European Standardization Research Articles

A contribution to European engineering standardisation for the aerospace industry

Standardisation of hardware and procedures is not new to industry in general or the aerospace industry in particular. Sir Joseph Whitworth was a contributor with his thread form, as far back as 1841 and it is still used by industry today. Indeed, one of the major peripheral influences when designing a new product, or engineering it for manufacture, is the need for a logical application of a standardisation policy. This ranges from procedures, practices, materials, methods, treatments and finishes, to the use of hardware. To a very great extent the commercial success of our products in aerospace is dependent upon a sound basis of engineering standardisation, developed over many years with painstaking care.Most of us engaged in the engineering aspect of our industry have probably had something to do with formulating a standard practice or method, without necessarily recognising it as such. But it is sometimes astonishing how few appreciate the depth to which those concerned with the preparation of a definitive standard need to research, in order to establish the required level of excellence to meet the designers’ specification or production engineers’ planned method for manufacture.

Some Aspects of Multilayer Ceramic Chip Capacitors for Hybrid Circuits

It is shown that both European and American standardization committees specify the dimensions in the same grid and that there is no standardization of the thickness in relation to the capacitance.Of the ceramic dielectrics, special attention is paid to the instability of capacitance and losses of type II materials due to temperature and voltage treatment.The conductivity of the inner electrodes determines the losses at 1 MHz in type I dielectrics. It is shown that the economically interesting partial replacement of Pd by Ag can cause an increase in the losses: other substitute metals seem more promising.The last aspect discussed is the end terminations of the capacitors. In the case of silver/palladium end terminations the Ag/Pd ratio should be smaller than two.