European Journal Of Social Psychology Research Articles

Iconic 21st Century Activist "T-Shirt and Tote-Bag" Combination Is Hard to Miss These Days!

Iconic 21st Century Activist "T-Shirt and Tote-Bag" Combination Is Hard to Miss These Days!

Corrigendum for Distancing or drawing together: Sexism and organisational tolerance of sexism impact women's social relationships at work

European Journal of Social PsychologyVolume 52, Issue 1 p. 223-223 CORRIGENDUMFree Access Corrigendum for Distancing or drawing together: Sexism and organisational tolerance of sexism impact women's social relationships at work This article corrects the following: Distancing or drawing together: Sexism and organisational tolerance of sexism impact women's social relationships at work Esma Esen Ciftci, Manuela Barreto, David Matthew Doyle, Jolien Breen, Safi Darden, Volume 50Issue 6European Journal of Social Psychology pages: 1157-1172 First Published online: July 7, 2020 First published: 09 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2815AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat In Ciftci et al. (2020), there is an error in the results of Study 3. The statistics showing the effect of experience of sexism on women's social closeness to their female colleagues was reported as: b = −.28, t(370) = −2.42, p = .02, 95% CI [−.50, −.05] This statistic should have been: b = .28, t(370) = 2.42, p = .02, 95% CI [.05, .50] Because of this error, one reported interpretation of this study was that experiences of sexism led women to report weaker closeness with other women at work. However, the interpretation should be: Experiences of sexism led women to report greater closeness with other women at work. Below are the specific corrections related to this error: In section 4.2.1 of the original version, it reads: “Results showed a statistically significant main effect of sexism, b = −.28, t(370) = −2.42, p = .02, 95% CI [−.50, −.05], indicating that recalling sexism led women to report weaker closeness with other women at work, in line with Hypothesis 1.” This text should instead read: “Results showed a statistically significant main effect of sexism, b = .28, t(370) = 2.42, p = .02, 95% CI [.05, .50], indicating that recalling sexism led women to report greater closeness with other women at work, contradicting Hypothesis 1.” In section 4.3 of the original version, it reads: “Here, we found suggestive evidence for Hypothesis 1 on the measure of closeness; experiences of sexism led women to report reduced closeness with their female colleagues in this study. Moreover, we again found evidence in support of our second hypothesis…” This should instead read: “Here, we found that experiences of sexism led women to report increased closeness with their female colleagues in this study, which does not support Hypothesis 1. However, we again found evidence in support of our second hypothesis…” Finally, the following paragraph in section 5 of the original version should now not be included in the article. This paragraph read: “Although evidence for distancing was not consistently found, there was some evidence that experiences with sexism led women to report less closeness with other women in Study 4. This finding is consistent with some past work (Derks, Ellemers et al., 2011; Derks, Van Laar et al., 2011; Parks-Stamm et al., 2007; Doyle & Molix, 2014b). Previous work has shown distancing effects, but this was in the context of male-dominated work environments (Ely, 1994; Derks, Ellemers at al., 2011). The current work was not specifically focused on male-dominated contexts, but still we find some evidence that women may distance themselves from others following experiences of sexism.” These corrections affect the interpretation of one main effect in one of the 3 studies reported in the manuscript. The focus of the manuscript as a whole was on testing whether any effects of experienced sexism at work are moderated by organisational climate. Interactive effects relating to this focus were correctly reported. As such, this error does not affect the overall conclusions of this article. REFERENCE Ciftci, E. E., Barreto, M., Doyle, D. M., van Breen, J., & Darden, S. (2020). Distancing or drawing together: Sexism and organisational tolerance of sexism impact women's social relationships at work. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 1157– 1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2695Wiley Online LibraryWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume52, Issue1February 2022Pages 223-223 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Do community females display a propensity towards sexual aggression? An empirical assessment of prevalence and psychological predictors

ABSTRACT Objective: Despite growing interest in female sexual offending, academic understanding of community females who display a propensity towards sexual aggression (PSA) is lacking. Method: Across three vignette studies, we recruited three independent samples of community females (Noverall = 555) to assess the prevalence of female PSA towards males. We also examined whether established risk factors associated with male PSA are valid predictors of female PSA. These included ambivalent sexist attitudes, inappropriate sexual interests, non-sexual aggression, impulsivity, male rape myth acceptance, and sexual preoccupation. Results: Across studies, findings showed that between 26.9% and 44.0% of participants did not emphatically reject an interest in adult male-directed PSA. Key predictors of participants’ non-zero endorsement included an interest in violent sexual activities, rape myth acceptance, and sexual preoccupation. Conclusions: Though lower than their male counterparts (see Bohner, G., Reinhard, M. A., Rutz, S., Sturm, S., Kerschbaum, B., & Effler, D. (1998). Rape myths as neutralizing cognitions: Evidence for a causal impact of anti-victim attitudes on men’s self-reported likelihood of raping. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(2), 257–268), some community females self-report an interest in perpetrating male-directed sexual aggression. We discuss the implications of our findings on harm prevention efforts with females, alongside avenues for future research.

AJRH gets new numbers and a social science editor.

AJRH gets new numbers and a social science editor.

A translation and validation of the Perceived Political Self-Efficacy (P-PSE) Scale for the use in German samples

Caprara et al. (European Journal of Social Psychology 39:1002–1020, 2009) criticized existing measures of internal political efficacy for not taking into account psychological theories of self-efficacy and for the resulting low construct validity. As an alternative, they presented a ten-item measure called Perceived Political Self-Efficacy (P-PSE) Scale. Based on social cognitive theory, it adopts a psychological understanding of self-efficacy and captures the phenomenon in a more systematic and complete manner than previous measures of internal efficacy.We translated the P-PSE scale to German and tested it in a German national quota sample, using quotas for age, gender and education (N = 1025). We provided evidence on the scale’s construct validity (by testing its correlations towards related constructs) and on its criterion validity (by regressing political participation propensity on the P-PSE score). The scale explained ΔR2 = 26% of people’s propensity for political participation over and above sociodemographic variables, and ΔR2 = 12% over and above previously existing measures, demonstrating its incremental value. We also tested cross-cultural measurement invariance towards an Italian sample, establishing configural, as well as partial metric and scalar invariance. In addition, we validated a four-item short version of the scale, which proved to be similarly valid as the full version. We argue, that these two measurement instruments provide a more adequate way of assessing internal political efficacy for research in German-speaking countries.

РОЗВИТОК ЦІННІСНОГО СТАВЛЕННЯ МАЙБУТНІХ УЧИТЕЛІВ ДО СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТІ У ПЕДАГОГІЧНІЙ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ

Статтю присвячено вивченню розвитку ціннісного ставлення майбутніх учителів до справедливості у взаємодії учасників освітнього процесу. Вказується, що ціннісне ставлення суб’єкта педагогічної взаємодії до справедливості є поєднанням усвідомленої ним норми рівності відносно іншого учасника та справедливого вчинку. Змістовно воно презентується ціннісним ставленням учителів до себе як до суб’єктів справедливої поведінки та ціннісним ставленням до учнів, на яких вона спрямовується. Зазначається, що студенти педагогічного університету поки що не є повноправними суб’єктами педагогічної діяльності, тому становлення їх ціннісного ставлення до справедливості відбувається через призму рефлексії ставлення до них викладачів та розвитку ціннісного ставлення до себе як потенційних учителів і носіїв моральних та професійних цінностей. Встановлено, що, рефлексуючи педагогічну взаємодію викладача, більшість студентів схильні визначати дії справедливими, якщо має місце об’єктивне оцінювання результатів їх навчальної діяльності. Студенти освітнього ступеня «магістр», які мають досвід проходження педагогічної практики у закладах загальної середньої освіти, віддають пріоритет належному, справедливому оцінюванню зусиль учнів у процесі навчання, як винагороді за виконану роботу, та виваженій позиції викладача у різних ситуаціях педагогічних взаємодій. Для студентів освітнього ступеня «бакалавр» більш суттєвим усправедливих діях викладача є вияв співчутливості та емпатії, розуміння індивідуальних проблем суб’єктів учіння. Виявлено, що, орієнтуючись на позитивні особистісні якості справедливих викладачів, студенти з різним освітнім рівнем і досвідом педагогічноївзаємодії ціннісно ставляться до власної особистості, включаючи до її структури позитивні риси суб’єкта справедливої поведінки, а, також, виявляють схильність активно відстоювати право на визнання гідності власної особистості.

Special Issue on “The Social Psychology of Forced Migration and Refugee Integration” in the European Journal of Social Psychology

Special Issue on “The Social Psychology of Forced Migration and Refugee Integration” in the <i>European Journal of Social Psychology</i>

Call for Papers: “What Drives Second- and Third-Party Punishment? Conceptual Replications of the ‘Intuitive Retributivism’ Hypothesis”

Call for Papers: “What Drives Second- and Third-Party Punishment? Conceptual Replications of the ‘Intuitive Retributivism’ Hypothesis”

Competitive victimhood as a lens to reconciliation: An analysis of the black lives matter and blue lives matter movements

AbstractLiterature on intergroup conflict and identity is well established; this literature includes work on competitive victimhood—the process by which groups attempt to establish that they have suffered more than opposing groups (Noor et al., Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2012, 16(4), 351–374) to restore feelings of moral identity, or cache often for use in a political context (Sullivan et al., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2012, 102(4), 778). Within prior work on competitive victimhood, models of reconciliation based on the particular needs and identities established within the competitive victimhood dynamic have also been posited (SimanTov‐Nachlieli et al., European Journal of Social Psychology, 2015, 45(2), 139–145; Shnabel et al., Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2013, 49(5), 867–877). While competitive victimhood theory has been applied in prior work to several cross‐national settings, there exist other important areas of intergroup tension that have not been explored. We propose that the concept of competitive victimhood can be fruitfully used to understand movement‐countermovement dynamics, including those related to conflictual race relations in the United States. Specifically, this article will examine the dynamic between the movements “Black Lives Matter” and “Blue Lives Matter” as a salient paired research case of a movement and countermovement for investigating identity and victimhood. In our present article, we map the discourse of the Black and Blue Lives Matter movements as illustrations of collective victimhood (Schori‐Eyal et al., Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2014, 44(12), 778–794) and competitive victimhood (Noor et al., Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2012, 16(4), 351–374). We find that while both movements demonstrate competitive victimhood, they are also qualitatively different. Due to differences in threat, power, and history of those the movements advocate for, each movement demonstrates different needs (Burton, Conflict: Human needs theory, Springer, 1990). We posit that the identity dynamics of competitive victimhood within social movements specifically lead to important and different identity needs for agency and morality (Shnabel &amp; Noor, in Restoring civil societies: The psychology of intervention and engagement following crisis (pp. 192–207), Wiley‐Blackwell, Chichester, England, 2012). We examine what these differences would mean in these particular movements, as well as for potential avenues of community building based on addressing these needs. In all cases, we aim to show that what has largely been considered a criminal justice phenomenon in the United States is fundamentally political, with roots and possible solutions in intergroup identity dynamics that can be fruitfully explored within political psychology.

Explaining different orientations to the 2013 Gezi Park demonstrations in Istanbul, Turkey.

Although a notable minority orient to real-world demonstrations by actively participating, other less involved, safer, orientations are more frequent. Thus, in the context of anti-government demonstrations in Gezi Park/Taksim Square in Istanbul, Turkey, in 2013, we distinguished between the orientations of participating, visiting, and watching. Study 1 (N=359) and Study 2 (N=327) confirmed that participating was characterized by greater experience of police violence and feelings of collective empowerment (Drury & Reicher, European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 2005, 35) than visiting and watching the demonstrations. Expanding upon and replicating the findings from Study 1, Study 2 examined identification with protestors and left-wing ideology, along with constructs (social support, anger at the government, protestor's efficacy, endorsement of protestors) from the dynamic dual pathway model (van Zomeren etal., Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16, 2012, 180) as predictors of the three different orientations to the demonstrations. As expected, the dynamic dual pathway model predicted reported participation via endorsement of protestors, independent of identification with protestors and left-wing ideology.

Serious violent behavior and antisocial outcomes as consequences of exposure to ethnic-political conflict and violence among Israeli and Palestinian youth.

We examine whether cumulative-past and concurrent exposure to ethnic-political violence among Israeli and Palestinian youth predict serious violent behavior and antisocial outcomes toward the in-group and the out-group. We collected four waves of data from 162 Israeli Jewish and 400 Palestinian youths (three age cohorts: 8, 11, and 14 years old) and their parents. The first three waves were consecutive annual assessments, and the fourth was conducted 4 years after the third wave, when the three age cohorts were 14, 17, and 20 years old, respectively. Based on social-cognitive-ecological models of the development of aggression (Dubow et al., 2009, Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12, 113-126; Huesmann, 1998) and models of the development of beliefs about the "other," (Bar-Tal, 2004, European Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 677-701; Tajfel & Turner, 1986), we predicted that serious violent outcomes directed toward both the in-group and the out-group would be related to both concurrent and to persistent-past exposure to ethnic political violence. Bivariate regression models (prior to including covariates) indicated that both early cumulative exposure to ethnic-political violence during childhood and adolescence and concurrent exposure during late adolescence/early adulthood predicted all six serious violent and antisocial outcomes. When we added to the models the covariates of ethnic subgroup, age, sex, parents' education, and youths' prior physical aggression, concurrent exposure to ethnic-political violence was still significantly associated with a greater likelihood of concurrently perpetrating all six serious violent and nonviolent forms of antisocial behavior, and earlier cumulative exposure remained significantly related to three of these: severe physical aggression, participating in violent demonstrations, and our overall index of violent/antisocial behavior.

Probing the history of social psychology, exploring diversity and views of the social: Publication trends in the European Journal of Social Psychology from 1971 to 2016

AbstractThe European Journal of Social Psychology (EJSP), as the voice of the European Association of Social Psychology, aims to promote diversity and a distinctively ‘European’, more ‘social’, social psychology (SP). However, whether and how these objectives have been accomplished over time remains controversial. This article enters this debate, tracing the history of SP as depicted by EJSP publications, via two types of lexicometric analyses of all abstracts of the Journal (1971–2016). Themes, processes, methods, and their organisation in cycles and clusters over time, were identified and analysed. Regarding diversity, findings indicate that the publications reflect several of the new theoretical proposals that emerged over the years, but do not fully reflect the variety of perspectives and methods of the discipline. It further indicates that lately the ‘social’ is predominantly present in attention to pressing social issues, albeit the processes involved in them are mostly theorised at an individualistic level. This pattern suggests the importance of keeping open the quest for epistemological and methodological diversity, and of re‐problematising what the ‘social’ in SP means. By contributing to mapping the history of SP, offering a more comprehensive and reflexive view for it, the present analyses also help in forging a stronger discipline.

Interrelationships of Personal Values: A Moderated Mediation Analysis Based on Gender and Age

The present study describes ten personal values expressed by men and women from two countries, and it explores the relationships between two opposing values, Achievement and Benevolence, specifying Stimulation as a mediator between them. It is further explored whether such a mediation model could be further qualified by age and Gender as moderators. The 40-item Portraits Values Questionnaire (PVQ), measuring ten basic values, was administered to 1,000 young adults from two countries. Hierarchical regression methods were applied to examine mediation and moderation mechanisms.Minor gender and country differences emerged for some of the ten basic values. An indirect relationship among the three selected values was identified. Stimulation was found to operate as a mediator between achievement and benevolence. A conditional process model was established with Gender moderating the Achievement – Stimulation path (men had a steeper slope than women), whereas age moderated the Stimulation – Benevolence path (younger individuals had a steeper slope than older ones). Gender also moderated the Achievement – Benevolence path (men had a steeper slope than women). For men, the association between achievement and stimulation was stronger than for women. For the younger persons, the association between stimulation and benevolence was stronger than for older ones. For women, the level of benevolence was independent of their achievement level. The present analyses shed new light on indirect and differential associations among personal values, adding a novel perspective to research on cognitive mechanisms involved in the ten basic values’ becoming.&#x0D; References&#x0D; &#x0D; Bardi, A., &amp; Schwartz, S.H. (2003). Values and behaviour: Strength and structure of relations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(10), 1207–1220.&#x0D; Berlyne, D. Conflict, arousal and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1960.&#x0D; Burgoyne, C.B. &amp; Lea, S.E.G. (2006). Money is material. Science, 314(5802), 1091–1092.&#x0D; Hayes A. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: a regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.&#x0D; Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value-orientations in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In: Toward a General Theory of Action, (pp. 388-433). T. Parsons &amp; E. Shils (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.&#x0D; Korman, A. (1974). The Psychology of Motivation. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.&#x0D; Maio, G. R., Hahn, U., Frost, J., &amp; Cheung, W. (2009). Applying the value of equality unequally: Effects of value instantiations that vary in typicality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 598–614.&#x0D; Maio, G.R., Pakizeh, A., Cheung, W.Y. &amp; Rees, K.J. (2009). Changing, priming, and acting on values: effects via motivational relations in a circular model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 699–715.&#x0D; Maslow, A.H. (1965). Eupsychian management. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.&#x0D; Parks-Leduc, L., Feldman, G., &amp; Bardi, A. (2015). Personality traits and personal values: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(1) 3–29.&#x0D; Parsons, T. &amp; Bales, R. F. (1953). Family, Socialization, and Interaction Process. Glencoe: Free Press.Prince-Gibson, E., &amp; Schwartz, S. H. (1998). Value priorities and gender. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61, 49-67.&#x0D; Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 1-65.&#x0D; Schwartz, S. H. &amp; Sagiv, L. (2000). Value Priorities and Subjective Well-Being: Direct Relations and Congruity Effects. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 177-198.&#x0D; Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., &amp; Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.&#x0D; Vohs, K.D., Mead, N.L. &amp; Goode, M.R. (2006). The psychological consequences of money. Science, 314 (5802), 1154–1156.&#x0D; Wade, M.D., Liu, L.A. &amp; Vacek, J. (2011). Values and Upward Influence Strategies in Transition: Evidence From the Czech Republic. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42 (2), 288–306.&#x0D;

Corrigendum: Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample

European Journal of Social PsychologyVolume 47, Issue 1 p. 113-113 CorrigendumFree Access Corrigendum: Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample This article corrects the following: Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample Matthew Browne, Gordon Pennycook, Belinda Goodwin, Melinda McHenry, Volume 44Issue 7European Journal of Social Psychology pages: 736-742 First Published online: August 16, 2014 First published: 23 March 2017 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2271Citations: 1AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat After online and print publication of the study of Browne, Pennycook, Goodwin, and McHenry (2014), an error was detected in the abstract of the article. In the second sentence of the abstract, ‘higher’ should be corrected to ‘lower’ so the sentence should read: ‘In a relatively large (N = 1093), older community sample (M = 55.4 years), analytic cognitive style was associated with a lower probability of affiliating with a religious denomination and a lower probability of possessing strong religious faith’. Reference Browne, M., Pennycook, G., Goodwin, B., & McHenry, M. (2014). Reflective minds and open hearts: Cognitive style and personality predict religiosity and spiritual thinking in a community sample. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 736– 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2059 Citing Literature Volume47, Issue1February 2017Pages 113-113 ReferencesRelatedInformation

On the generalization of attitude accessibility after repeated attitude expression.

The more accessible an attitude is, the stronger is its influence on information processing and behavior. Accessibility can be increased through attitude rehearsal, but it remains unknown whether attitude rehearsal also affects the accessibility of related attitudes. To investigate this hypothesis, participants in an experimental condition repeatedly expressed their attitudes towards exemplars of several semantic categories during an evaluative categorization task. Participants in a control condition performed a non‐evaluative task with the same exemplars and evaluated unrelated attitude objects. After a 30‐minute interval, participants in the experimental condition were faster than controls to evaluate not only the original exemplars but also novel exemplars of the same categories. This finding suggests that the effect of attitude rehearsal on accessibility generalizes to attitudes towards untrained but semantically related attitude objects. © 2016 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Globalisation and global concern: Developing a social psychology of human responses to global challenges

AbstractThe process of globalisation has gained tremendous momentum over recent decades, resulting in unprecedented human interconnectedness and awareness of global concerns. The current special issue of the European Journal of Social Psychology brings together 10 papers that address this development. This special issue showcases different perspectives on the psychological processes that underlie the cognitive and behavioural responses to the global challenges humankind has created and is now facing. In introducing these contributions, we identified three emerging topics for social psychological theorising and application vis‐à‐vis globalisation and global concerns: (i) supranational identification and attachment, (ii) political and ideological responses to globalisation and global concerns, and (iii) global protest and change. We integrate these topics by highlighting some future prospects of this emerging field of research and its significance for understanding social change in these tumultuous times.

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Responses to Ingroup’s Devalued Social Status: a Field Study at a Public University

In this study based on an actual event, we examined how group members cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally respond to devaluation of ingroup’s social status. Integrating predictions from Social Identity Theory (SIT; Tajfel and Turner 1986) and Intergroup Emotions Theory (IET; Smith et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(3), 431–446 (2007)), we explored how appraisals about ingroup’s perceived decrease in status (i.e., stability and legitimacy of status change and permeability of group boundaries) are associated with discrete group-level emotions (e.g., anger, shame), and how those emotions in turn predict different coping strategies Blanz et al. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28(5), 697–729 (1998). Analyses of the results showed that: First, preference for each coping strategy varied according to appraisals of ingroup status, and the patterns were largely consistent with what SIT predicts. Second, different group-level emotions were reported according to appraisals of ingroup status. Third, inclusion of group-level emotions as mediators of associations between ingroup status appraisals and coping strategies significantly increased the explanatory power of the path models. In sum, this study demonstrated how the two theories on intergroup relations can be used together to offer a more detailed account of group identity management. For future direction, experimental or longitudinal designs as well as cross-cultural comparisons were suggested.

Doing good by doing nothing? The role of social norms in explaining default effects in altruistic contexts

AbstractWe explore whether the known preference for default options in choice contexts—default effects—occur in altruistic contexts and the extent to which this can be explained through appeal to social norms. In four experiments, we found that (i) participants were more likely to donate money to charity when this was the default option in an altruistic choice context; (ii) participants perceived the default option to be the socially normative option; (iii) perceptions of social norms mediated the relationship between default status and charitable donations; and (iv) a transfer effect, whereby participants translated social norms they inferred from the default option in one domain into behavior in a second, related domain. Theoretically, our analysis situates default effects within a comprehensive body of social psychological research concerning social norms and the attitude‐behavior relationship, providing novel empirical predictions. Practically, these findings highlight that the way donation policies are framed can have an important impact on donation behavior: in our third study, we found that 81% donated half of their earnings for taking part in the experiment to charity when this was the default option, compared with only 19% when keeping the money was the default. Our work suggests that making use of default effects could be an effective tool to increase altruistic behavior without compromising freedom. © 2014 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Efficacy and well‐being in rural north India: The role of social identification with a large‐scale community identity

Identifying with a group can contribute to a sense of well-being. The mechanisms involved are diverse: social identification with a group can impact individuals' beliefs about issues such as their connections with others, the availability of social support, the meaningfulness of existence, and the continuity of their identity. Yet, there seems to be a common theme to these mechanisms: identification with a group encourages the belief that one can cope with the stressors one faces (which is associated with better well-being). Our research investigated the relationship between identification, beliefs about coping, and well-being in a survey (N = 792) administered in rural North India. Using structural equation modelling, we found that social identification as a Hindu had positive and indirect associations with three measures of well-being through the belief that one can cope with everyday stressors. We also found residual associations between participants' social identification as a Hindu and two measures of well-being in which higher identification was associated with poorer well-being. We discuss these findings and their implication for understanding the relationship between social identification (especially with large-scale group memberships) and well-being. We also discuss the application of social psychological theory developed in the urban West to rural north India. © 2014 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Developing a social psychology of climate change

Pennsylvania State University, USADespite overwhelming consensus among scientists about thereality of anthropogenic climate change (Bray, 2010; Oreskes,2004), there remains significant reluctance on the part ofcitizens and politicians to take the action needed to addressit. This resistance has been repeatedly identified in socialresearch (Leiserowitz & Maibach, 2010; Leviston, Leitch,Greenhill, Leonard, & Walker, 2011; Lorenzoni & Pidgeon,2006; McCright & Dunlap, 2011; Reser, Bradley, Glendon,Ellul, & Callaghan, 2012) and is mirrored by the lack of prog-ress made by salient political summits (Rogelj et al., 2010).Perhaps as a response to this, scholarly journals and articlesthat are focused on climate change are growing. Naturalscientists tell us that we know what needs to be done to avertdangerous climate change (IPCC, 2014), and economists tellus that delaying action in the short term will lead to muchgreater costs in the long term (Stern, 2007). Understandingpublic responses to climate change and developing solutionsto catalyse action is a critical challenge for the social sciences,and we propose that the development and elaboration of asocial psychology of climate change would be a cornerstoneof such an approach.We do not make the claim that social psychology has all theanswers but rather that the theories, models and researchmethods of social psychology can provide a powerful arsenalto complement the approaches of other disciplines. Re-searchers have already begun to apply social psychologicaltheory and methods to the issue of climate change, and wehighlight in the following sections examples of the insightsthat have flowed from this. We cannot assume, though, thatour theories and findings will automatically generalise to theclimate change context. As Moser (2010) has noted, thereare unique dimensions to climate change that make it distinctfrom other environmental, risk and health issues: The causesof climate change are invisible to humans, the impacts are dis-tal and it is complex and riddled with uncertainties. Modernurban humans are to some extent insulated from their physicalenvironment, and the lags between the climate and social sys-tems make it difficult for people to understand their role ininfluencing climate.These factors suggest the importance of developing a socialpsychology of climate change, empirically testing, integratingand refining existing theories and models to develop newframeworks. The notion that psychology can play a role inunderstanding and addressing climate change is not a newone. The American Psychological Association’s Task Forceon the interface between psychology and global climatechange comprehensively detailed the ways in which psycho-logical research can help to understand people’s perceptionsof the risks of climate change, the contribution of human be-haviour to climate change, the psychosocial impacts of climatechange, the ways in which people can adapt and cope withclimate change and the psychological barriers that could limitclimate change action (Swim et al., 2009, 2011).It is also not a new idea that social psychology can play animportant role in understanding and addressing environmentalproblems and solutions (Clayton & Brook, 2005). Social psy-chology, specifically, has a long tradition oftheory andresearchthat is relevant to addressing key climate change questions.Attitudes, social cognition, persuasion and attitude change, so-cial influence, and intragroup and intergroup behaviour, forinstance, are fundamental foci for social psychology and havedirect relevance for understanding the human and social dimen-sionsofclimatechange.Thetimeisripetounderstandtherangeof research that has been developing in social psychology onattitudes, beliefs and actions, to build upon these insights, andintegrate them with knowledge from other sciences to developmodels and theories indigenous to the climate change context.In the following section, we provide a brief overview of re-cent social psychological research that addresses three broadthemes relevant to understanding and responding to climatechange. These themes are as follows: (i) social psychologicalinfluences on climate change attitudes and beliefs; (ii) facilita-tors and barriers to climate change action; and (iii) changingclimate change attitudes and behaviour. Although there issome overlap in these themes, as an organising principle theyintuitively map on to key questions that arise in relation to cli-mate change. Our aim is to highlight recent examples of socialpsychological research that provide interesting and importantinsights in relation to these themes. Swim, Markowitz, andBloodhart (2012) have noted that much of the social psycho-logical research on climate change has emerged since 2006;we focus in on the most recent of this research that has beenpublished since 2010. We also outline how the studies in thespecial issue relate to these themes. We recognise that theseare not the only areas where social psychological researchand theory can make important contributions but they never-theless relate to key questions that need to be addressed. Weconclude the introduction by proposing considerations thatsocial psychologists could take into account in their futureresearch on climate change.European Journal of Social Psychology, Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 44, 413–420 (2014)