European Scholars Research Articles

Storying early Alexandria: occluded histories, colonial fantasies

Abstract There is something very affective, and also formulaic, about the story of the foundation of Alexandria. What makes it so enduring? What is it really about? And whose story is this? This paper explores the European historiographical tradition regarding the landscape and occupation of the site of Alexandria prior to and at the time of the city’s foundation. The number of publications on ancient Alexandria from its foundation in 331 bce to the Arab conquest of 642 ce is immense. Yet what interests me here is neither ancient Alexandria nor its early occupation per se, but rather the story European(ized) scholars have been telling about it, and how this story relates to land, people, and power. As such, it is a study in intellectual history.

Applying a diagnostic equation for maximum urban heat island intensity based on local climate zones for Guangzhou, China

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) is a widely studied phenomenon, characterized by unique spatiotemporal variations depending on urban structure. Seeking a simple and rapid method to monitor the Urban Heat Island Intensity (UHII) for local urban area with multiple inner morphology is essential for energy saving, citizen health, and urban planning. Hence, this study proposed a diagnostic equation for daily maximum urban heat island intensity (UHIImax) based on routine meteorological data and basic urban properties. The applicability of equation, previously proposed by European scholars, was evaluated based on Local Climate Zone (LCZ) scheme by a long-term temperature observation experiment conducted in Guangzhou. Overall, the underestimation of UHIImax was caused by LCZ1,2,3,4, in which the morphological parameters were outside the application range of the original equation. Then, a revised equation was proposed by adding the impervious surface fraction (ISF) in morphological parameters based on the spatiotemporal variance of UHII for different LCZ. The revised equation was evaluated against a year dataset and revealed a higher accuracy than the original one with a decrease of RMSE and MEAE at 0.4K, 0.15K, an increase of dr at 0.1. Moreover, the efficiency of the equations for all the seasons and LCZs were elucidated. In summary, the results can be used as a tool for monitoring the development of UHI in outdoor temperature studies.

서구 현대 공동체론

This essay aims to explore genealogy of community in the contemporary western theories focusing on two major European scholars’ theories of community: Jean-Luc Nancy’s ‘the inoperative community’ and Giorgio Agamben’s ‘the coming community.’ In the history of contemporary theories, Georges Bataille, a French philosopher, contextualizing communication and community, first proposed the idea of ‘Unavowable Community’ which influenced Jean-Luc Nancy’s idea of inoperative community. The inoperative community refuses identity politics and immanence to delineate a community where singular subject, going through desubjectification, take part in unrecognizable community expurgating any violence or drive for death. Nancy metaphysically critiques limit of the idea of community and suggests inoperative community as a metaphysically fundamental community. Though sounding purely ethical, Nancy’s community is product of the collapse of communism and resistance against totalitarian or capitalistic desire for unified community. In turn, the essay delves into complicated ideas of coming community in Giorgio Agamben’s The Coming Community. Agamben, inheriting as well as critiquing Nancy’s inoperative community, proposes ‘potentiality’ and ‘ease’ as the key elements of coming community in which political theology and ethico-ontology center the idea of community of singularity and coming politics.

Semi peripheral scholars negotiating internationalizing institutional strategies with translingual tactics in academic discourse

Abstract This article takes a closer look at the complexity of scholarly communication in the specific context of a German University by discussing the relevance of individual discourse tactics of European scholars with a heterogeneous background in communicating in English. The case study featured three scholars from the fields of Neurobiology and Microbiology. The data comes from interviews with the scholars, perusal of their drafts, and policy documents on the publishing expectations in their scientific community. Borrowing de Certeau’s terms strategies and tactics, I treat strategies as belonging to institutions, as manifested in tacit and explicit normative policies on publishing expectations and academic requirements in the name of internationalizing scholarship. Tactics are demonstrated by the dynamic and creative practices of scholars in the discourse practices they adopt to negotiate restrictive policies. While the policies are largely monolingual and monolithic, the practices of scholars draw from their translingual resources and social communicative ecologies. The article demonstrates through a case study that translingual practice can be a resource in negotiating dominant academic conventions for semi peripheral scholars.

Review: Rubens in Repeat: The Logic of the Copy in Colonial Latin America, by Aaron M. Hyman; Clothing the New World Church: Liturgical Textiles of Spanish America, 1520–1820, by Maya Stanfield-Mazzi

Review: <i>Rubens in Repeat: The Logic of the Copy in Colonial Latin America</i>, by Aaron M. Hyman; <i>Clothing the New World Church: Liturgical Textiles of Spanish America, 1520–1820</i>, by Maya Stanfield-Mazzi

Wielen van goud? Dorpsambachten en dienstverleners in een commerciële landbouwzone, een detailstudie van een achttiende-eeuwse wagenmaker in Doel

The commercialization of the early modern countryside has been studied mostly from the perspective of the agrarian producers, who increased their income through product specialization or by income pooling with additional activities in the secondary or tertiary sector. Only recently European scholars more attention has been paid to the non-agrarian rural population, who did not possess large land properties and had to rely on their craftsmanship and the provisioning of goods and services as their primary source of income. Similar studies on the existence and social and economic strategies of the non-agrarian rural population on the Flemish countryside are still lacking. The aim of this paper is to contribute to our general understanding of the economics ot village artisans, retailers and service providers by looking at a specific case-study. An micro-analysis of the account book of a cartwright in the 18th-century Doelpolder reveals his revenue, production regime, and customers and therefore provides insights in his social-economic activities and relationships.

Mā’ohi methodologies and frameworks for conducting research in Mā’ohi Nui

Historically, scholarship of and about Mā’ohi Nui (French Polynesia) has been conducted using western methods, methodologies, and frameworks which has, to a large extent, resulted in inaccurate and degrading representations of the people and the islands. In accordance with the empowering trends of Critical Pacific Studies, this article proposes a new way forward by advocating for the creation of Mā’ohi (French Polynesian) methodologies and frameworks and the incorporation of values and protocols in an effort to re-centre and de-centralise the historical inaccuracies of European scholarship, encouraging scholarship founded within the principles of for Mā’ohi researchers, by Mā’ohi researchers, or for Mā’ohi, by Mā’ohi.

Ранняя история: о реконструкции культурных и исторических процессов римского времени в днепро-донецкой лесостепи

The article responds to A. M. Oblomsky’s publication, published in Stratum plus (4, 2021). The methodology for reconstructing cultural and historical processes is one of the essential issues in the archaeology of the Roman period in Eastern Europe. It should be based on the scientific developments of Western European (mainly German) scholars. The method of constructing “cultural-historical groups” is criticized, in fact, based on a relatively insignificant sample (“rediscovered culture”) of ceramic fragments originating from exclusively partially excavated settlements. The basis for identifying the “chronologicalcultural horizon” is precisely the chronological horizon — a set of dating items of the same time in a particular territory associated with burial and settlement objects, containing ceramic vessels of a specific set of shapes.

New Horizons for Early Modern European Scholarship, edited by Ann Blair and Nicholas Popper

New Horizons for Early Modern European Scholarship, edited by Ann Blair and Nicholas Popper

The Democratic Limits of Populist Politics

The Democratic Limits of Populist Politics

Prophecy and Gender in the Hebrew Bible ed. by L. Juliana Claassens and Irmtraud Fischer

Reviewed by: Prophecy and Gender in the Hebrew Bible ed. by L. Juliana Claassens and Irmtraud Fischer Corrine L. Carvalho l. juliana claassens and irmtraud fischer (eds.), Prophecy and Gender in the Hebrew Bible (Bible and Women 1.2; Altanta: SBL Press, 2021). Pp. xv + 439. Paper $56. This collection of essays is part of the SBL Series, "The Bible and Women: An Encyclopedia of Exegesis and Cultural History," whose aim is "to present a reception history and cultural history of the Bible, focusing on gender-relevant biblical themes, women in the text, and the women who throughout history have read, appropriated, and interpreted the Bible in text and image" (https://www.sbl-site.org/publications/books_BibleandWomen.aspx). This volume meets this aim by presenting a broad examination of gender analyses of both the Former and Latter Prophets. The series is published simultaneously in German, English, Italian, and Spanish. The institutional affiliations of the various contributors reflect that global perspective. For American readers, this engagement with continental European scholarship is an additional benefit of the volume. The book begins with an introductory essay by Irmtraud Fischer, "Women in the Prophetic Books of the Hebrew Bible." The book is then divided into three parts: the broader historical context, studies of the narratives in the Former Prophets, and essays pertaining to gender in the prophetic collections. The book contains indexes of both ancient sources and modern authors. Each essay contains a bibliography. Part 1 is titled, "Historical Background: Prophecy and Gender in the Ancient Near East." It contains the following essays: "Narrative, Story, and History in the Biblical Traditions about the Formation of the Israelite Monarchy (1 Samuel 9–2 Samuel 5)," by Omer Sergi; "Cult and War: Contributions of Iconography to a Gender-Oriented Exegesis of Prophecy," by Silvia Schroer; "Nonmale Prophets in Ancient Near Eastern Sources," by Martti Nissinen; "Women and Magic: Practices in the Prophets (Joshua–Malachi)," by Ora Brison. Part 2 is named "Female Literary Figures and Their Social-Historical Context in the Nevi'im." It consists of "Female Biblical Prophets: Visible Bodies, Audible Voices—Liberated Word," by Nancy C. Lee; "Profiles of Resistant Women in the Former Prophets," by Rainer Kessler; "Women in the War Narratives of the Prestate Period (Joshua–Judges)," by [End Page 519] Michaela Bauks; "Gendered Politics: Dynastic Roles of Women in the Narratives about Saul, David, and Solomon," by Ilse Müllner; and "Women at the King's Court: Their Political, Economic, and Religious Significance in the Accounts of the Former Prophets," by Maria Häusl. Part 3 covers "Gender and Metaphor in the Latter Prophets." The essays here are "Daughter Zion and Babylon, the Whore: The Female Personification of the Cities and Countries in the Prophets," by Christl M. Maier; "The Marriage Metaphor in the Prophets: Some Gender Issues," by Marta García Fernández; "Do the Prophets Have a Private Life? Women as Literary and Redactional Tools," by Benedetta Rossi; "Between Excruciating Pain and the Promise of New Life: Birth Imagery in the Prophets and Trauma Hermeneutics," by L. Juliana Claassens; "Embodied Memories: Gender-Specific Aspects of Prophecy as Trauma Literature," by Ruth Poser; "Pornoprophetics Revisited, Decades Later," by Athalya Brenner-Idan; "The Meaning of the Female Presence in Messianic Texts within the Corpus of the Nevi'im," by Ombretta Pettigiani; and "The Never-Ending Search for God's Feminine Side: Feminine Aspects in the God-Image of the Prophets," by Hanne Løland Levinson. On the whole, this volume is quite good, although I will offer a few critiques in my summaries. Some of the essays in part 1 lack focus partly because they are setting the broader social context. Sergi's essay provides a strong foundation on issues of historiography, especially for the early monarchy but, surprisingly, does not address gender. Similarly, Schroer's essay focuses more on the relationship between iconography and text, providing a good summary of current research, although the arrangement of the discussion was sometimes hard to follow. Nissinen's essay is an excellent summary of his extensive work on gender and prophecy in the ancient Near East. Brison uncovers the gender polemics in the biblical texts' use of certain prophetic terms, but it would...

Towards ‘secondary raw material’ as a legal category

The paper seeks to examine the role of categorisation for circular economy by investigating the concept and definition of waste and waste management. In this paper, not only the legal interpretation provided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and legal scholars will be considered, but also economic analysis for an improved taxonomy of waste and resources (also referred to as ‘secondary raw material’). The broad concept of waste as developed by the CJEU as well as the uncertainty of end-of-waste-status-criteria create a major obstacle. The paper thus seeks to provide an alternative to the existing categories based on a more purposive approach that acknowledges the potential of resources more adequately. It provides an additional concept to waste within the legal framework and thereby acknowledges the role of categorisation as a driver for circular economy.

Convergences: Canon and Catholicity by Christopher R. Seitz

Reviewed by: Convergences: Canon and Catholicity by Christopher R. Seitz R. David Nelson Convergences: Canon and Catholicity. By Christopher R. Seitz. Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press, 2020. x + 189 pp. The genre of this book is difficult to pin down. In the afterword, Seitz admits the study falls short of pure intellectual history, due mainly to the investment he has made in the movement [End Page 238] of scholarship he surveys (171). Over seven swiftly paced main chapters, the book considers a few seemingly unconnected lines of scholarship, tracing their developments from their origins and revealing surprising parallels and intersections of methodology and insight. Seitz's contribution to the academic study of the Bible, which reorients the question of scripture's meaning to the final form of the two-Testament canon, lies at the point where the roads he follows meet. Readers get a compact guide to scholarship on canonical criticism during the past half-century, albeit in a form that mixes the analysis of ideas, intellectual biography, genealogy, and memoir. Perhaps, then, we might risk a mishmash and call the book academic travel literature. Convergences boasts no central thesis or groundbreaking proposal. Instead, Seitz invites readers to discover how the grand claims of the canonical approach map out on the terrain of the academic study of biblical literature. He writes evocatively of that landscape, describing canonical criticism by recalling his own journey and retracing the steps of fellow trailblazers. In the Anglosphere, students of biblical exegesis know the movement's focus on the Bible's final canonical form mainly through several seminal works by late Yale Old Testament scholar Brevard Childs, Seitz's Doktorvater. Generally, biblical scholarship undertaken within the intellectual culture of the modern research university is historical and critical in outlook. Scholars devote themselves to uncovering the origins and literary developments of biblical texts, in doing so deconstructing traditional religious and theological notions of the Bible's meaning. Childs took the discussion in a new direction, pioneering the canonical-critical approach and breaking new ground in biblical theology. Childs drew upon insights expressed during the first half of the twentieth century by Old Testament scholars such as Hermann Gunkel, Gerhard von Rad, and Martin Noth, even while pushing back against the emphasis on form criticism dominating that era of German biblical scholarship. For Childs and his followers, an exclusive concentration on origins, such as what one typically encounters in the biblical studies guild, misses a crucial segment of the story; namely, that in time communities of faith recognized these texts as sacred [End Page 239] writ, as a literary nexus of revelatory speech uniquely authoritative for belief, theology, worship, and ethical action. Canonical criticism is less interested in how communities of faith sorted out the Bible's contents than in the form the Bible received as a result of that process. As a student of Childs and himself the author of several influential studies in canonical criticism, Seitz is very much an insider to the discussion. Here he tells the tale, in a roundabout fashion, of how the canonical approach materialized. But his real interest is to explore "kindred contributions" (3) emerging in Europe at the same time Childs was at work in the States. The idea for the book originated after Seitz stumbled upon the scholarship of Jesuit theologian Paul Beauchamp. As he immersed himself in Beauchamp's oeuvre, especially the two volumes of L'un et l'autre Testament (one and the other Testament), Seitz discovered astonishing connections between the Jesuit's approach to the unity of the Bible and Childs's attentiveness to canonical form. His engagement with Beauchamp led Seitz to reconsider other texts from twentieth-century European scholarship, including Protestant philosopher Paul Ricoeur's exegesis of Genesis 1 and 2, and Catholic contributions to hermeneutics and biblical theology from the likes of Jean Daniélou and Henri de Lubac. In the conclusion we find a delightful exchange with Benedict XVI's Jesus of Nazareth, showing how canonical exegesis directly informs his reading of the gospels. This book is the yield, then, of an intensive period of discovery and reflection on the part of the author, and likewise an invitation to the reader...

Modern Ukrainian Historiography about the Everyday Life of the Early Modern Nobility

The article analyzes the approaches in modern Ukrainian historiography to coverage of the everyday life problems of the early modern nobility. It is emphasized that the study of this problem has been tendentious and superficial for a long time. Attention is paid to the fact that in the 19th century it was due to the perception of the Commonwealth as a state of other nations, in which the Ukrainian nobility lost its identity and gradually assimilated with the Polish one. The 20th-century’s studies of this topic were significantly influenced by the historiography of the Soviet era, both because of the Marxist-Leninist research methodology and the limited communication with Western European scholars. It is pointed out that such interpretations and distancing from the history of the nobility had a negative effect on the study of the life realities of this community, and accordingly on the understanding of the characteristics of Ukrainian early modern times.The works of modern historians dedicated to the everyday life of the nobility are considered. It is established that the greatest contribution to the development of this aspect was made by N. Yakovenko, I. Voronchuk, M. Dovbyshchenko, and N. Starchenko. Emphasis is placed on the active development of the genealogy of the Ukrainian nobility. The assessment of the identity of an early modern nobleman in modern works is considered, which allows observing the multiplicity of his self-perception (awareness of belonging to local groups and a sense of homeland). Basing on the analyzed works of Ukrainian historians, it is proved that the aristocratic everyday life’s conflicts were regulated and controlled by the community itself. The discussion about the number of the nobility and the strategies of a nobleman in the private space, which was determined by one’s family and court, is considered. The opinions of Ukrainian researchers on the problems of religious conversions and the presence of the sacred in the worldview of the nobility are compared.The problems of nobility’s everyday life, which require additional research (history of local aristocratic groups, economic activity of the nobility, the concept of labor and leisure, consumption culture, history of clothing, intellectual needs, etc.), are distinguished.

DisOrientations: German-Turkish Cultural Contact in Translation, 1811–1946 by Kristin Dickinson

Reviewed by: DisOrientations: German-Turkish Cultural Contact in Translation, 1811–1946 by Kristin Dickinson Berna Gueneli DisOrientations: German-Turkish Cultural Contact in Translation, 1811–1946. By Kristin Dickinson. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2021. Pp. vii-xi + 257. Cloth $99.95. ISBN 978-0-271-08984-3. Kristin Dickinson's first book DisOrientations looks at the longue durée of Turkish-German interrelations by focusing primarily on (Ottoman) Turkish and German literature and translations, while at the same time eloquently juxtaposing and tracing connections between a dizzying array of texts and authors linked to multiple geographies and temporalities. Analyzing in particular (Ottoman) Turkish literature and translations to and from European languages (French and German) in the period from 1811 to 1949, Dickinson elegantly exposes the disorienting and destabilizing processes involved in such intellectual and literary endeavors. That is, on the one hand, these processes distort ideas of national "originality" or "authenticity," and on the other, they connect previously separately conceived entities such as the "West" / "Germany" or the "East" / "Turkey" (e.g., 8, 16, 26, 29, 71). Her book, consisting of six chapters, an introduction, and an epilogue, achieves this by moving back and forth, in particular between Germany and Turkey over a period of the past three centuries. In the process, it provides detailed readings, at times various versions of Recaizade Mahmut Ekrem's The Carriage Affaire (1896), Goethe's West East Divan (1819) and Werther (1774), Ahmet Hikmet Müftüoglu's "My Nephew" (1899), Halide Edip Adivar's The New Turan (1911), Sabahattin Ali's "The Comprehensive Germanistan Travelogue" (1929), Madonna in a Fur Coat (1943), and others. While uncovering the history and intricacies of the multidirectional literary traditions and translations in Ottoman Turkish literature and culture, Dickinson's approach reveals intriguing insights into the art and meaning of translation (e.g., 88, 129), world literature/Weltliteratur (e.g., 29ff., 81, 149, 166) and the creation of German Turkology (e.g., 92ff). In the process, she engages with various contemporaneous thinkers, such as Friedrich Schlegel (41), Johann Gottfried Herder (12, 40, [End Page 377] 75) and Friedrich Hölderlin (12), Orientalists like Friedrich von Diez (45ff), authors like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (37ff, 51ff, 64ff) and Heinrich von Kleist (167ff), Turkologists such as Georg Jacob, Erika Glassen and Jens Peter Laut (193ff.), as well as contemporary Germanists such as Todd Kontje and Venkat Mani (23–24, 41). The period primarily under inquiry in the book is the modernization period of the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey, in which (Ottoman) Turkish reformers were intending to orient themselves and their country away from the East (Perso-Arabic literatures and cultures) toward the West/Europe (e.g., French and German literatures and cultures), while at the same time trying to locate and highlight a so-called Turkish "national-cultural identity" (81). These (Ottoman) Turkish reformers and intellectuals turned "to European literature as a source of inspiration" (69, 167) while they also "sought to adopt certain innovations from Europe in the realms of technology, military, [and] bureaucracy" (69). In the literary and other realms, this created a sense of "belatedness" (69) for the (Ottoman) Turks, a sense of lagging behind their European role models. Dickinson suggests that the quest for a national character, or literature, seems to mimic, in particular, the colonial and orientalist aspirations of German/European scholars of the nineteenth century, despite the Ottoman Empire never being colonized (70). Dickinson argues further that this Westernization/Europeanization enterprise was at odds with the actual contemporary literary texts and translations she analyzes. While the (Ottoman) Turkish Modernization/Westernization project—like much of Orientalist scholarship in Europe—assumes an origination or fixed point that one can orient oneself to, or start from, the actual (Ottoman) Turkish literary texts as well as their translations reveal themselves as multidirectional in nature and rather disorienting and "messy," instead of clear-cut and fixed (e.g., 167, 199). In the satirical short story "My Nephew," for example, Dickinson uncovers a criticism of over-Westernization and, in general, anxieties about the Ottoman Empire's larger Westernization project (90). Goethe's West East Divan, another example Dickinson discusses, shows the minute complexities and transfers...

Freedom of treaty and its limits: compliance of Ukrainian civil legislation with European approaches

The article presents the results of the analysis of the compliance of the civil legislation of Ukraine with the European approaches to guaranteeing the freedom of contract and its restrictions. The normative consolidation of freedom of contract in European countries (France, Germany, Slovakia, Poland, and Romania) has been studied. It was found that in European countries the freedom of contract is limited in order to maintain public order, good morals, protection of certain categories of contractors (consumers). In France, the current version of Article 1102 of the Civil Code stipulates that everyone is free to conclude a contract, choose contractors, determine the content and form of the contract, but within the limits established by law. It is established that in Germany the freedom of contract is limited by the requirements of the law, the prohibition of illegality, immorality, as well as the need to protect consumer rights.&#x0D; An analysis of Slovakia's civil law found that the expansion of the substantive content of the principle of freedom of contract was influenced by the case law of the Constitutional Court. In Romania, as in Ukraine, a separate article is devoted to the freedom of contract and the disclosure of its content in the Civil Code. The compliance of the Ukrainian legislation on freedom of contract with the DCFR is analyzed.&#x0D; The position of European scholars on the impact of the principle in dubio pro libertate on contractual freedom and its restrictions, as well as the views of domestic scholars on the principle of freedom of contract.&#x0D; It is substantiated that in general both scientific positions and legislative provisions of the Central Committee of Ukraine on the formulation of freedom of contract correspond to the European approach to maximum freedom and application of only lawful and proportionate restrictions guaranteeing fairness and non-discrimination, protection of weaker counterparties (consumers) interests. It is proposed to understand the limits of freedom of contract provided by the CC or other act of civil legislation of Ukraine legal, reasonable, fair and proportionate framework that restricts the freedom of action of the parties to the contract to ensure the balance of public and private interests.

China’s Ideational Influence in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and European Scholars’ Interpretations of China-CEE Cooperation

ABSTRACT Chinese and European scholarly debates on China’s relations with Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have steadily heated up since the introduction of the 16/17 + 1 cooperation mechanism in 2012. However, they have tended to take place in discrete linguistic and academic bubbles. This article has three aims: first, to introduce Chinese scholarly debates on China-CEE cooperation to an Anglophone readership; second, to conduct a critical assessment of Chinese and European scholars’ inclusions and omissions; and third, to compare the narratives presented by Chinese scholars concerning China-CEE cooperation with European scholars’ interpretations. The content analysis demonstrates that Chinese scholars under-emphasize the influence-forming and ideational aspects of the platform, while European scholars insufficiently analyze the extent to which the 16/17 + 1ʹs characteristics are shared with other Chinese regional cooperation platforms.

Current status and progression of minimally invasive surgery after neoadjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction

The number of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (AEG) has been increasing year by year. The key technical points such as surgical approach, lymph node dissection and GI tract reconstruction have gradually reached their maturity. With the emergence of proofs of evidence-based neoadjuvant therapy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for advanced AEG is also gradually accepted by most surgeons and oncologists. European scholars have previously started researches on MIS after neoadjuvant therapy for esophageal cancer and AEG. Domestic scholars also raise practical suggestions on the application of neoadjuvant therapy for AEG via the cooperation between gastrointestinal and thoracic surgeons, demonstrating the trend in standardization and individualization. But there is still no consent to the indication of MIS after neoadjuvant therapy. Furthermore, there is also a lack of the standardization of technical points for MIS, GI tract reconstruction, short- and long-term outcomes. Such associated problems have been the hot controversy and exploration in recent years. This article describes current progress of neoadjuvant therapy for AEG, current status of MIS after the neoadjuvant therapy in Europe, America, East Asia, including China, and related researches plus future prospects, hoping for better clinical outcomes.

European Union criminal procedure policy as part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality

This article is devoted to finding the term that would be optimal for naming the procedural part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality.&#x0D; The terms «EU policy in the field of the fight against criminality», «EU criminal policy», «EU law enforcement policy» are used to refer to a separate type of European Union policy.&#x0D; Adhering to the position of giving preference to the use of the term «policy in the field of the fight against criminality», it is seen that such a construction can be applied in the context of the European Union and, as we see, is in demand. However, it should be recognized that a significant number of European scholars use the term «criminal policy of the European Union».&#x0D; Thus, it is proposed to use the term «European Union policy in the field of the fight against criminality» as a generalized concept that better reflects its non-level, but namely complex structure and relatively independent but interconnected basic elements, parts, first of all, EU criminal policy and EU criminal procedure policy.&#x0D; Of course, we can talk about other parts of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality, in particular, criminology, but the primary interest in the study is its procedural component.&#x0D; There are various terminologies in the literature that define it. For example, the following options can be identified: 1) «EU policy in the field of judicial and law enforcement cooperation»; 2) «European Union Justice and Home Affairs Policy». The term «EU policy in the field of justitia and home affairs», which is as close as possible to the latter wording and also used; 3) «European Union policy on criminal procedure»; 4) «European justice policy».&#x0D; The most common term is «procedure». For example, «criminal procedure policy of the EU» and its interpretation. The words «procedure» and «process» are synonymous words.&#x0D; Accordingly, to denote the procedural part of the European Union's policy in the field of the fight against criminality, it is acceptable to use the term «criminal procedural policy of the European Union» as the optimal.

Recent trends in publications of economic historians in Europe and North America (1980–2019): an empirical analysis

This article analyses the integration of economic history into economics using a unique dataset containing 11,143 articles written by 919 economic historians and published between 1980 and 2019 in leading journals; we also analyzed the authors’ biographical information. Using a probit regression, we find that since 1980, economic historians have increased their likelihood of publishing in Economics or Finance Journals (EFJs) by 12 points. This integration is more marked in North America than in Europe because North American economic historians are more likely to be trained in the discipline of economics. In contrast, a significant share of scholars in Europe are trained in the discipline of economic history. Network visualizations confirm these regional differences: citations to EFJs are much more central in North American scholars’ work. Our findings support Robert Margo’s claim that economic history is currently integrated into economics more often in publications in North America than in Europe.