European Influence Research Articles

European influence in ITU-R: the end of an era of dominance?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of the European countries in Region 1 of the Radio Sector of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU-R). More specifically, the focus is on the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 meeting to explore whether European influence is in decline. Design/methodology/approach – This article adopts in-depth case study of the 700-MHz issue. Qualitative data are drawn from semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders who participated at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2012 meeting. Findings – This article concludes that the influence of European countries in the ITU-R in Region 1 has changed. The influence of Arab and African countries has increased, with that of European countries declining. However, European countries remain more influential than their African and Arab counterparts. Research limitations/implications – This article sheds light on an often overlooked but pivotal element of the international spectrum allocation mechanism. Originality/value – This article sheds light on important developments in the international spectrum policy that are largely overlooked in the current debate.

Imaginary Sudan – Reflections on the Formation of the Notion of Sudan in the Period of European Influences

ABSTRACT The author explores how the images from the colonial past affected what we understand today under the notion of Sudan. He concentrates on the category of the Nile, Sudanese-Egyptian analogies, the history making processes and colonial rule. Moreover points out that the the British used and reproduced a Muslim concept of cultural geography of Africa, and in particular, the notion of Bilad as-Sudan (”Land of the Blacks”), constituting the essence of division into white and black Africa. In this tradition Sudan placed itself at the meeting point between those two worlds and was presented as the civilisation borderland of the Muslim culture. This image was taken over by the Europeans and the British in particular. For them Sudan was an arena of conflict of civilisation with barbarity, good with evil, Europe with primitive culture.

The Nordic Criminal Law Doctrine in a European Setting – Challenges and Potential

This brief article analyses the Nordic criminal law doctrine. It has a Finnish legal scholar point of view, but it also applies a Nordic approach in a European setting. In this article, the aim of criminal doctrine is discussed and the limits of a completely national criminal law doctrine are examined. Thereafter the question if Europe can learn anything from a Nordic criminal law doctrine is asked. Lastly, the question if a criminal law doctrine with European influence is of any practical relevance is posed and reflected upon.

Eurojazzland: Jazz and European Sources, Dynamics, and Contexts ed. by Luca Cerchiari, Laurent Cugny, Franz Kerschbaumer (review)

JAZZ Eurojazzland: and European Sources, Dynamics, and Contexts. Edited by Luca Cerchiari, Laurent Cugny and Franz Kerschbaumer. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2012. [xviii, 484 p. ISBN 9781584658641 (hardcover), $39.95; ISBN 9781611682984 (e-book), $29.99.] Illustrations, bibliography, index.Eurojazzland, collection published by Northeastern University Press, considers the significance of European musicians and musical traditions in the development and dissemination of jazz. When first hearing of this project, I was reminded of historian Krin Gabbard's iconic discussion of the 1930 film revue, King of (John Murray Anderson and Pal Fejos, dirs. [Uni- versal Pictures]) in the introduction to Jammin' at the Margins: and the American Cinema ([Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996], 9-14). Gabbard shows how King of exhibits thorough denial of the African American role in jazz, thus reflecting an unfortunately commonly-held view of the time (p. 10). For example, the final number The Melting Pot of Music presents bandleader Paul Whiteman stir- ring cauldron containing the ingredi- ents of jazz. Said ingredients, portrayed through montage of musical perfor- mances, are decidedly not African American, but rather stereotypically Euro- pean, and include Scottish bagpipes, fla- menco guitar, and Italian accordion players (p. 13). While many today would under- stand this as largely ridiculous, it nonethe- less encapsulates the whitewashing that tinged much of early-twentieth-century reception and criticism. In accordance, modern scholars invested in exploring the European influences of need not only show awareness of this history and histori- ography, but also take care not to re- inscribe white or Eurocentric biases. My mental conjuring up of Gabbard's discus- sion of King of which Eurojazzland evoked, served as warning I hoped to not be reminded of again while reading the text. As I will show, my initial concerns about Eurojazzland proved prescient. After reflecting on the contents of Eurojazzland, I concluded that while it is admirable to ac- count for Europe's role in within one massive volume, unfortunately, some of the authors fail to heed Gabbard's warning about whitewashing.Massive appropriately describes the scope and length of After an introduction by Luca Cerchiari (one of the three editors), nineteen English-language articles, totaling nearly 450 pages, follow. Cerchiari, Laurent Cugny, and Franz Kerschbaumer (the three editors), are Europe-based scholars with decades of research between them. volume's re- maining authors come from diverse geo- graphic locations. majority of the contributors are scholars, curators, and critics, many of whom are accomplished performers, from Continental Europe; few contributors hail from the U.K. and U.S. as well.In his introduction, Cerchiari stresses that Eurojazzland should not serve as comprehensive history of European jazz. Rather, the concept driving the project was to compile a series of essays dedicated to the complex, broader subject of the rela- tions between and jazz (p. vii). editors divide the contributions into three broad categories, Europe as Source of Jazz, Jazz Meets Europe, and The Circulation of Eurojazzland. Thus, the volume approaches the idea of from multitude of angles-as tradition, geographic space, set of interlocking musical communities, and as source of inspiration.The first section, Europe as Source of Jazz, examines various points of European influence on the tradition. most convincing articles in this section (and frankly, the entire text) are those that pre- sent focused scope, and that trace geo- graphically or stylistically specific threads of influence. One highlight, by Bruce Boyd Raeburn, goes Beyond the 'Spanish Tinge,' to examine Hispanics and Latinos in Early New Orleans Jazz. …

Choreographing Modern Mexico: Anna Pavlova in Mexico City (1919)

In this article, I examine the role that Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova played in Mexico's attempts to produce an embodied mestizo modernity that resonated with efforts to construct a post-revolutionary modern nation. After the revolution of 1910, cultural modernization consisted in the integration of Mexico's histories of indigenous civilizations and European influences in the production of expressive cultures intended to be local in character but universal in their appeal. I argue that Pavlova's performances from her Europeanized ballet repertoire as well as her balleticized rendition of Mexican folk dances helped to create a social space in which Mexican elites could reaffirm their affinity with international cosmopolitan classes while also attempting to retain a sense of Mexican distinctiveness. I contextualize my analysis by attending to racial and class formations implicated in the production of Mexico as a modern nation within the context of colonialist legacies informing notions of Western cultural modernity.

Hygiene in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Bulgaria

The article examines the most important elements of personal, home and everyday life hygiene and several aspects of public hygiene such as the availability and public use of water, the state of cleanliness of the streets and other public places (bazaars, caravanserais, hospitals), the location and state of the graveyards, some public measures for the prevention of the spread of diseases (isolation and quarantine) in nineteenth-century Ottoman Bulgaria. The differences in the hygienic notions, habits and practices of the local population based on religion, culture and tradition as well as the existence or absence of mutual influences in this respect are considered. The article addresses also the question of the beginning of some transformations in the traditional patterns of hygiene in the region, mainly during the second half of the nineteenth century, under European influence and under the influence of modern education.

Identification of Green Pigment Used in Persian Wall Paintings (ad1501-1736) Using PLM, FT-IR, SEM/EDX and GC-MS Techniques

The technique of oil painting was introduced to Iran via a cultural exchange with Europe in the Safavid period (ad 1501–1736). Since the first attempt at scientific conservation of wall paintings in Iran in the 1960s, the nature of green pigment used in Persian wall paintings has not been clear, although work on contemporary miniature paintings has identified malachite and verdigris. PLM, FT–IR, SEM/EDX, GC–MS and the study of contemporary historical treatises of the Safavid period were the main tools used in the present study to identify the green pigments in Persian (oil-based) wall paintings. Eight samples taken from the two famous Safavid buildings, Chehel Sotoon Palace and the Sukias House in Isfahan, were analysed. Here, the identification of copper-based pigment and of verdigris in oil as oleate amends the existing knowledge of the green pigment used in these paintings. It also suggests that oleate was introduced to Persian artists via the European influence on Persian painting as a result of cultural exchange in the Safavid period, when the technique of Persian painting changed from tempera to oil painting. However, as verdigris in oil and resin can appear as oleate over time, it is unknown whether the Persian artists did this deliberately or accidentally.

Coming full circle: spirituality and wellness among Native communities in the Pacific Northwest

tradition, he sees an authentic dialogue of past and present. The acceptance of oral tradition especially among underrepresented voices has been long overdue, and Lewis and Clark Among the Nez Perce: Strangers in the Land of the Nimiipuu is vital to readers’ understanding of history — its contacts, cadences, and rhythms. Much has been written about the Nimiipuu people and their encounters with Lewis and Clark and other European influences. For the first time in an academic press setting is the opportunity for readers to share, in equal parts, traditional forms of historical reporting and a companion with reference and reverence to traditions, accounts, and customs. Pinkham and Evans do a marvelous job of blending the academic with traditional narratives that provide a story rich in humanity and clarity. Using oral traditions alongside clues from the journals of the Corps of Discovery the authors expand and alert readers to the encounters and interactions between the Native and Euro-American cultures and experiences. The authors take the time to balance the stories readers first encountered in books such as Zoa Swayne’s Do Them No Harm, and her acknowledgements of the many Nimiipuu people she interviewed for her book, with expansion and clarity from a perspective of Native ritual passage of events and traditions. Stories of Twisted Hair, the Shoshone guide Old Toby, dog eating, and canoe mishaps are all balanced and add a new lens to view these events. They also provide a context that allows for a “birds eye view” of history to see it all unfold. The beginning chapters are choppy in style and form, but once readers get past these minor encumbrances, the prose flows with clearness, and purpose. In “Weaving Long Ropes: Oral Tradition and Understanding the Great Tide,” published in the Summer 2007 issue of the Oregon Historical Quarterly, Jason T. Younker discusses how enough evidence of tsunamis and earthquakes along the Northwest Coast in the oral tradition of Coos Bay Indians exists to connect the mythic narratives to such specific episodes as the 700 tsunami that struck the Coos Bay, Oregon, region. He reminds us that oral tradition calls for people to weave long ropes to keep from being swept away, to listen to the advice of elders, to respect the environment, and to remember the lessons that elders teach. Like the tradition of historians James Rhonda, Alvin Josephy, Elliott West, and Bernard Devoto, Pinkham and Evans remind us from the highest and most prominent point on the historical horizon to listen to all voices. Doug Erickson Lewis & Clark College

Beta diversity of urban floras among European and non‐European cities

AbstractAimCities represent an ideal study system for assessing how intensive land‐use change and biotic interchange have altered beta diversity at broad geographic extents. Here we test the hypothesis that floras in cities located in disparate regions of the globe are being homogenized by species classified as invasive (naturalized species that have spread over a large area) or as a European archaeophyte (species introduced into Europe before ad 1500 from the Mediterranean Basin). We also test the prediction that the global influences of European activities (colonization, agriculture, commerce) have supported this outcome.LocationOne hundred and ten cities world‐wide.MethodsWe examined the richness and composition of urban floras among European (n = 85) and non‐European cities (n = 25) for species classified as native or non‐native, or further classified as European archaeophyte or invasive. We modelled how geographic, climatic and anthropogenic factors were related to compositional similarity between European and non‐European cities.ResultsWe found that most plants in the cities we examined, particularly non‐European cities, were native and unique to each city. Non‐native species were similarly unique, but occurred in much lower proportions relative to natives. Although European archaeophytes and invasive species also occurred in lower proportions, they had similar compositions among cities. European archaeophytes were most prevalent in European cities, but were most similar among non‐European cities. Contrasting European and non‐European cities, geography and climate were most relevant for native and invasive species, whereas climate and agriculture were most relevant for European archaeophytes.Main conclusionsCities in disparate regions of the globe retain regionally distinct native and non‐native plant assemblages, while invasive species, and especially European archaeophytes, were associated with lower beta diversity among cities. These findings suggest that intensive land‐use change and biotic interchange, shaped through European influences, have had a world‐wide effect on the beta diversity of urban plant assemblages.

The Differential Empowering Effects of Europeanization on the Autonomy of National Agencies

This article examines the influence of Europeanization on the relationship between ministries and agencies at the national level. The core argument is that the differentiated nature of the international environment (with policy development often transferred to the international level and policy implementation left at the national level) transforms national agencies into policy‐developing actors that shape policies without being directly influenced by their national political principals. The increasingly common involvement of national agencies in European policymaking processes thereby increases these agencies' policy‐development autonomy but does not change their role in policy implementation. We examine this argument by testing an innovative hypothesis—the differentiation hypothesis—on a combined data set of German and Dutch national agencies. Our empirical findings support the hypothesis in both countries, suggesting that similar effects can be expected in other contexts in which semiautonomous agencies are involved in transnational policymaking.

The Modern Geopolitics of the Cyprus Question

The long-standing Cyprus question is deeply influenced and shaped by the complex political and geostrategic environment of the broader Mediterranean region. In addition, Cyprus is key to European and Western power and influence in the greater Middle East and of increasing interest for energy extraction and transportation to markets. This essay lays out the interests of major regional players, including Europe, the United States, Greece, and Turkey, and their impact on Cyprus. Furthermore, it explains how Cyprus figures in the emerging regional energy extraction and transportation arrangements currently being developed by several actors in the region. The author argues that this multifaceted strategic environment must be taken into account in order to find a sustainable way forward on resolving the Cyprus question.

Does European regional competitiveness influence sports? An analysis of three sports

The main objective of this work was to test European regional determinants of sports competitiveness. We studied competitiveness in volleyball, basketball and handball. We developed a theoretical model based on the model proposed by Bernard and Busse (2004) to analyse the effect of regional institutions and sport environments that can interfere with sports competitiveness. To test our model, we constructed an enlarged database for all European NUTS2 since 1995, which we analysed using panel data techniques (censored Tobit models). Our results reveal that the regions that are able to maintain player performance do so by persistent effort and external influences. These factors contribute more to regional competitiveness than a region’s central location or political prominence.

Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria by Mary C. Neuburger (review)

Reviewed by: Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria by Mary C. Neuburger Alison Orton (bio) Mary C. Neuburger, Balkan Smoke: Tobacco and the Making of Modern Bulgaria(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013).307pp., maps, ills. Bibliography. Index. ISBN: 978-0-8014-5084-6. On the cover of Balkan Smoke , an alluring, ostensibly modern woman enjoys a cigarette while the smoke drifts through the words of the title. The image of the enticing smoking woman embodies many of the themes that arise as Mary Neuburger describes the growth of the Bulgarian state and a Bulgarian identity. At times during the twentieth century, Bulgaria produced the highest number of cigarettes per capita in the world (P. 6). Accompanying the economic trajectory of cigarette production and consumption in Bulgaria are underlying issues of morality, modernity, and leisure – each of which occupies complex ideological ground as Bulgaria and Bulgarianness take shape. Neuburger addresses each of these adeptly as she demonstrates the integral place of tobacco in Bulgaria’s emergence as a geopolitical and cultural entity. One of the strongest contributions of Balkan Smoke is Neuburger’s method. She uses tobacco and smoking as a lens through which to rethink the parameters of Bulgarian history. In doing so, she argues that tobacco production and consumption spurred deep transformations and brought a “modern condition” to Bulgaria’s tobacco-growing regions. While Neuburger makes it clear that she does not view tobacco as the sole driving factor in Bulgaria’s economic and cultural development, she presents a solid case for tobacco’s integral role. Through the study of tobacco’s consumption and production, the reader finds that Bulgaria rarely fits neatly into terms used to describe other groups and nations. Bulgaria’s transfiguration into a modern state involved a complex array of internal and external negotiations that ranged from cultural, to economic, to technological, to political. Tobacco runs through each topic and it is evident that they are all tied to the others in both obvious and hidden ways. And this is precisely where Balkan Smoke shines. From the nineteenth-century kafene (Ottoman coffeehouse), wartime ties to Germany, through industrialized production in the second half of the twentieth century, Bulgaria experienced a constant and changing negotiation of eastern and western influences. These influences played out upon a region with long traditions of confessional and ethnic diversity. Through the course of Balkan Smoke , Bulgaria transitions from a part of the Ottoman Empire [End Page 455] to an independent nation-state, then returns to an arguably imperial situation behind the Iron Curtain. The geopolitical transformations covered by Neuburger coincided with political and cultural shifts and changing international alliances, each of which was tied to tobacco consumption and production, either tangibly or symbolically. The economic influence of the tobacco industry is obvious throughout the book. At times, Bulgarian tobacco and cigarette production involved almost 25 percent of the population and transcended ethnic, confessional, political, and economic lines (P. 201). In the late 1960s, Bulgaria was the world’s largest exporter of tobacco. Thus, on a very concrete level, Bulgarian tobacco is a natural “hero” of Neuburger’s study. Neuburger extends her examination of tobacco far beyond a purely economic analysis. Tobacco is not only a symbol of economic livelihood but also takes on deeply cultural meanings. Beginning with an examination of the public spaces where smoking occurred, especially the kafene , she argues that the rituals of coffee and tobacco consumption facilitated “the discovery and invention of ‘Bulgarianness’” (P. 12). It was in the public spaces of smoking and sociability that both Ottoman and European influences entered the lives of Bulgarians. As Balkan Smoke begins , the kafene is still heavily Ottoman and is frequented primarily by Muslims. As the nineteenth century progressed, increasing numbers of Bulgarian-speaking Christians expanded their spaces of socialization to include the kafene , which Neuburger’s sources frequently portrayed as the sober opposite of the more traditionally Bulgarian krŭchma (tavern). Following the Crimean and Russo-Turkish Wars, Bulgaria experienced increasing European influence reflected in part by Viennese influences on café and smoking culture. However, instead of clear Europeanization, Neuburger describes a cultural exchange where Bulgarians remained wary of both eastern (Ottoman) and western...

Scheherazade’s Feast: Foods of the Medieval Arab World by Habeeb Salloum, Muna Salloum, and Leila Salloum Elias (review)

Reviewed by: Scheherazade’s Feast: Foods of the Medieval Arab World by Habeeb Salloum, Muna Salloum, and Leila Salloum Elias Justin Rose Habeeb Salloum, Muna Salloum, and Leila Salloum Elias, Scheherazade’s Feast: Foods of the Medieval Arab World (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2013) 256 pp. Named after the heroine of the Arabian Nights, the Salloum family composed this cookbook that balances interesting historical information with delicious and well-crafted recipes. The authors of Scheherazade’s Feast seek to connect Medieval Arab cuisine with contemporary Middle Eastern culture. In most cases, trying to draw such connections would merely result in perpetuating Medievalist or Orientalist clichés. In this work, however, the Salloums aptly link Medieval ingredients and recipes with contemporary recipes and practices. Anyone who has dined in a Middle Eastern home will immediately recognize the authors’ explanations of hospitality and the beautiful rituals surrounding food presentation. As with many cookbooks, the recipes reflect the eating habits of the elite since lower classes could not afford ingredients like costly spices. Nevertheless, the Salloums note several cases where common people were invited to the ruler’s table so that their concerns might be heard. As such, one can also read these recipes through political or social lenses. The introduction has two parts: an overview of medieval Arab cuisine, surveying from al-Andalous to Iraq and a historiography of primary source cook books. The overview provides important observations about the commonality of Middle Eastern cuisine as well as the changes brought about by local ingredients or other cultural influences. Access to trade routes and the movement and settling of Islamic forces in Egypt or Spain all contributed to a common set of foodstuffs available throughout the Mediterranean and beyond. European influences in al-Andalous or unique spices in Persia led to the development of new local recipes using the same foods. In the historiography section, the reader learns that medieval Arab cookbook writers had a holistic focus. Beyond prescribing ingredients and preparation, they included nutritional concerns and the curative natures of various herbs or foods. They wrote about hygiene, food ornamentation and table manners (7), how to clean utensils and what items were essential to a well-stocked kitchen. [End Page 325] The main section of the text, like most cookbooks, has sections for appetizers, entrées, desserts and beverages; with subsections that feature lamb, chicken and vegetarian recipes. Two features set this cookbook apart. The authors include recipes from the various medieval cookbooks they surveyed in the introduction. A special note at the beginning of the book explains that they did not “polish” the translations of these primary source recipes so that the reader could get a sense of the original writing and grapple with the ambiguous amounts and cooking directions. After the original recipe, the authors most often include a paragraph or two of explanation, considering the significance of a particular ingredient, how the foods were harvested or prepared for the kitchen, amusing anecdotes connected with serving a particular dish as well as practical insights into taste or texture. In these commentaries, the authors provide valuable historical and social insights that turn mere recipes into material culture for the medieval Arab world. Readers will learn not only where a particular item came from, but also the etiquette associated with enjoying the dish at the royal table. Of course, each entry of the text also includes a modern style recipe “translated” into standard measurements and cooking instructions. Here, the authors admit to having to make some judgments when the original recipe calls for an ingredient that no longer exists or that could be substituted by something more readily available. Nevertheless, their directions are clear and consistent. The listed ingredients are easily available at the very least in a Middle Eastern market. In the last pages of the text, the Salloums include a series of menus, some measurement conversions, a short but essential glossary and a considerable bibliography of both primary and secondary sources. The menus reflect the religious diversity of the medieval Middle East with suggestions for a dinner during Ramadan, Lent, Passover, and Christmas. By noting the various recipes that reflect particular religious dietary rules and customs, the authors...

A kora újkori szerb ortodoxia és a nyugat-ukrán kultúrközpontok kapcsolatai a liturgikuskönyv-kereskedelem tükrében

It is a false concept that the ideas of the Enlightenment and national awakening were transferred to the Slavic peoples of the Habsburg Empire solely by the Viennese artists and scientists whose activity was prompted and supported by the royal court itself in the 18th century. This statement is partially true, but not entirely. Vienna was one route of the transmission of Western European cultural and political influences, but its role should not to be overvalued in the examination of cultural relations between Slavic peoples and the Habsburg Empire. The Krypiakevich Institute of Ukrainian Studies in Lviv has carried out several significant researches in the last decades. Iaroslav Dmitrovich Isaievich has led the institute for fourteen years, he is also a member of the Academy of Sciences and his findings on the topic are of primary importance. His work on the history of typography and book trade made it inevitable to reconsider the contacts of the Western territories of the present-day Ukraine with the Slavicpeoples of the Austro-Hungarian Kingdom. The author of this paper, who is an expert of the old printed liturgical books of the Byzantine rite, has also come to the conclusion that book trade played a crucial part in the transmission of the Enlightenment. Apparently, the new ideas spread from Poland across Ukraine to the Serbs who lived in Hungary and on the Balkans. Serbian Orthodox Church as a determining factor in the national awakening was not taken into consideration either. As far as Orthodoxy is concerned, it is essential to make a distinction between the Greek and Serb churches and between the Russian and Balkan Orthodoxy as well. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to describe the contacts between the Serbs and the Ukrainian territories, to present the book trade between these peoples and areas, and to give a new insight into the ecclesiastical and national relations on the Balkans. Keywords: Serbian culture, liturgical book handling, Orthodoxie, early modern period, Western Ukraine

Youth Language as a Transnational Phenomenon: The Case of French in Nigeria

This study sets out to enquire if the French language could be seen as a youth language in Nigeria. It adopts conventional approaches to youth language studies and carries out an empirical study on how the French language has fared amongst Nigerians since it became the country’s second official language in 1996. After an exhaustive review of related literature, the study adopts the sociological, sociolinguistic and transnational theories to explain the concept of youth language as a transnational phenomenon that has established itself in Africa through Western European influences. The study has two phases: a first phase to determine those who connect with French in Nigeria, involves a sample population of 80 persons, including 40 youth and 40 adults of both sexes and different nationalities from four of Nigeria’s six geopolitical zones (North Central, South East, South West, South South); and a second phase to determine the nature of French language speech patterns by the youth. This involves only the 40 youth. Using the quantitative and qualitative methods, this study makes a careful analysis of the questionnaire administered to the sample population. The findings reveal that most adults of 36 years and above in Nigeria show little or no interest in the French language, while most young people of between 12 and 35 years of age in Nigeria are so deeply attached to the French language that they have now adapted its use to suit their purpose as a distinctive communication code peculiar to them. Keywords : Adult, French, In-group, Transnationalism, Youth, Youth language.

Critical Occasions: Dryden, Pope, Johnson, and the History of Criticism by Philip Smallwood

Reviewed by: Critical Occasions: Dryden, Pope, Johnson, and the History of Criticism by Philip Smallwood Katherine Kickel Philip Smallwood . Critical Occasions: Dryden, Pope, Johnson, and the History of Criticism. AMS Studies in the Eighteenth Century, No. 65 . New York : AMS , 2011 . Pp. xiv + 169 . $92.50 . Mr. Smallwood asserts that certain “kinds of stories” have come to be told about literary criticism in the eighteenth century, largely because of long-standing histories of criticism that have survived without sufficient “modification,” narrative laws that privilege a forward-thinking teleology in any history’s construction, and biases, rumors, and “rampant literary gossip.” Critical Occasions views all three of these circumstances as diminishing the contributions of the Augustan literary critics. Employing carefully selected “exemplifications” alongside advances in twentieth-century historiography to challenge traditional assumptions about the limited nature of Augustan criticism, the book is a corrective: it “perform[s] a culturally necessary rapprochement between the philosophy of history and the study of eighteenth-century criticism that are for the time being kept subtractively apart.” In rewriting the history of literary ideas, essentially, Mr. Smallwood argues that Augustan thought is more continuous than previous accounts have recognized. “[H]ow (in theory and in practice) [can] the old, dead critics of the Augustan past of a world well lost . . . be read in the most vital spirit—one that is true to their place in history, and simultaneously responsive to the needs of the present?” Mr. Smallwood begins [End Page 157] with this query, but his criticism extends beyond what this quotation suggests. Going against the “prevailing historicism,” he “grapples more directly with the successive, spontaneous responses (the events-in-lives, unfolding through time).” Such “occasions,” as he sees them, resist historical labeling and offer fresh readings of classic texts. Using Dryden, Pope, and Johnson, Mr. Smallwood parallels “major” Augustan critics alongside European influences to prove continuity. Dryden’s contribution, Mr. Smallwood maintains, presently exists for the contemporary reader in two modes: “seeing for oneself” and “mediated, represented, and revealed” by present critical history. While the latter typically construes Dryden as having little-to-nothing to offer, Mr. Smallwood argues the opposite by employing the historiography paradigms proposed by R. G. Collingwood, Hans Robert Jauss, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricouer, “whose thinking about historical form has the potential to admit Dryden’s own past in criticism as an element within our present.” He also situates Dryden in relation to the critics that he read (Rymer and specifically French thinkers like Bouhours, Rene Rapin, and Boileau). For Mr. Smallwood, these influences prove “more culturally penetrating and durable than the historicization of Dryden within ‘neoclassical,’ ‘Romantic,’ or ‘pre-Romanticist’ norms.” Mr. Smallwood begins his discussion of An Essay on Criticism by charting Pope’s ill-fated reception in existent critical histories. He argues that the Essay’s “reformulations of Bouhours, of Rapin and of other past critical texts [Erasmus and Boileau] re-enact criticism as an historical value in his poem,” and thus advance “a radical theory of history,” akin to Gadamer and Jauss. For Mr. Smallwood, “The Essay, under its aspect as a poem, synthesizes a diverse past context of incalculably various, indeterminate possibilities for literary criticism, and consequently fixes a totality (“criticism”) within a system of pastness and presence”; “The criteria we need to identify [Pope’s] role in European criticism are consequent on narratives his poem can help us find.” To remedy what conventional criticism regards as Johnson’s disparaging remarks on Shakespeare, as well as his generally critical tone, Mr. Smallwood examines his exchanges with Joseph Warton. He studies receptions of Johnson’s writing in European criticism as well as eighteenth-century visual satire, specifically James Gillray’s print “Sin, Death, and the Devil,” which Mr. Smallwood believes clarifies Johnson’s judgments in the Life of Milton. Mr. Smallwood wants Johnson to be read “dialogically” rather than intellectually (he wants Johnson to be seen as more than just a nationalist writer), and he wants his contribution to be recognized in fields as far-reaching as literary theory and aesthetics. Chapter Five contains Mr. Smallwood’s most philosophical rumination on the nature of history and criticism. Here, he contends that criticism is best seen...

Negotiating a colonial Maya identity: metal ornaments from Tipu, Belize

Archaeologists recovered Colonial-period metal ornaments from Tipu, Belize, the site of a Maya occupation from 300 BC to AD 1707. This project asks to what extent the technological attributes of these ornaments reflect Mesoamerican or European influences. Investigators used microanalytical techniques, such as metallography, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF), electron probe microanalyser with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-EDS) and wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (EPMA-WDS) and surface etching, to study compositions and microstructures of the metals. Comparison of these data with technological and stylistic information of metals from other pre-Columbian and Contact-period sites reveals a confluence of indigenous and European metallurgy. Whereas the needle and bell forms and the suite of copper and bronze compositions align with indigenous metallurgical practices, the existence of lacetags and the use of brass reflect European technology. The presence of metal ornaments in association with Maya individuals in burials suggests that the Maya at Tipu were constructing and expressing new colonial identities through material markers.

Late Holocene evolution and increasing pollution in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, SE Brazil

To detect changes during the Late Holocene and historical periods in Guanabara Bay, the paleoecological and ecological parameters from nine cores were analysed using foraminiferal assemblages and bioindicators. Using radiocarbon dates and sedimentation rates in the cores, it was possible to detect the first Europeans’ arrival in the 16th century. Foraminiferal bioindicators of organic matter and human pollution were correlated with radiocarbon dates from the bottom and middle of the cores in each region and revealed an increase in pollution along the cores. The foraminiferal results were compared with total organic carbon (TOC) values before, during and after European settlement and showed a historical increase in organic matter.Pristine mangrove ecosystems are characterised by agglutinated species such as Ammotium salsum, and the presence of this organism also confirmed the extent of historical mangrove forests. Ammonia tepida, Buliminella elegantissima and Elphidium excavatum were the dominant species, but they presented distinct patterns over time. B. elegantissima was dominant before the European influence in older sediments with high organic matter content that were found at deeper intervals. A. tepida is dominant in younger sediments at upper intervals, as a bioindicator of human pollution.

When and How Does Europe Matter? Higher Education Policy Change in Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia

The study underlying this article investigates the factors under which European policy initiatives with respect to higher education (HE), such as the Bologna Process, lead to policy change at the national level. In theoretical terms, it uses institutionalist approaches to the Europeanization of public policy developed in the fields of comparative politics and international relations. The empirical focus is on HE policy changes in three countries of former Yugoslavia from 1990 onwards. More specifically, the focus is on changes of policy goals, normative basis and instruments with regard to quality assurance. A process-tracing approach based on document analysis and interviews with policy actors is used to safeguard against overestimating the influence of European initiatives on national policy change. What matters for European influences on national policy changes are clarity of European initiatives and consequences of non-compliance, as well as density of veto players in the domestic policy context. While legitimacy of European initiatives, the strength of domestic institutional legacies and the participation of domestic actors in the European epistemic communities may also be conducive to European influence on national policy change, the study identifies points where better operationalization and further research in relation to these factors are necessary.