European Island Research Articles

The Cretaceous of the Elbe valley in Saxony (Germany) - a review

In Central Europe one of the most important interchanges between the North Temperate Realm and the Tethyan Realm took place during the Cenomanian along the course of the Elbe Valley Geosuture that separates the Erzgebirges block (part of the Mid European island during the Cretaceous) from the Lusatian block (West Sudetic island: Scupin, 1937). Strata of the Lower Cretaceous and the basal portion of Lower Cenomanian are absent in the Elbe Valley Geosuture but a marine transgression in a NW-SE direction occupied a portion of this tract during the late Early Cenomanian and a second incursion from SE to NW occurred during the Late Cenomanian.

Flora and phytogeographical significance of the islands Chrisi, Koufonisi and nearby islets (S Aegean, Greece)

Bergmeier, E., Kypriotakis, Z., Jahn, R., Böhling, N., Dimopoulos, P., Raus, Th. & Tzanoudakis, D.: Flora and phytogeographical significance of the islands Chrisi, Koufonisi and nearby islets (S Aegean, Greece). — Willdenowia 31: 329–356. 2001. — ISSN 0511-9618.An annotated floristic catalogue is provided for the islands Chrisi (Gaidouronisi), Koufonisi and the nearby islets Mikronisi, Strongili, Makrouli and Trachilos, all off SE Kriti. Critical use is made of literature data, and hitherto unpublished records, mostly from 1997 through 2000, add substantially to the first full vascular plant inventory of the islands. The total numbers of vascular plant taxa currently known from each island are as follows (accepted taxon records from literature, if extant, in brackets): Chrisi 275 (162), Mikronisi 71 (21), Koufonisi 273 (71), Strongili 110, Makrouli 115, Trachilos 96. Most noteworthy are Suaeda palaestina and Ononis vaginalis (currently with their single localities in Europe); Allium brachyspathum, Astragalus boeticus, A. peregrinus, Galium recurvum, Hippocrepis unisiliquosa, Lagurus ovatus subsp. nanus, Ononis diffusa, Orobanche grisebachii, Schoenoplectus litoralis (new records or confirmations for the Cretan area as a whole, or for the territory of Kriti proper including offshore islands); and Chlamydophora tridentata, Frankenia corymbosa and Hymenolobus procumbens (new regional records for the E part of Kriti and its offshore islands). The N African, pronouncedly thermophilous phytogeographical element is fairly well represented in the investigated area, thence Koufonisi in particular must be considered the driest and hottest SE European island. The principal habitats encountered in each of the islands are outlined and the present conditions for nature conservation discussed.

Exogenous Reinfection with Tuberculosis on a European Island with a Moderate Incidence of Disease

The frequency and determinants of exogenous reinfection and of endogenous reactivation of tuberculosis in patients previously treated are poorly understood. In Gran Canaria Island, Spain, between 1991 and 1996, 962 tuberculosis cases were confirmed by culture. Drug susceptibility testing was performed on available bacterial isolates and IS6110-based RFLP genotyping was carried out. Twenty-three patients (2.4%) had two positive cultures separated by at least 12 mo, 18 of whom had bacterial DNA available for genotypic analysis. The initial and final isolates from eight (44%) were different genotypes, indicating exogenous reinfection. Six of them were retreated after cure and two retreated after default. Six were HIV seronegative and two were HIV seropositive. Endogenous reactivation was seen in the remaining 10 patients of whom eight were retreated after default and two after cure. Three of the eight (38%) being retreated after default developed multidrug resistance. One genotype was responsible for a second episode of tuberculosis in five cases, three exogenous reinfections and two endogenous reactivations. In the context of a moderate incidence of tuberculosis, exogenous reinfection is an important cause of TB recurrence, even in HIV-seronegative patients.

Dawning of the Raj: the life and trials of Warren Hastings

Nothing in the history of empire is stranger than the creation of British rule in India, where a small European island became master of a subcontinent ranging from the Indian Ocean to the Himalayas. In the late 18th century the person most responsible for this was Warren Hastings, Britain's first governor-general of India. Jeremy Bernstein brings Hastings's story vividly to life amidst the rise of British power. His impeachment trial, one of the great spectacles of the age, forms the conclusion to this fascinating, unusual, and ultimately powerful narrative. A riveting book, beautifully researched and narrated...It has opened a whole chapter, many chapters, of social and political history for me.-Oliver Sacks.

Sustainable water management in the European Islands

In the arid areas of the European Union there exist locations in which there is scarcity of water relative to the demand and the water demand has substantial temporal variations, rising during the summer many times over the annual average. Locales where such conditions exist are found primarily, but not exclusively, in the Mediterranean basin. Where water resources are limited relatives to demand, their sustainable management is the instrument through which economic growth can be attained, with due regard for protection of the environment. The proposed alternative to traditional water supply modes consists in desalinating brackish groundwater, instead of seawater, coupled with an effective strategy for controlling saltwater intrusion that enhances the hydrologic budget through reuse of wastewater. The economic viability of this approach is to be examined.

Sustainable development in European Union states small island dependencies–strategies and targets

This paper discusses the relationship between European Union (EU) member states and their overseas territories and dependencies within the context of sustainable development and environmental policy. The discussion points to the confusion surrounding application of environmental policy directives to EU noncontinental shelf regions. In some cases EU policy applies to distant territories as their legal status is such as they form part of their member state. In other cases territories or dependencies do not form part of their EU member state so fall outside the EU direct framework. The paper discusses the difficulties arising from their small size in relation to the external environment. The conclusion points to the need for EU level proactive strategies and policies aimed at encouraging sustainable development and management of environmental problems. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

Times to extinction for small populations of large birds.

A major practical problem in conservation biology is to predict the survival times-"lifetimes"-for small populations under alternative proposed management regimes. Examples in the United States include the 'Alala (Hawaiian Crow; Corvus hawaiiensis) and Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina). To guide such decisions, we analyze counts of all crow, owl, and hawk species in the most complete available data set: counts of bird breeding pairs on 14 European islands censused for 29-66 consecutive years. The data set yielded 129 records for analysis. We define the population ceiling as the highest number of breeding pairs observed from colonization to extinction, within a consecutive series of counts for a given species on a given island. The resulting distributions of population lifetimes as a function of population size prove to be highly skewed: most small populations disappear quickly, but a few last for a long time. Median (i.e., 50th percentile) lifetimes are calculated as only 1-5 yr for hawk, owl, and crow populations with ceilings of one or two breeding pairs. As expected if demographic accidents are the main cause of extinction for small populations, lifetimes rise by a factor of 3-4 for each additional pair up to three pairs. They rise more slowly thereafter. These observations suggest that lifetimes of the 'Alala (now reduced to about three pairs in the wild), and of populations of Northern Spotted Owl in the smallest forest fragments, will be short unless active management is implemented.

Demographic factors and land-use planning in the small islands of Southern Europe

Since the end of the 1970s, the southern European countries have shown an exceptional reduction in fertility rate. From the highest levels among the developed nations, these countries dropped beneath the substitution rate level: in Greece there is an average of about 1.5 children per woman, and Italy (starting three to four years ago), with 1.3 children per woman, is now the country with the lowest fecundity rate in the world. Land-use planning in southern European small islands therefore requires substantial revision. In the areas where western civilization began, which are highly populated and have a long history, cultural and ethnic aspects of tradition are fundamental to environmental management and to the defense of historical heritage. They also place a strong value on sustaining tourism, the most relevant economic activity, that allows them to survive and maintain a high welfare level. For some decades they have had populations with a marked presence of young people and high emigration rates, but now they are fast becoming dominated by the elderly and must prepare for a period of fast reduction in youth of the workforce, while the peripheral areas of Asia and Africa are entering a sudden demographic growth phase.

British mammals in the Tertiary period

British Tertiary mammals are best represented in the Eocene and earliest Oligocene epochs. Additional occurrences are from the Miocene and Late Pliocene. The Eocene is marked by the occurrence of various extinct orders as well as the appearances of some of the earliest and must primitive artiodactyls and perissodactyls. The appearances in the Early Eocene and Early Oligocene represent major dispersal events, reflecting penecontemporaneous palaeogeographic changes. In the intervening timespan Britain was part of an European island, sharing its endemic terrestrial fauna. From the late Middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene, the British record is detailed enough to trace successive changes in the patterns of diversity and faunal turnover, which may relate to changing climate as well as to the dispersal events. It has been shown that changes in patterns of ecological diversity through the Eocene and earliest Oligocene match vegetational changes judged from plant fossils. They suggest a gradual transition from closed forest in the Early Eocene to a more open environment with reedmarsh and wooded patches by the end of the epoch.

Ethnic origin, beverage preference, and group composition in relation to alcohol consumption by problem drinkers.

New Zealand problem drinkers of European, Maori, and Pacific Island origin did not differ in their mean alcohol consumption during a 2 1/2-h free-drinking period in an experimental bar. Europeans had a smaller beer sip size, ingested more alcohol in the form of spirits, and were more likely to drink both beer and mixed drinks during the session than Polynesians. Dual beverage drinkers consumed more alcohol than did single beverage drinkers. Among drinkers of each ethnic category there was a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and ethnic representation in the drinking group. The results are discussed in the context of earlier baseline studies of drinking by alcoholics and normal drinkers, and observations of different ethnic groups drinking in the natural barroom environment.

A Bilingual-FLES Pilot Program in Buenos Aires

Unlike the United States, Argentina no longer has sizable minority groups. Even the children of the numerous immigrants from Bolivia, Paraguay and the Argentine Northwest-mestizos in the European island of the Capital Federal-speak Spanish. Notwithstanding changes of regimes, the authorities are determined to foster foreign language training in the elementary schools of Greater Buenos Aires. There are already numerous public and private schools de doble escolaridad, which teach half-sessions in another language, usually in French or in English, largely serving the middle class. In addition, there are secondary or normal schools that provide regular instruction in both languages. Obviously, teachers qualified for this type of work have to be trained. There exist already special post-secondary institutions, terciarias (not to be confused with the universities which teach foreign literatures), for young men and women who want to become foreign language teachers. But one school, under the Ministerio de Educaci6n, is offering now a new program leading to the double title of Profesora para ensefianza primaria and Profesora de ingl6s para ensefianza primaria, in other words, an elementary plus a language certificate. Presently the new program is limited to girls and to English. While working on an OAS grant in literature, I came across the Escuela Normal John F. Kennedy para Maestras de Lenguas Vivas, in a modernistic building completed in 1974, in a street in the Barrio Norte. There the tertiary level program shares the facilities with a regular secondary school offering a bachillerato with an English/French concentration. A threeyear program, the bilingual training is now nearing the end of its second academic year, after which graduates will have to undergo a year of pr6actica before receiving their diploma. There are about forty students in this pilot project. They had been admitted after the bachillerato, at an age of seventeen or eighteen, on the basis of language competency. Their schedule is a heavy one: from 7:45 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. daily, with a forty-five minute lunch break. It covers thirteen-fourteen subjects in the span of two years. The courses are a) professional (pedagogic), b) curricular (subject matters, since the egresas are to teach the entire elementary program in both languages), and c) linguistic. Actually, the students devote about twenty hours per week to courses given in English and about twenty-three in Spanish. Professional courses include instruction in the theory, history, psychology, and administration of education, as well as planning. In addition, there is a Workshop in adult education. Curricular subjects comprise mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, music and art. The third area provides linguistics, civilization, methodology and children's literature-an important item in Argentine education. The methodology course includes both observations and practice. I was privileged to observe a session of that course, taught completely in English by Sra. de Valle. It involved activity planning and pattern drills. Another class I visited was a first-year group practicing story-telling in English for kindergarten pupils. Freely retelling Snow White the girls showed a fine command of English albeit with a strong rioplatense mannerism. There were up to twenty students per class. I was told the teachers in the program are chosen by competition and teach up to twenty-four hours per week. The acting director of the John F. Kennedy School, Sra. de Schoeffel, was very cooperative, and the supervisor of the new program Srta. Elsa Enriz, provided me with all the necessary information since a brochure was not yet available. Teachers and students wanted to know more about U.S.

Remittances and the Unit of Analysis in Anthropological Research

Previous articleNext article No AccessRemittances and the Unit of Analysis in Anthropological ResearchRobert A. MannersRobert A. Manners Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 21, Number 3Autumn, 1965 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.21.3.3629227 Views: 11Total views on this site Citations: 23Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (1945-1972), which is continued by the Journal of Anthropological Research (1973-present). Copyright 1965 Department of Anthropology, The University of New MexicoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Karen Fog Olwig From Local Community Studies to Migration Research or: When Does Caribbean(ist) Anthropology Cease to be Caribbean?, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Aug 2022): 437–440.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12612Stephan Palmié Caribbeanist Anthropology and Minerva's Owl: Lessons Forgotten, Lessons Learned, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Sep 2022): 289–308.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12621Kevin A. Yelvington A Fourth Shift: Women Factory Workers Working the Articulations of Caribbean Capitalism, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 27, no.33 (Aug 2022): 352–385.https://doi.org/10.1111/jlca.12606Guoqing Ma Islands and the world from an anthropological perspective, International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology 4, no.11 (Oct 2020).https://doi.org/10.1186/s41257-020-00038-xKaren Fog Olwig Islands as Places of Being and Belonging, Geographical Review 97, no.22 (Nov 2019): 260–273.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2007.tb00402.xGODFREY BALDACCHINO ISLAND ENTREPRENEURS: INSIGHTS FROM EXCEPTIONALLY SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE-DRIVEN SMES FROM 5 EUROPEAN ISLAND TERRITORIES, Journal of Enterprising Culture 13, no.0202 (Jun 2005): 145–170.https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495805000100Roger Sanjek Rethinking migration, ancient to future, Global Networks 3, no.33 (Jul 2003): 315–336.https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0374.00064Gwen Gustafson Scott Situating Fijian transmigrants: towards racialised transnational social spaces of the undocumented, International Journal of Population Geography 9, no.22 (Jan 2003): 181–198.https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.278David Kaplan Obituaries, American Anthropologist 101, no.22 (Jun 1999): 388–392.https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.2.388Karen Fog Olwig Caribbean place identity: From family land to region and beyond, Identities 5, no.44 (Apr 1999): 435–467.https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.1999.9962626Karen Fog Olwig Narratives of the children left behind: Home and identity in globalised Caribbean families, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25, no.22 (Apr 1999): 267–284.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976685Margaret Byron The Caribbean‐born population in 1990s Britain: Who will return?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 25, no.22 (Apr 1999): 285–301.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1999.9976686Herbert S. Lewis The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequences, American Anthropologist 100, no.33 (Jan 2008): 716–731.https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.716Godfrey Baldacchino Labour Formation in Small Developing States: a conceptual review, Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 25, no.33 (Jan 1995): 263–278.https://doi.org/10.1080/0305792950250307John Connell 16: Paradise Left? Pacific Island Voyagers in the Modern World, Center for Migration Studies special issues 5, no.33 (Jul 2012): 375–404.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2050-411X.1987.tb00968.xCharles H. Wood, Terry L. McCoy Migration, Remittances and Development: A Study of Caribbean Cane Cutters in Florida , International Migration Review 19, no.22 (Jun 2018): 251–277.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791838501900203Hymie Rubenstein Remittances and Rural Underdevelopment in the English-Speaking Caribbean, Human Organization 42, no.44 (Dec 1983): 295–306.https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.42.4.0709108414538471Robert A. Manners Carrying Capacity and the Politics of Overpopulation: Cultural Ecology Revisited, Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly 6, no.2-32-3 (Jan 2009): 2–15.https://doi.org/10.1525/ahu.1981.6.2-3.2Bonham C. Richardson Freedom and migration in the Leeward Caribbean, 1838–1848, Journal of Historical Geography 6, no.44 (Oct 1980): 391–408.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-7488(80)90146-2P. H. Curson Notes and Comments, Pacific Viewpoint 20, no.22 (May 1979): 185–198.https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.202014Christine Barrow Migration from a Barbados village: Effects on family life, New Community 5, no.44 (Jun 2010): 381–391.https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.1977.9975477Richard G. Fox Lineage Cells and Regional Definition in Complex Societies, (Jan 1976): 95–121.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-652102-3.50012-8Delmos J. Jones The Multivillage Comnunity: Village Segmentation and Coalescence in Northern Thailand, Behavior Science Notes 3, no.33 (Sep 2016): 149–174.https://doi.org/10.1177/106939716800300301

宋代の〓〓耶国と地中海の珊瑚

The geographical knowledge of the Chinese from the 10th to the 13th century seems to have extended as far as the countries on Northern African coast, Sicily and also other European islands. Chau-Ju-Kua _??__??__??_ author of the famous Chu-fan-chi “Book of foreign peoples and countries”, mentioned the country “Pi-ja-ye of Ta-shih (the Arabs)” which had a good coral fishery. Concerning this country, Hirth and Rockhill refer to it as “a transcription of Arabic Ifrikiya, Africa, but applied by the Arabs to that part of it which included the present Tunnis and Tripoli”.This identification, however, does not seem quite convincing. The wirter thinks that the country of Pi-ja-ye may be Bijâya (Bougie) which is situated on the Mediterranean coast, 175 kilometers east of Algiers.Besides, he maintains that the knowledge of the Chinese about the coral fishing in the Mediterranean Sea seems considerably older than the time of Chau-Ju-Kua.

The Customs Administration in Canadian Historical Development

The purpose of this paper is to attempt to place within the context of Canadian historical development an economic institution that has been relatively neglected. This institution is the customs administration. The justification for introducing it into the main stream of Canadian history is to be found in its ubiquity and pervasiveness, its antiquity and traditionalism, and its consequent conservatism and resistance to change. Such an institution seems capable of providing a strong element of continuity in Canadian development, and thus to invite analysis.The English customs administration was transplanted from a European island economy to a continental environment which contained elements markedly unfavourable to easy transition and adaptation. The administration has been called upon to meet constantly changing conditions, and, in so doing, has had to deal with a commercial community which must exist, for the greater part, on the basis of short-run decisions. As the administration has struggled toward long-run stability and uniformity of procedure, it has produced anomalies. It has had serious effects on business expectations by creating delay and uncertainty, and, on occasion, by insisting on excessive formality. The incidence of the burden imposed by the customs administration was probably not determinable, but its net effect has been to contract international trade.The customs is of ancient origin, and by the time it became relevant to Canadian history it had already undergone, in Europe, a great deal of scleriasis. It is the English customs that we are to be concerned with mostly in this analysis, since the Canadian customs, not surprisingly, is of pretty strictly Anglo-Saxon origin. According to Professor Gras, “the English Customs originated at home, on the initiative of the king, through prerogative right, and in money dues rather than prises.”

The Status of Mathematics in India and Arabia during the “Dark Ages” of Europe

Political and economic world historians have found it convenient to divide the time from the fall of Rome to the discovery of America into two periods, and to designate the first of these by the term “Dark Ages.” One work accounts for this name by “the inrush into Europe of the ba rbarians and the almost total eclipse of the light of classical culture.” The period covers, roughly, the time from 500 to 1000 A.D. Part of these “barbarians” came down from the north and the rest attacked from the south, the latter bound together politically and religiously by the great, although probably totally illiterate, leader Mohammeed into a vast dominion that at one time or another covered all of eastern Asia, northern Africa, Spain, France in part, and the European islands of the Mediterranean Sea. It was during this period that Europe was dark, learning at low ebb, and the development of mathematics almost negligible. The world as a whole was not dark, and as applied to general history the expression “Dark Ages” is a gross misnomer. Throughout the entire period there was considerable intellectual (including mathematical) activity among the Hindus and, beginning about 750, there developed many centers of Muslim civilization which rose to the very peak of mathematical productivity.

Thevet's Grand Insulaire and his Travels in the Levant

Two folio volumes in the Bibliothèque Nationale (MS. Fr. 15, 452–3) contain an ambitious work by André Thevet on the islands of the world, entitled Le Grand Insulaire et Pilotage d'Andre Thevet, Angoumousin, cosmographe du Roy, dans lequel sont contenus plusieurs plants d'isles habitées et déshiabitées et description d'icelles. The date 1586 is scribbled on the back of one of the maps in vol. i. and checked by a reference on f. 112, which gives the date of the Insulaire as twenty-five years later than a voyage undertaken by the author to the New World in 1551. We may thus take the date of the composition as lying between 1576 and 1586.The first volume of the Insulaire (numbered ff. 413, of which nineteen are blank, plus thirty-two unnumbered written sheets) contains descriptions and many engraved maps of the North European and East Indian Islands, Japan, the Canaries, and the islands of the New World.