce methanol as a main player on industry. Secondly, we show global methanol view and market share. Thirdly, we focus on the importance of Russian gas for Europe. In conclusion, we propose another alternative way to Russian gas and consider that Methanol market can stay stable in Europe.

Carbon disclosures and information asymmetry: Empirical evidence on the importance of text in understanding numerical emission allowance disclosures

AbstractCarbon disclosures are essential for investors to evaluate firms’ efforts to combat climate change. In this study, we focus on a specific type of carbon disclosures—namely, emission allowance disclosures—that capture how firms implement emission reductions under the European Union emission trading system (EU ETS). Given the continuously changing institutional features of the EU ETS and the lack of authoritative guidance on how firms should account for emission allowances in their financial statements, it is exceedingly difficult for investors to understand numerical emission allowance disclosures and to compare them across—and even within—firms. Motivated by this criticism, we hypothesize and find that textual disclosures complementing numerical emission allowance disclosures are associated with lower information asymmetries between firms and their investors. Further analyses show that textual disclosures that: (i) describe the accounting approach, and (ii) contain institutional information on the EU ETS, respectively, are particularly important for improving the information environment of numerical emission allowance disclosures. Overall, our findings suggest that text can improve the understanding of numbers in a carbon disclosure context. Therefore, our study not only contributes to the (industrial ecology) literature but also has important implications for regulators, policymakers, investors, financial analysts, and firms.

The evolution of Islamic trade law under the influence of international trade practice: towards the problem of convergence of legal orders

The article provides a historical and legal analysis of the development of Islamic trade law under the influence of secular European trade law. It was concluded that until the second half of the 20th century the influence of European trade law on Muslim legal orders was one-sided. Initially, the penetration of secular European trade law into Islamic commercial law was carried out through the law of medieval merchants (lex mercatoria). From the beginning of the 19th century the reception of secular European trade law was determined by the active colonial policy of European states (the model was the French system of trade law, reflected in the Napoleonic Commercial Code). Only at the end of the 20th century international commercial practice began to take into account Islamic contractual structures, as well as religious prohibitions and permissions of Sharia.

Assessing the impact of the European Union-Vietnam free trade agreement on labor market and employment in Vietnam

PurposeThis study investigates the impact of the European Union-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) on Vietnam’s labor market and employment outcomes, considering the potential distributional consequences across various groups of workers and regions.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive quantitative framework is employed, combining the gravity model of trade to estimate the EVFTA’s effects on trade flows, the CISAF_M1 model to simulate sectoral employment impacts and econometric models to analyze the effects on wages and decent work. The analysis draws upon a rich dataset spanning the period before and after the EVFTA’s implementation.FindingsThe EVFTA has significantly boosted Vietnam’s exports to the EU, leading to substantial job creation in labor-intensive sectors such as textiles, apparel and footwear. The agreement has also contributed to wage growth and improved access to social insurance for workers in export-oriented industries. However, the impact on other aspects of job quality is less clear. The distributional analysis reveals that the EVFTA’s employment effects have been relatively balanced across gender but have favored younger and less skilled workers as well as those in rural areas.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive and nuanced assessment of the EVFTA’s impact on Vietnam’s labor market, addressing a gap in the literature on the employment effects of new-generation free trade agreements in developing countries. The findings highlight the importance of considering distributional aspects when evaluating the socioeconomic implications of trade liberalization and offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to promote inclusive growth in the context of deepening international economic integration.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2024-0236

English Language Learning and Acquisition Theories

Introduction: Language is a powerful tool and means of communication and to communicate with others we also use other ways such as Body manners, gestures, signals and facial expressions which is also called as a non-verbal communication. English is a tool, like basic arithmetic, or literacy, or computer skills. An ability they need to master in order to function effectively in today’s world. The L1 remains the learners primary language and the only they identify with what teachers aiming for is functional English-knowing bilingualism. Socio-political status: With the European trade patterns, most of the known European-based Creole languages were existed in the coastal regions of the Americas, Western Africa, Goa and along with the west coast of India. Indian Ocean Creole languages are based on European languages with elements from Malagasy and possibly other Asian languages. Learning Language Through Culture: Learning other language is to understand the nature of the relationship between language and culture, learners need to engage with the ways in which context affects what is communicated and how. Standard English is the variety of English that is generally acknowledged as the model for the speech and writing of educated speakers in UK. It is also associated with Received Pronunciation or accent. Intuitive acquisition: We learn anther language the same way as we learnt our first language or mother tongue. Intuitive acquisition through lots of exposure to the language in authentic communicative situations. Habit-formation: Language is a set of habits: we mimic and memorize and drill the patterns of the language until we learn to produce the correct forms automatically. Cognitive Process: Language involves the understanding of underlying rules: if we master these rules, we will be able to apply them in different contexts. That may be at school, home, with community or with others. Skill-learning: Language is a skill. We learn it in school just as we learn other skills: someone explains rules or words to us, we understand and practice them until we master them and use them fluently and skillfully.

Political alliances and trade: Europe in a polarized world

Political alliances and trade: Europe in a polarized world

EU Accession of Western Balkan States: The Role of CEFTA and WTO Membership

The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is known to have positively affected the EU accession of several central and eastern European states. The fairly modest progress of EU accessions of Western Balkan states is in stark contrast to the processes of the EU accession of the parties to the original version of CEFTA. This article analyses the role of WTO membership as an external factor determining the efficacy of CEFTA in advancing the process of EU integration in the Western Balkans (2007–2024). The article identifies two key advantages of WTO membership in the context of CEFTA’s role in the process of EU accession. The first advantage is related to the use of WTO dispute settlement to ensure compliance with standards either identical or similar to those established by CEFTA. The second advantage is based on the relatively new WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), aimed at eliminating many of the barriers to international trade, which happen to be the key problems as regards regional economic integration in the Western Balkans. The article concludes that WTO membership could play a decisive role for the coordinated and efficient process of the European integration of Western Balkan states on the basis of CEFTA.

Transmission of economic growth between neighboring countries in Europe

ABSTRACT This study investigates the impact of economic growth of a country on the growth of neighbouring countries closely tied through trade and foreign direct investment in Europe. Empirical results show that a country’s growth has a significantly positive impact on the growth of its neighbouring countries. However, the impact is transitionary without affecting the steady-state growth of a country significantly. This study suggests that countries included in spatial econometrics should be limited to the countries with meaningful relationship. Spatial effect could be misspecified and overstated if it is included as steady-state growth factor in a growth model.

The European Union-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement as a tool for environmentally sustainable land use governance

The European Union-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement as a tool for environmentally sustainable land use governance