Parts Of Europe Research Articles

Fauna of some families of Coleoptera (Insecta) in the Republic of Mordovia (Russia).

Biodiversity conservation is an important goal of most ecosystem management efforts. Therefore, proper monitoring of biodiversity requires constant attention. Coleoptera should be monitored as an essential part of the overall biodiversity. Special monitoring is needed for families that are active as predators (e.g. Coccinellidae) or are saproxylic species (e.g. Elateridae and Cerambycidae). The aim of the research is to describe the fauna of seven families of Coleoptera (Elateridae, Drilidae, Lycidae, Lampyridae, Cantharidae, Coccinellidae and Cerambycidae) of the Republic of Mordovia (the centre of the European part of Russia). The results are based on faunistic research, the main part of which was carried out in April-October 2007-2023 and on material from museum collections. The collecting was made using several different methods (by hand, light trapping, on different lures, into pitfall traps etc.). GPS coordinates are given for each faunistic record. The dataset contains information on seven species new to the region: Malthodesflavoguttatus Kiesenwetter, 1852, Malthodesminimus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cantharidae); Scymnusrubromaculatus (Goeze, 1777) (Coccinellidae); Anoploderarufipesventralis Heyden, 1886, Tragosomadepsarium (Linnaeus, 1767), Xylotrechusarvicola (Olivier, 1795) and Xylotrechusibex (Gebler, 1825) (Cerambycidae).

Innovative Development of Russian Regions: Assessment and Dynamics in the Context of Sustainable Development

Innovative development of regions is a key factor that determines the level of competitiveness of the economies of all countries in the world. This article uses statistical tools to assess the level of innovative development of the regions of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the work is to assess the innovative development of the subjects of Russia for the period 2010–2020. Objectives of the study: (1) to study the main parameters of innovative development of the subjects of the Russian Federation; (2) to conduct a typology of Russian regions by the level of innovative development on the basis of cluster analysis. The selected time interval (2010–2020) was a period of increasing turbulent flows of development of socio-economic processes at the global, national and regional levels. Cluster analysis was used to identify spatial and functional features of innovative development of Russian regions. The obtained analytical calculations confirm a high degree of differentiation between the Russian regions by all key indicators of innovative development. The results of grouping regions on the basis of cluster analysis showed that there are four clusters based on the sum of normalized indicators, reflecting different levels of innovative development in Russian regions. The analysis revealed that most of the regions belong to the groups with moderate and low levels of innovative development. The regions of the Central and Volga Federal Districts have the highest level of innovative development, while the regions located in the north of the European part of Russia, the North Caucasus, the south of eastern Siberia and the Far East, as well as “new” regions, have a low level. The results of the study can be implemented by regional authorities for systematic monitoring of the level of innovative development of regions, making managerial decisions and developing mechanisms to ensure innovation activity in the regions.

Notes on jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Türkiye

New data are presented on the distribution of 58 species and subspecies in the European and Asiatic part of Türkiye, which belong to 16 genera and six subfamilies of jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Notably, this research confirms the presence of Anthaxia (Anthaxia) fulgurans (Schrank, 1789), Eurythyrea quercus (Herbst, 1780) and E. aurata (Pallas, 1776) within the Turkish fauna. Anthaxia (A.) semicuprea Küster, 1851 is new for the European Türkiye. The exact localities in this country of Chalcophora intermedia intermedia (Rey, 1890), Cyphosoma paganettii Obenberger, 1914, C. veselyi Obenberger, 1925, Dicerca amphibia Marseul, 1865 and D. moesta (Fabricius, 1792) are reported for the first time. Some distinguishing characters of Agrilus (Quercuagrilus) graminis Kiesenwetter, 1857 and A. (Q.) hastulifer (Ratzeburg, 1837) allowing their better identification are given as well.

Epizootological situation and epidemiological risks for natural focal infections in the territory of new subjects of the Russian Federation (Donetsk People's Republic, Lugansk People's Republic, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions)

An epizootological inspection of the liberated territories of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions was carried out. It was established that the faunal complex of small mammals, hare-like and ectoparasites, as well as their number, make it possible to ensure the circulation of natural focal infections identified by the results of laboratory studies: tularemia, Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF), West Nile fever (WNF), ixodic tick-borne borreliosis (ITB), rickettsiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), leptospirosis, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Q fever, intestinal yersiniosis, Batai, Inco, Sindbis, Tyaginya fevers. For the first time, the PCR method in field material from the Zaporozhye region (Berdyansk and Melitopol regions) detected the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, on the territory of the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics in the populations of small mammals (rodents and insectivores), the circulation of viruses Inco, Sindbis, Tyagin, Batai was established. In the territories of Kherson and Zaporozhye regions, the presence of combined and conjugated natural foci of ixodic tick-borne borreliosis, rickettsiosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis is determined. According to the results of molecular genetic analysis, it was shown that the causative agents of natural focal infections (Crimean hemorrhagic fever, West Nile fever, ixodic tick-borne borreliosis, rickettsiosis) identified in 2023 are genetically close to strains circulating in the regions of the south European part of Russia.

Effect of Plantation Density on Some Physical and Technological Parameters of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

The issue of optimising the initial stand density (ISD) of tree plantations has high practical importance. The objective of this study was to non-destructively evaluate the influence of the initial stand density of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations located in the European part of the Russian Federation on wood basic density (BD), moisture content (MC), ultrasound velocity (UV), latewood content, and drilling resistance (DR). The trees at the age of 45 years with initial plantation densities of 500, 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10,000 trees/ha were tested by a 5 cm-long core sample for gravimetric MCGM and BD by PULSAR-2.2 for UV along the height (UVH) and through the tree trunk diameter (UVD) by the IML-RESI PD-400 tool for DR, as well as by GANN HT 85T for MC based on the electrical-resistance method (MCERM). A significant influence of ISD was found on DBH, UVD, MCGM, and MCERM. ISD had no significant impact on BD, UVH, and DR. The wood BD ranged from 356 to 578 kg·m−3 with a mean value of 434 ± 3.3 kg·m−3 and was restricted by the soil and environmental factors. DBH and 70% MCERM were good indicators of tree vitality. Linear correlations between DBH and MCERM (R2 = 0.67), DBH and MCGM (R2 = 0.74), DR and BD (R2 = 0.71), and the two-factor model MCGM = f(DBH, BD) with R2 = 0.76 were found.

Trends In Extreme Weather Events With Socio-Economic Damage Over The Period 1991-2019 In Russia And Its Regions

Increased number of extreme weather events is one of the most serious hazards of climate change over the territory of Russia. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the number of extreme weather events that caused social and economic damage in the country and its regions. This paper analyzes changes in the total number of events with damage (meteorological for the period 1991-2019 and agrometeorological – for 2004-2019), disaggregated by their types and by regions. The Mann-Kendall test is applied to detect statistical significance (0.05 level of significance, normal distribution). The results show an increase in the number of meteorological extreme events with damage for 1990-2019 in Russia from 130 to 257 events per year on average for the 1990s and 2010s, respectively, while the proportion of events with damage in relation to the total number of extreme events decreased over this period. We found statistically significant trends only for a few types of extreme events: hot and cold temperature, strong wind, heavy rain and droughts (increase by 0.9, 9.4, 11.4, 25.9 and 13.3 events/10 years, respectively). Number of heavy rain precipitation events is the only unidirectional stable growth trend. Unusual increasing trend in cold extreme events with damage in Russia can be attributed to the greater damage to the economy and population from cold extremes than hot ones. The regional distribution of trends across the territory of the Russian Federation is heterogeneous. However, significant changes in the number of extreme events of strong winds, heavy rains and soil drought by regions are statistically positive and observed mostly in some southern and central regions of European part and the Western Siberia. The development of adaptation plans to the negative effects of climate change is a first priority for these regions. A system for monitoring economic and non-economic damage from extreme events must be developed in Russia.

ЦИРКУЛЯЦИЯ ВИРУСА КОКСАКИ А5 В ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ЧАСТИ И НА ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ

Over the past few years, the number of cases of HFMD diseases associated with Coxsackievirus A5 (CVA5) infection has increased worldwide. The detection rate of this virus has become comparable to the currently dominant pathogens: CVA6, CVA16, CVA10 and Enterovirus A71. The dynamics of CVA5 circulation in the European part and eastern regions of Russia in the period 2013-2023 is characterized. The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of strains identified in the Russian Federation and other countries are studied. The virus was detected annually, with the exception of 2020, detection peaks were recorded in 2018 and 2023. The proportion of CVA5 in the structure of etiological agents of enterovirus infection averaged 4.27%, in the structure of identified Enterovirus A viruses – 7.25%. CVA5 infection was more often manifested in the form of acute respiratory disease 33.05%, herpangina – 22.88%, HFMD – 16.95%. The Russian CVA5 strains were characterized by genetic heterogeneity, manifested by the simultaneous circulation of viruses belonging to different genotypes and genovariants.

Импортоемкость регионов российской экономики

In the pre-sanction period, foreign economic relations in Russia were growing in importance. While the country’s gross domestic product increased by 1.75 times in 2013 compared to 2000, imports increased by 5.7 times in comparable prices during this period. Despite actual and potential effects of comparative advantages, the growing dependence on foreign markets also had negative consequences. The study assesses the demand for imported goods, considering the existing interindustry relations in the Russian economy. The paper describes the first stage of comparison of direct and total costs for the Russian economy and presents mathematical tools used to calculate indicators of its import dependence. In the future, we are planning to extend this approach to examine the spatial economy of two macrozones, namely, the European and Asian parts of Russia. Statistics show that the direct import intensity of the Russian economy is approximately 6 %, which is less than the global average. The vertical specialisation index of about 11 % indicates a relatively low dependence of the export of domestic goods on imports. In 2014–2020, total import costs reduced the most in the pulp and paper industry (-5 %) and vehicle manufacturing industry (-3 %) mainly due to a decline in their import intensity. In general, the impact of forced import substitution turned out to be negative for most regions after 2013. The proposed methods can be used to forecast the trade balance and consequences of implementing various import substitution policies. Since that intermediate consumption flows are included in indirect and total costs, it is advisable to develop a methodology accounting for investment goods.

Agroecological assessment of the efficiency of utilization of quail manure in the restoration of disturbed sod-podzolic soils with the formation of a stable herbage

The most acute environmental problems of our time include large volumes of bird droppings produced annually at large livestock complexes. At the same time, the sod-podzolic soils dominating in the Non-Chernozem zone of the European part of Russia are characterized by low reserves of humus, which quickly fall with intensive agricultural use and soil anthropogenic degradation. To restore degraded sod-podzolic soils, a peat-sand substrate enriched with compost from quail manure without and with the application of phosphogypsum to stabilize organic compounds of compost was used with the support of project No. 075-15-2021-1030 of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia. The vegetation experiment showed the maximum increase in plant biomass of the herbage in the variant with the combined use of compost and phosphogypsum: respectively, 30% higher than the control one. In the summer, there is an increased intensity of soil CO2 emissions in the variants with compost, but with a multiple more active increase in grass biomass growing, so one can talk about the atmosphere carbon sequestering nature of the technology of utilization of quail droppings during the restoration of disturbed sod-podzolic soils with the formation of a stable herbage.

Социальный портрет фронтовиков Первой мировой войны: информационные возможности

Introduction. Soviet historiography has traditionally seen the front-line soldiers as supporters of the Bolshevik Party, active participants in the establishment of Soviet power in the localities. This approach was convincingly supported by evidence from the memoirs of participants in the events. There are almost no special memories of the World War - participation in it was not a matter of pride; mainly about staying at the front was reported in connection with subsequent revolutionary events. Modern historiography considers front-line soldiers more variably, but essentially uses the same source base. Since millions have returned from the front, and thousands have left memoirs, the conclusions drawn from these sources are quite vulnerable, especially if researchers insist on their universality. Many judgments are about the unwillingness of soldiers to fight, the desire to get land at home, etc. - made not on the basis of source facts, but logical reasoning. Materials and methods. This article attempts to analyze the sources of personal origin of the frontline soldiers of one region - the Orenburg province. A complete collection of memoirs, autobiographies, etc., is reflected in the catalog published in 2021 and includes materials from the archives of the Orenburg region (state archives, museum archives) and archives of adjacent territories (Samara, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) - a total of 167 authors, as well as autobiographies from the personal files of the personnel department of the Orenburg Regional Committee of the CPSU - 240 texts. In total, these documents can be considered as a natural sample, which made it possible to create a social portrait of front-line soldiers in the southeast of the European part of the country with fixation of variants of certain aspects. The data obtained in some cases do not agree with the generally accepted judgments of the all-Russian scale. Results. The process of returning from the fronts dragged on until 1919. The thesis accepted in historiography that the peasant soldiers were in a hurry to get home in order to have time to receive land under the decree on land, does not find any support in the sources. The thesis about the mass revolutionary moods of the front-line soldiers and their readiness and desire to fight for the new government does not find support either. The vast majority of those who returned from the war sought to arrange a normal peaceful life. Those who could not find work immediately left for the Red Guard (and later the Red Army) as volunteers - service in the Red Guard was an alternative source of livelihood. Conclusion. A significant number of peasants got back to farming on land, and were drawn into the confrontation of the civil war only through the mobilization of 1919.

Fluvioglacial deposits in large lakes and inland seas of the eastern periphery of the Baltic Shield: formation peculiarities, lithological features and place in the palaeogeography of the Late Pleistocene-Holocene in the Northwest European part of Russia

In the report, on the basis of studies of the Quaternary cover of the Ladoga and Onega lakes and the White Sea carried out in the last decade, the question of the peculiarities of the formation of the first glacial lakes on the eastern periphery of the Baltic crystalline shield, the time of their deposition, and the peculiarities of sedimentogenesis is discussed. It is concluded that sediments of a specific type of sedimentation, which are formed everywhere in inland basins (seas and lakes) can be identified as a glacial-water formation specific to the glacial regions of the Earth.

Simulation modelling of traffic flow of the east-west latitudinal corridor for socio-economic development of the Novosibirsk region

The article presents the study’s results to assess the degree of impact of different categories of objects on traffic flows in the city of Novosibirsk (Russia). The main feature of the area is its intersection with the Trans-Siberian Railway. The highway is a transport corridor linking states in the European part of the continent with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Using structurization, analysis, synthesis, and simulation modeling allowed us to obtain a quantitative and qualitative description of the key objects whose behavior significantly affects the implementation of traffic flows in the study area. Formal rail, road, and pedestrian behavior models are studied and presented. Such models became the basis of simulation modeling, allowing us to estimate the degree of influence of modernization of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the objects of street road infrastructure of Novosibirsk adjacent to the relevant sections of the railway.

Detection of potential reservoirs of the Mezen syneclise of the Eastern European platform

The possibility of discovering new hydrocarbon deposits within the north-eastern segment of the European part of Russia will reduce the cost of transporting hydrocarbons to major industrial centres. And access to Russia’s most important transport artery, the Northern Sea Route, in the context of the growing importance of the tanker fleet and reorientation of sales markets proves the need to build up the region’s resource base. However, it is necessary to take into account the environmental and climatic risks associated with hydrocarbon production in the Arctic conditions, as well as their transport. This paper presents the data of paleoreconstructions of sedimentation settings of Precambrian sedimentary strata in the light of updating the history of development of the Mezen-Belomr region and studying the reservoir properties of the Riphean-Wendian part of the sedimentary cover section. As a result, formations with enhanced filtration-capacity properties were identified. The Vendian part of the section is characterised by good values of open porosity (up to 20.89%).

О некоторых факторах различий в работе государственного сектора по регионам РФ

The influence of geographical location of regions of the Russian Federation on the results of the public sector, as well as factors of national diversity and urbanization, were considered. The applied methodological approach is based on the construction of regional indices PSP (Public Sector Performance), grouping and comparison. Based on data for 2015–2021 were shown the differences in the work of the public sector in northern and southern regions, located in the Asian and European parts of the Russian Federation, as well as regions that differ in the level of urbanization and the degree of national diversity. The hypothesis about the influence of border regions’ specifics was not confirmed. The analysis of the performance of the public sector is presented in the context of eight blocks of indicators: «Security», «Healthcare», «Education, Science and Innovation», «Social Support», «Sports and Culture», «Transport», «Ecology», «Economic Development». The obtained results, according to the authors, may be useful in the formation of regional economic policy

New variety of winter garlic Ashlan for the north of the European part of Russia

The article presents the results of the work of the laboratory of vegetable crops “Federal Agrarian Research Center of the North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky” and the breeding nursery of LLC Research and Production Company “Agrosemtoms” on the study of winter garlic new variety Ashlan, which was created for 7 years and zoned in the VolgaVyatka region. It was created for cultivation and use in the domestic market. It is adapted to mechanized planting, with large bulbs and a small number of large cloves, winter-hardy. Garlic is a local crop and its morphobiological features may change depending on the growing conditions, so it is advisable to take into production plastic, local variety Ashlan.

Рождаемость и смертность населения Удмуртии в 1930-е гг.

The aim of the study was to examine the birth rate and mortality in Udmurtia in the 1930s. To date, almost no one has studied this topic. The objectives of the study include studying the reproduction rates of the population of Udmurtia and identifying factors influencing the dynamics of changes, as well as comparing the birth rate and mortality of the population of Udmurtia and the RSFSR/USSR. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a large volume of previously unpublished materials is introduced into scientific discourse, a significant gap in Russian history is filled. The sources were mainly unpublished materials of the natural movement of the Statistical Office and office records of the health authorities of Udmurtia. The results of the study showed that the birth rate in Udmurtia was much higher than in the European part of the Soviet Union, especially in the first half of the 1930s. The main reasons for this are the national specifics of the region (a significant part of the population is Udmurts with increased birth rates), lower educational level of women, and a higher proportion of villagers. In turn, in the village of Udmurtia, the birth rate was higher than in cities (except 1937). In the second half of the decade, the birth rate in the republic decreased, approaching the all-Union indicator. It fell due to higher rates of urbanization, the spread of abortion, the famine of 1936 due to large-scale crop failure, which was as significant as in 1932/33. The mortality rate in Udmurtia was also much higher (except for 1933) than the all-Union one. The high mortality rate of the entire population was mainly due to significant morbidity, among the main causes of death exogenous. Mortality increased sharply during the hunger years. The thencurrent level of medical care was unsatisfactory. The shortage of medical workers was acute; their qualifications often raised questions. The allocated funds were not enough for the purchase of medicines and the necessary equipment. In the second half of the 1930s, the difference in mortality rates in the USSR and Udmurtia slightly decreased. Total mortality was greatly influenced by infant mortality. Its share was extremely high and it decreased very slowly throughout the 1930s. In the first place among the causes of infant mortality were gastrointestinal diseases due to poor nutrition. In the second place were congenital weakness and premature birth. They, in turn, were explained by the difficult working conditions of women in the workplace, as well as by the high percentage of mothers with syphilis, which was almost never detected or treated during pregnancy. In the third place were lung diseases caused by crowding and the spread of rickets due to a lack of vitamins. With a few exceptions, the natural population growth in Udmurtia was more significant than in the European part of the USSR. In addition, it was positive all these years, even in 1933.

ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЦЫ ИЗ РОССИИ В ТУРКЕСТАНЕ

The article considers the situation with migrants from the central and western provinces of the Russian Empire to Turkestan in the late 19th – early 20th century. The author notes that the ethnic composition of the migrants was heterogeneous: there were not only Russians, but also representatives of many other peoples of the empire. The social composition of the settlers also varied: the author emphasizes that a significant part of the population that migrated to Turkestan from the European part of the Russian Empire was made up of servicemen and peasants, and a significant number of peasant-settlers, who tried to solve the issue of landlessness through migration, found themselves without land in Turkestan. The settlers were supposed to become the backbone of the empire in the Turkestan region, but, as the author believes, that was prevented by the difficulties the migrants encountered in settling in the new place, adapting to local economic conditions (and, in particular, to the culture of irrigation farming) and building relationships with the indigenous population of the region. Another serious challenge was adapting to the natural conditions of Turkestan, which differed significantly from those in the center and west of Russia. Nevertheless, as the author emphasizes, migrants from the European part of the Russian Empire played an important role in the economic history of Turkestan, contributing to its industrialization, as well as to the improvement of agriculture in the region.

Современное состояние почв лесных питомников таежной зоны Европейской части России

When producing planting material in the taiga zone, it is extremely important to assess problematic sites in forest nurseries. Attention should be paid to poor soil quality, which can significantly affect the growth rate of seedlings and the yield of standard planting material. The article considers a comprehensive assessment of soil conditions in forest nurseries of the taiga zone of the European part of Russia. The research was conducted in six forest nurseries. Agrochemical and physical properties of soils were determined. The content of organic matter in the soils of forest nurseries is low, mobile forms of phosphorus, exchangeable potassium and alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen are insufficient for optimal growth and development of coniferous seedlings. The level of acidity in the soils of nurseries in the taiga zone of the European part of Russia turned out to be favorable. Half of the studied forest nurseries have increased density of soil composition, which can lead to the formation of soils with low pore volume, limiting air intake and moisture retention in the soil. A decrease in the intensity of seedling growth and yield of standard seedlings may occur due to the lack of technological measures such as weed control, lack of irrigation, etc., but one of the most important reasons is the insufficient supply of soils with mineral and organic substances. Equalization of soil fertility parameters in forest nurseries can be achieved by application of necessary fertilizers and by means of cultivation. The results of the presented work will make it possible to draw the attention of specialists engaged in the cultivation of planting material in the taiga zone of the European part of Russia to the problem of low soil fertility.

Confessional contact zones of the Russian empire by counties and districts according to the results of the 1897 census

The first general population census of 1897 is the main source of information about the structure of the population of the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, including the religious composition of the population. At the same time, statistics based on the results of the census make it possible to carry out a cartographic analysis of the religious structure of the population not only at the level of provinces and regions, but at the lower administrative level (counties anddistricts). The purpose of the study is to assess the heterogeneity of the religious structure of the population of the Russian Empire at the level of counties and districts based on the results of the population census of 1897. For this purpose, a cartographic research method was used. The religious mosaic index was used as an indicator that allows dividing mono-confessional and multi-confessional territories and identifying contact zones between the areas of distribution of the main religions of the state (Christianity, Islam and Buddhism). Regions with a mixed religious composition of the population without a strong predominance of any one religion (confessional contact zones) were observed mainly in the border territories of the Russian Empire, especially in its western and southern parts. The center and north of the European part of the country, where the Orthodox population dominated, represented a mono-confessional (Orthodox) “core”.

Техногенная трансформация почв степей европейской части России в условиях углеводородного загрязнения

The object of the study is the soils of the Orenburg region, Buzuluk district, contaminated with pollutants. The aim of the study is to identify patterns of accumulation of heavy metals in southern chernozems that have been subjected to hydrogen pollution and the studied conglomerate by pollutants of the European part of the steppes of Russia. As well as the establishment of a set of factors and confirmation of their influence on the stability of landscapes in conditions of soil degradation and further formation of geochemical barriers formed by pollutants. The materials and methods of research are the literature of leading Russian specialists studying this issue, as well as regulatory and legal documentation: GOST standards, SanPiNs, Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Cartographic and graphic materials have been built that display sampling points, the content and dependence of elements on pollutants. A field survey (reconnaissance of the area) was conducted in the conditions of eluvial formation of soil and soil-forming accumulation, against the background of changes in the processes of formation of geochemical chains. Soil samples were taken from the site, and a syntaxoid analysis was performed. The total value of the maximum permissible concentrations of pollutants in the soils of the studied area within the boundaries of the administrative region of three oil fields has been determined. According to the results of the study, a pattern of accumulation of heavy metals from the area of the geochemical barrier formed by pollution with petroleum products was revealed. The perspective of the development of the influence of accumulations of pollutants on the transformation of the natural landscape is visualized. In areas contaminated with pollutants, it is necessary to carry out reclamation works: technical and biological stages, in compliance with environmental protection.