European Tourism Research Articles

The time–frequency causal effect of COVID-19 outbreaks on the tourism sector: evidence from the European zone

ABSTRACT This study examines the time–frequency causal effect of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on the European tourism sector. To do that, we use the wavelet coherence and phase difference framework, which enables us to investigate the causal interplays and business cyclical co-movement between COVID-19 crisis and the European tourism sector at several investment horizons. Our main results are as follows. First, the COVID-19 outbreaks significantly and highly affected the European tourism sector. Second, mid- and long-term causal effects of the recent outbreaks are greater than the effects on the short-term horizon. Third, the transmission channel from COVID-19 crisis to the European tourism sector decreases slowly as wavelet scales increase. Further, our empirical findings afford various policy implications to investors and tourism actors.

Volunteering with elephants: Is it a way of moving towards global citizenship?

This study examines the nature of European volunteer tourists’ experiences at Elephants World, Thailand as well as whether and/or to what extent such experiences foster a sense of global citizenship among them. It used an interpretive paradigm and a qualitative research approach. The informants included 21 volunteer participants from European countries. A combination of semi-structured interviews and participant observation was used to gather data. Data were then analysed via a thematic analysis technique, revealing that the experiences of the volunteer tourists were a mixture of general wildlife experiences, experiences related to self-development, and experiences fostering a sense of global citizenship. However, the last dimension of experience was found to represent only the soft mode of global citizenship. Five main obstacles were found to limit the volunteer tourists to become the critical global citizens: language barriers, their short period of participation, the intention and willingness of the volunteer tourists to learn about the root causes of problems in the destination country/host community, the active participation of wider groups of local people, and the volunteer tourists’ colonial perspective. These issues should be carefully by host organisations and sending organisations.

Consulting on the European Union's 2050 tourism policies: An appreciative inquiry materiality assessment

Stakeholder consultations serve as powerful legitimising devices upon the balance of participants, the quality of the process and its effective results. We propose a deliberative digital stakeholder consultation methodology based on an appreciative inquiry approach to materiality assessment. We illustrate its application in a four-month consultation for the European Commission (2020 European Tourism Convention, towards a European Agenda for Tourism 2050). An interactive, online consultation (due to COVID-19) enabled dynamism and co-creation. Appreciative enquiry introduced the human elements of ownership and legitimacy towards policy. The choice of topics, language and attitudes reframed problems into opportunities with shared responsibilities. Technology allowed to explore new forms of open, democratic and inclusive engagement, and materiality provided structure and transparency that legitimised the process.

ROLE OF TOUCHLESS ECONOMY TECHNOLOGIES IN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES IN COVID-19 PERIOD

The article examines the features of touchless economy technologies in tourism sphere in European Union countries in conditions of COVID-19 pandemic. The main definitions of the concept of "touchless economy" are considered. It has been found that a touchless economy is an economic activity that remains possible without close physical interaction between people. The current state of the European tourism market is analyzed and the negative consequences of COVID-19 on its development are assessed. The decrease of tourists number in the European Union countries, as well as the contribution of tourism to the GDP of the world leading countries on tourism market have been studied. It was found that the market for short-term accommodation suffered unevenly in Europe: countries such as Spain (-58.1%) and Italy (-60.2%) suffered more than France (-25.0%) or Germany (-20.6%). Research of 10 largest travel and tourism markets showed that Germany dropped one place from third position in the rankings, following a 46.9 % drop in the sector’s contribution towards GDP. Meanwhile, Italy rose one place from sixth to fifth, despite experiencing a 51% fall in GDP contribution. Notably, France, one of the key destinations globally in terms of international visitor arrivals, rose one position from seventh to sixth, despite its contribution to GDP falling by almost half (48.8%). The customer expectations to increase touchless interaction with enterprises in the period of COVID-19 in European countries are considered. It has been found that even after the pandemic, customers in Europe will still use touchless technologies such as face recognition, contactless interfaces, mobile applications and etc. Research of the spread of digital technologies in tourism across Europe has found that countries of Northern Europe have shown a greater spread of digital technologies than the countries of Eastern and Southern Europe. The main technologies of touchless economy in tourism are singled out and analyzed, such as: mobile applications for online check-in at hotels and airports, online delivery and QR-menus in restaurants, artificial intelligence of digital identity management, etc. The advantages of using the touchless economy technologies in the activities of tourism enterprises in the COVID-19 pandemic conditions are substantiated.

The impact of COVID-19 on European tourists' attitudes to air travel and the consequences for tourist destination evoked set formation

We study how risk conditions derived from the COVID-19 pandemic may impact on both the desire to travel and intention to visit of tourists and, therefore, on different stages of the destination choice process. We analyse 5134 million flight searches and 379 million flight picks during 2020 for the 17 largest European tourism source markets. An unweighted index number is employed to measure the average variation for searches and picks, for the year 2020, in relation to the reference base period (year 2019). This is done for air travel in general and to Spain specifically. The study then proceeds to conduct an analysis of 17 international travel destinations that are in the evoked sets of the two largest outbound markets in Europe (Germany and UK). We also identify which markets are most favourable to Spain. The research design can inform cost-efficient marketing decisions in a situation of high uncertainty.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF TOURIST SERVICES MARKET DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST-PANDEMIC PERIOD: TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Objective. The objective of the present article is to study the possibilities of implementing European experience in the tourist services market development in the post-pandemic period to increase the potential of the tourism industry of Ukraine. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the position of modern economic theory, management theory, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of tourism market development. The methods of comparison, abstraction, analysis and generalization, as well as tabular and graphic modeling, the method of modeling complex systems were used in the research Results. Authors have studied the main challenges of the development of the tourist services market for the EU countries, determined the peculiarities of the functioning of the European tourist services market, studied the experience of its development in European countries as an important component of the state tourism policy; analysed growth rates of international tourist arrivals in the pandemic and post-pandemic period of 2019-2020. Much attention is paid to the search for strategic alternatives for the development of the tourism industry in EU countries in the post-pandemic period and the peculiarities of their implementation in the national tourism industry through changes in tourism products and consumer needs. The factors of the tourist services market development in the EU countries are identified, the development and creation of the latest types of tourism, digital transformation of the tourism sector, active use of augmented and virtual reality applications in the tourist services market, activation of online presence, etc. are included. Conclusions were made regarding the importance of implementing the European experience in the development of the tourist services market to increase the potential of the tourism industry of Ukraine.

ITALIANS AND OTHERS IN THE SHADOW OF ABDULHAMID KHAN

Shortly after Abdulhamid II had become padishah, a book that would prove to be highly influential would be published by the Milanese Treves publishing house: "Costantinopoli" by Edmondo De Amicis. This travel account that shows the influence of earlier French writing (Lamartine, Flaubert, Nerval and others) may be considered the Italian key text on the formative years of Abdulhamid during the reign of Abdulaziz. Not only Italian travelers would be strongly influenced by his impressions and descriptions, but also many European tourists would look at the Ottoman court and capital through his eyes. It can be supposed that the sovereign himself showed a great interest in foreign travel accounts. He certainly did as far as the Italian presence in his state is concerned. He well knew that the Italian presence in Constantinople (Pera, Galata) preceded the city’s Ottoman conquest, this making it the oldest ethnic group – if it is allowed to speak of Venetians, Genoese and many others as a nation, while in reality they had quite recently joined in a process of nation building – after the original Greek population. Not only that: the Italian states had been business partners from the Late Middle Ages (as well as military antagonists). The sympathetic Italian outlook on Constantinople will have contributed in a notable way to the Sultan’s benevolence vis-à-vis Italian culture. Orientalist tendencies in Italian art such as represented by some of Verdi’s operas or Donizetti Pasha’s musical creations, excellent painters such as Zonaro, architects as D’Aronco, tailors as Parma were much welcomed and supported by the Sultan whose keen interest in European culture and technical know-how would be unjustly overshadowed by his political conservatism and his struggle for autonomy as a world leader. Thanks to his efforts contemporary Ottoman culture will find its place among the nations. In this article we will examine some prominent Italian artists and their creations for the Ottoman court.

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ON TOURISM PHENOMENON

ince 2010, the European Commission, through the Communication “Europe, No1 World Tourism Destination – A New Political Framework for Tourism in Europe”, has drawn the attention to the fact that local / urban tourism strategies should be essential to the way in which cities promote or limit the extension of tourism services; thus, the increase in the number of tourists in cities and the lack of local tourism policies can lead to negative pressures on the local (environmental, cultural and social) environment. In the research, we will analyze how the explosive economic growth trend of the analyzed region (in our case due to the massive absorption of European funds for urban infrastructure and for industrial development) has positively or negatively affected the tourism sector of the area. The objective of the research will be: identification of local officials with the elaboration and implementation of sustainable tourism policies related to sustainability and identification of specific factors of influence – local vision on sustainability, local action instruments and, implicitly, the tourist flow generated compared to the economic growth level of the region. From a methodological point of view, the research combines two levels of analysis: the comparative analysis of local economic development plans and strategies with local tourism policies as well as the comparative analysis of economic growth indicators of the region with the tourism indicators for the chosen period. A comparison between local development strategies and local tourism policies allows us to identify whether the growth of the tourist phenomenon in the region is a mere consequence of the development of the region or it is based on a strategic thinking of tourism development. The idea behind this research is based on the fact that other studies have demonstrated that the notion of sustainable tourism in major European cities remains out of the local political agenda, without discussing possible conflicts between urban tourism and negative externalities.

HOW THE PANDEMIC HAS CHANGED THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

The tourism industry has been one of the industries most affected by the pandemic. The borders were closed one by one, travel was limited or even banned, and people were asked to stay in their homes. For tourism, 2020 has been a continuous decline. In 2020, tourism was among the sectors most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the travel restrictions as well as other precautionary measures taken in response. In 2020, the number of nights spent at European Union (EU) tourist accommodation establishments totalled 1.4 billion, down by 52% compared with 2019. Market research confirms that 2020 has become the year of domestic tourism. 1 March 2021 marks a year since the beginning of the most difficult period in the tourism industry. People’s desire to travel has not disappeared, but their behaviour regarding the scheduling of the next vacation has changed. In 2021, tourists tend to choose more isolated destinations, with more green space and away from mass tourism. And while storm clouds appear to be dissipating in 2021 with the start of the vaccination campaign, there are still many questions about what this year’s trip will look like. As the pandemic shows no signs of stopping soon and the vaccination campaign is progressing slowly due to the limited number of vaccines and logistical organization problems, tourism cannot stop and wait for better times. And, moreover, the future of this industry seems at this moment an equation with unknown Ns. The challenges will be especially for those who receive tourists, because they must give them the confidence to start traveling again as in the past. The aim of European tourism policy is to maintain Europe’s position as a top tourist destination, while maximizing the industry’s contribution to growth and employment and promoting cooperation between EU countries. Business Magazine identified five key questions for tourism entrepreneurs to determine how and where tourists will spend their holidays in 2021.

My address is the Soviet Union – or is it? Baltic identity in souvenir production within the Soviet discourse

In the 1960s, tourism in the Soviet Union underwent radical changes. While previously the focus had been on showcasing the rapid modernization of the empire, this new type of tourism focused on introducing foreigners to the regional vernacular culture in the Soviet Union. As the number of tourists increased, the need for wider mass production of souvenirs emerged. This research focuses on the identity of souvenirs produced in Baltic states as a case study for identifying the existence and nature of regionalism within the Soviet system. This study found that within Baltic souvenir production, two separate types of identities manifested. Firstly, the use of national or vernacular symbols was allowed and even promoted throughout the Soviet Union. A famous slogan of the era was ‘Socialist in content, national in form’, which suggested that national form was suitable for conveying socialist ideals. These products were usually made of local materials and employed traditional national ornament. However, this research identified a secondary identity within the souvenirs manufactured in the Baltic countries, which was based on a shared ‘European past’. The symbol often chosen to convey it was the pre-Soviet Old Town, which was in all three states based on Western and Central European architectural traditions. This research suggests that this European identity validated through the use of Old Town as a recurring motif on souvenirs, distinguished Baltic states from the other regions of the Soviet Union. While most souvenirs manufactured in the Soviet Union emphasized the image of locals as the exotic ‘Other’, Baltic souvenirs inspired by Old Town conveyed the idea of familiarity to European tourists.

Harnessing the Power of Social Media to Obtain Biodiversity Data About Cetaceans in a Poorly Monitored Area

The study and conservation of cetaceans benefit from systematic studies and non-systematic records about sightings and strandings. However, iEcology (internet ecology) was critical for numerous ecological studies and should be in the toolkit of cetacean ecologists. We hypothesize that iEcology is irreplaceable to obtain diversity data about cetaceans in poorly monitored regions that coincide with touristic destinations, where whale-watching companies go out to sea regularly and post their sightings on social media. Our study assessed the advantages and disadvantages of iEcology while obtaining the first broadscale and long-term assessment about cetaceans’ diversity off the Algarve, a European tourist destination with numerous whale-watching companies. We retrieved 1,299 time-referenced records about 15 species posted on Facebook and Instagram between 2011 and 2020. Data collected from Biodiversity4All, an online citizen science biodiversity database, disclosed georeferenced records about nine species made between 2008 and 2020, however, the number of records was 15.8 times lower than social media posts. We obtained information about 16 species, two of which were never mentioned in the scientific literature [Balaenoptera musculus, Balaenoptera edeni (record made in 2021)] and five species were only mentioned in the gray literature. Previous assessments were restricted in time, published in the gray literature, and only reported six and 11 species. So, social media was essential to obtain the first broadscale and long-term assessment of cetaceans’ diversity off the Algarve. The main advantages of iEcology were the possibility to obtain data collected over one decade and its low cost. The main disadvantages are the impossibility to obtain georeferenced records from social media, the difficulty to estimate the number of individuals in large groups, and the presence of rare species can be inflated if multiple whale-watching companies report the same individual(s) while they migrate along the coast. Nonetheless, these disadvantages can be mitigated. Overall, we endorse the use of iEcology to increase the ecological knowledge about cetaceans which might be the only tool to study them in numerous regions across the world. The contributions of whale-watching companies are invaluable, so we recommend the implementation of a standardized cetacean observation log as a relevant source of data for conservation.

The Contraction of European Economic Distances through Sustainable Tourism in the Pre-Pandemic Period

Abstract The current importance of tourism leads us to analyze the extent to which the receipts from international tourism, and tourism in general, influence the capacity of European countries to reduce the development gaps of this sector in the European context and the extent to which the economic growth is sensitive to changes in tourist arrivals, tourism receipts and expenditures. Studying the GDP per capita and the receipts from international tourism for the period 1995-2017, we find that the European tourism has an important role in economy but secondary to capital stock and exports. The methodology used is a sensitivity analysis and a multiple linear regression with two models. The results show that, on short term, the gap in the European tourism sector is explained by the ability to attract income from the international tourism. The European growth of the tourism sector depends to a large extent on the amount of expenditures that tourists are making, on tourism receipts and, to a lesser extent, on tourist arrivals, but in all cases, the connection is a direct and positive one but, even so, the capital stock and the exports continue to play a very important role for the European economy. The analysis suggests that tourism is not a panacea for growth. On the contrary, it is one of the activities that stimulate growth along with investments, technology, or any other form of capital, together with exports and labor market conditions.

Transport infrastructure of Spain as a factor in tourism development


 
 
 This article considers features of functioning of a modern transport network. Transport is an important area of infrastructure supply for the population and the state economy, the key function of which is the movement of people and goods. The current transport complex is subject to contradictory trends: as an infrastructure industry, transport is located in a position dependent on the production of social goods, and as a special sector of the economy, transport has an important impact on the regional location of production capacity and participates in the process of reproduction part of the system of economic relations. The importance of transport infrastructure in the economy, its development and operating conditions are difficult to overestimate. After all, it is the basis of the supporting framework of territorial social systems of any level. On the current state, level and opportunities for the development of the transport infrastructure depends not only the social and economic growth of territorial economic systems, but also their spatial development. Tourism plays a significant role in the development of transport infrastructure. Europe is one of the most attractive regions for tourists in the world. In turn, Spain is one of the most popular destinations for tourists from around the world as well as for European tourists. Spain plays an important role in tourist traffic in Europe. This is facilitated by its efficient transport and geographical location, developed production infrastructure, as well as historical aspects. Spain is a key country of transit by air and sea with the Americas. The flat terrain promotes the development of road and rail passenger transport across the centre of the country. And given the attractiveness to tourists and direction of tourist flows to the regions of the country, the study of geographical features of transport infrastructure is quite relevant. The peculiarities of the functioning and formation of the transport infrastructure of Spain are considered. The geographical features of the development of the infrastructure of railway, road and sea and air transport of Spain are analyzed. As for the terminals in the regions of Spain, their number also corresponds to the number of airports. Therefore, the largest number of terminals is in the Canary Islands – 9 (all airports have one terminal, except Lanzarote). There are 8 terminals in the airports of Andalusia, where all airports except Malaga have one terminal, in Malaga there are three. The two Madrid airports have 6 terminals, but 5 of them are located at the country's main airport – Madrid-Barajas. Catalonia's airports have 5 terminals, two of which are located in Barcelona El Prat. There are 4 terminals in Galicia – one each in Vigo and La Coruna and two in Santiago de Compostela. There are 4 terminals in Galicia – one each in Vigo and La Coruna and two in Santiago de Compostela. In all other regions, the number of terminals is proportional to the number of airports. An assessment of the level of development of transport infrastructure for tourism in the regions of Spain was conducted. On the basis of quantitative indicators of the analysis of the transport infrastructure of Spain, a point assessment of the level of development of the transport infrastructure of the country’s regions for the needs of tourism was carried out. Administrative units are divided into 5 groups: with the highest, high, sufficient, medium and low level of development of transport infrastructure for tourism. Transport infrastructure is most developed in the tourist regions of the country – Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid, the Canary and Balearic Islands.
 
 

Trans border recreational tourism complexes (TBRTC) as a result of international collaboration

The paper discusses the notion of a transborder recreational tourism complex (TBRTC) as a geographic and as a wider multidisciplinary concept and describes such complexes within transborder tourism regions in Western Ukraine. A TBRTC is introduced as a spatial formation that arises within tourism-specific transborder collaboration. A TBRTC combines three necessary components: the entirety of all tourism-attracting resources in a specific transborder region; the travel-enabling infrastructure, including transborder-specific features like border-crossing checkpoints; and informational and coordination resources such as tour operating services and defined tourist routes. The paper explains basic terminology and key principles for formation and existence of TBRTCs. The authors start by explaining the unique characteristics of transborder tourism in Europe and in tourism-oriented formations called Euro-zones. A principal model of TBRTC is proposed, including the list of factors necessary for its formation, the key structural modules of a complex; and the causal connectivity map between these modules applied to different types of tourism. The concept of a TBRTC is illustrated using the example of the TBRTC forming in Bukovina-Bessarabia transborder region along part of Ukraine-Romania-Moldova border. This region offers multiple types of tourism activities, which translates into the emergence of a robust transborder tourism recreation complex that started forming in the late 1990s and continues to be shaped until this time.

Does the Crisis Information Search Tell the Impact of Disease on International Tourism Demand?

As the world is struggling with the coronavirus (COVID-19), it is an important research task to understand the negative impact of the disease on the tourism industry with similar examples from the past and to prepare countermeasures for it. This study examines the effects of tourist attention to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) on international tourism demand for South Korea during 2009– 2016. Search volume indices for MERS in Google and Baidu were employed as a proxy for the tourist attention paid to MERS. Using a structural vector autoregression model with block exogeneity restrictions, we set up tourist attention to MERS as an exogenous variable and control for endogeneity between macroeconomic variables and tourist arrivals. Our results show that the tourist attention paid to MERS has detrimental effects on tourist arrivals and its effects are heterogeneous across visitor countries. While the negative effects of tourist attention to MERS on U.S. and European tourist arrivals were moderate, this negative information effect was more pronounced when the countries of visitors are closer to Korea, such as Japan and China. Future research directions and limitations of the study was discussed at the end of the study.

Calm before the Storm in the European Tourism Sector: Pre-COVID-19 Multivariate Competitive Position Analysis in the 2011-2019 Period

The impact of tourism on GDP results, inter alia, from the creation of various jobs in the widely understood tourism sector, as well as from travels made both by citizens within their country and by foreigners. Such travels entail expenditure on various goods and services. The coronavirus pandemic that broke out in 2020 caused significant losses in the economic area in all European Union (EU) countries. The restrictions implemented in connection with the pandemic affected the tourism sector the most.
 The aim of this paper is an assessment of the competitive position of EU27 countries from the tourism sector perspective. The study is based on the analysis of the competitive position of the tourism sector in EU member countries in the pre-COVID era, which is why the research period was 2011-2019. The tool for achieving this objective was a multivariate comparative analysis. The position can be assessed on the basis of various sub-measures, but this does not give a complete picture, only a fragmented one. Our goal was to show the picture holistically - proposing the SMD methodology.
 The conclusions of the study show that there is differentiation that persists over the long research period. The positions of individual countries are maintained. The same countries occupy both top and bottom positions. COVID-19 is a new factor, not included in the analysis, which may affect the results of such analyses in the future, both in short- and long-term perspective. In this context, our results can provide a starting point and a benchmark for assessing these developments in the coming years.

Reception Customs in Qajar Dynasty of Iran from the Point of View of European Tourists

One of the first necessities of human life was nutrition and human beings from the very beginning tried to meet this need. Over time, the way food is prepared and how it is served has become a rich culture that varied among different nations. Attention has been formed to different geographical conditions and tastes. Perhaps the sensible food of one nation is not very pleasant for another nation. In this study, travel writers' perceptions of Iranian food culture have been written. Most reports indicate that Iranian food is not very diverse, but some have been introduced as very tasty, including rice. Iranian and kebab, which are very popular among Iranian dishes, have been reported from baking a variety of breads as well as very tasty and hearty Iranian syrups. Writers are located.

GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF FOREIGN TOURIST FLOWS FORMATION IN UKRAINE: STATE AND FORMATION PROBLEMS

This study is devoted to the analysis of international tourism flows directed into Ukraine. Problem Statement and Purpose. Diagnostics of tourism flows according to regions of the world was carried out and the tendency of the increasing role of tourism both locally and internationally was noticed. The attractiveness of Ukraine for the tourism regions of the world was analyzed in detail by assessing tourist arrivals through the prism of the leading countries selection in each of them. This allows us to analyse the place of Ukraine in the tourism flows of these territories. Special attention is paid to the flow of tourists within the country and the analysis of the most attractive areas for foreign tourists in terms of regional territories. The aim of the study is a modernized vision of the problem of tourism flows within one of the countries of the Central and Eastern European tourism subregion (according to the UNWTO methodology). The study identified how the geography of tourist origin affects these processes in a particular country (on the example of Ukraine). Due to such research, it is possible to assess changes in the economic, social and political systems, as well as the culture of the country in general and its regions in particular. In addition, it is possible to assess the impact on the population around the world. Data & Methods. The study of international tourism flows is based on the recommendations of the UNWTO, as well as modern scientific research of national and foreign European researchers. The following research methods were used in the research process: analytical, descriptive, comparative, statistical. Results. The results of the previous empirical study confirmed that different social groups have their own specific patterns of tourism activity. It also showed what groups responded the most to globalization and the possible consequences it may have for tourism activities. The growing mobility of the population and the consequences of the outbound tourism development are some of the main consequences of globalization. The study showed that the geography of interest in Ukraine by foreign tourists is expanding. To some extent, this can be justified by the war, which significantly reoriented the composition and direction of international tourism flows in Ukraine.

ІНТЕРНЕТ-МАРКЕТИНГ ЯК КОМПОНЕНТА ТУРИСТИЧНОГО БІЗНЕСУ В РОЗУМНІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

The article discusses the contemporary issues related to the application of Internet marketing tools in tourism business along with estimating the growth rates of the global cloud computing and hosting market for 2010–2020 and analysing its structural and functional changes in different time periods. Modern tourism industry is viewed as a highly dynamic and fast-growing sector that not only adapts to market needs but also demonstrates new business practices using advanced cloud technology and business models. A special emphasis is put on the argument that the high growth rates of cloud technologies in recent years have been underpinned by the need to use an integrated database to manage business processes in tourism industry. The study provides insights into modern subject areas and marketing research objectives in the context of tourism digitalization as well as explores the fundamental change in the environment, settings and business patterns of tourism sector actors from the Internet marketing perspectives. The authors also present a concept of a system approach to information, technological and marketing support of a tourist product in the framework of business globalization. The findings justify the need to develop up-to-date strategic solutions by tourism enterprises with a focus on advanced knowledge practices in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic subject to the evolution of digital tools in tourism. The study offers an overview of the European Tourism 3.0 policy which provides for its consistent implementation in the concept of the national sustainable development along with identifying the relationships between the key factors to ensure the effective response of the tourism market actors to global competition challenges using Internet technologies. In addition, the article discusses particular applied aspects of tourism startups that have developed effective cloud technologies as well as demonstrates rapidly growing public value of startups and electronic industry advances as innovative idea generators in the tourism industry.

Differentiation of the attributes that influence tourist hunters’ satisfaction in Serbia

ABSTRACT Some hunter satisfaction surveys have been based on customer satisfaction research (importance-performance analysis, importance-grid analysis, penalty-reward-contrast analysis). This article applied a similar methodology on European hunting tourists. The goal was to identify determinants of hunting tourists’ satisfaction and specific elements of the hunting experience that influence overall satisfaction. Results suggested that “opportunity to see” and “to shoot game” most affected hunter satisfaction in Serbia. Variety of game species, large population size, and health of game populations were significant determinants of hunter tourists’ satisfaction, along with trophy value of game. Accommodation elements (comfort, ambiance, arrangement, equipment of hunting lodge) and additional tourist offerings (visiting nearest tourist sites) were not important for overall satisfaction.