Geography Of Europe Research Articles

An Historical Geography of Europe, 450 BC-AD 1330

An Historical Geography of Europe, 450 BC-AD 1330

An Historical Geography of Europe: 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330

An Historical Geography of Europe: 450 B.C.–A.D. 1330

An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. By N. J. G. Pounds

An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330. By N. J. G. P<scp>ounds</scp>

An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D.1330.

An Historical Geography of Europe 450 B.C.-A.D.1330.

Determinism and Indeterminism in Foreign Geography Part I

AbstractThe controversy between the environmentalists and the possibilists and the schools of cultural determinism, social determinism and indeterminism in West European and American geography are reviewed. The shift away from geographical determinism is viewed as not being necessarily a positive development in geography because it has led to a gradual strengthening of indeterminist tendencies with their associated disregard for physical geographical factors. When viewed in the historical context, geographical determinism is found to have shifted significantly from the extreme views of Ellen Semple and Ellsworth Huntington to a more pragmatically oriented view of the environmental impact on problems of economic development, i.e. from historical-sociological explanations to problems in applied geography. Even if the modern determinists tend to exaggerate the significance of the physical environment in some cases, this is still viewed as the lesser evil compared with an underestimation of environmental factors.

A Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

Historical Geography of Europe: Review

Historical Geography of Europe: Review

The Agricultural Potential of the Humid Tropics

IN THE colonial days when European geographers, such as-Alexander von Humboldt and Albrecht Penck, first saw the luxuriance of tropical vegetation they were entranced and expressed optimism that with the application of modern technology rain forests could readily be cleared and sown to yield abundant harvests. The fact that the transformation has been slow and halting has often been attributed to the cultural and economic backwardness of the indigenous societies. Across the vast territory of the tropics are many so-called underdeveloped or developing nations. Even with the technical aids of the FAO and other agencies in recent years, agricultural growth in these tropical countries, particularly those in the humid tropics, has lagged behind that in the rest of the world. One can only conjecture whether the productivity of the tropics would have been different if white settlers had emigrated there en masse several hundred years ago and tended the land unaided by the native peoples. The factors to be considered are diverse and complicated. It is certain, however, that the Westerners have committed errors of such gigantic proportions as the undertaking of the Ford rubber plantation in the Amazon and the British groundnut scheme in East Africa. Clearly, the principles of land use that have evolved from mid-latitude experience cannot be applied directly to the tropics; the efficiency of tropical farming must be judged by a different yardstick. After centuries of trial and error, and with the recent developments in plant ecology, agricultural meteorology, soil science, and related fields, the agricultural potential of the tropics can now be assessed objectively and realistically. To be sure, the nature of agricultural problems varies greatly within the tropics. In the arid lands water reigns supreme over human occupancy; in areas of adequate rainfall other factors may be limiting. This study is concerned primarily with the humid tropics, where

An Historical Geography of Europe

An Historical Geography of Europe

Glacial Problems in China (A General Review) (1)

Recent geographical research in China has, as are exemplified by many articles in Acta Geographica Sinica of recent years, been carried out placing the emphasis upon the studies of natural environment, particularly of climatic factors, of the China's land and of its applied problems. This makes a remarkable contrast with researches before the war, when the majority of topics were concentrated on the problems of historical geography of the land. This change has been probably brought about in many cases in accordance with the national needs of China after “liberation”. Several major problems in which many Chinese geographers are interested can be drawn out from recent articles and publications of geographical research and among them are the glacial problems, past and present.1) Glacial problems of China were originally discussed mainly by European geographers and geologists concerning the mountainous region of western China and several distinguished views were presented. However, after the war the situation of research has changed. The summary of geographic achievements and the present situation of European geographers and geologists are well expressed by H. von Wissmann in his illustration (Fig. 1) and the following statement.“In Europa und Nordamerika kann man vielleicht zu Recht von einer pleistozanen ' oder eiszeitlichen ' Schneegrenzdepression sprechen. In Hoch-und Ostasien muss man die letzteiszeitliche Schneegrenzdepression streng von den Schneegrenzdepressionen alterer Eiszeiten auseinanderhalten. Fur diese alteren Eiszeiten erscheinen die Unterlagen fur eine Zusammenschau noch durchaus nicht zu genugen, zumal wir seit 1949 zu meinem grossen Leidwesen von der chinesischen Wissenschaft noch starker geschieden sind als von der russischen.” (Die heutige Vergletscherung und Schneegrenze in Hochasien. 1959, s. 227) 2) There appeared several articles in Acta Geographica Sinica and Geologica Sinica of recent years dealing with the problems of glaciation and glacial ages of western China. By tracing remnants of glaciation in the Himalaya (around Mt. Everest), the Tien-Shan and the Chilien Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau, some different views are expressed concerning the ice ages of the past. For instance, some claim the existence of 4 ages, others 3 ages, still others 2 ages, and the last one seems to be the safest conclusion in the present condition of evidences.Discussions have been concentrated on the relationship between climatic changes during the Pleistocene and the recent crustal movement continued in the mountain zones of western China. The conclusion common to many articles is that the combined effect has contributed much to the development of ice ages and extent of ice-cover. While many geographers agree that the younger the ice ages, the smaller the extent of glacial development (Fig. 2), despite the continual upheaval of mountain lands and that it proves the continual weakening of the invasion of oceanic influences from the Indian Ocean.3) Remarkable theories were suggested concerning the depression of snowline of the past. A great depression, far greater than estimated by European geographers is assumed (Fig. 3), but the ice age in which such a depression occurred is still obscure. Some hold that it occurred during Qii period -the greatest ice age of the past-, while the other suggests the probability during the last the age.As to the extent of ice-cover, two opposing views are presented, the one suggests a large extension which covered almost all the land higher than 4, 200 m, while the other claims the different degree of extension according to the patterns of ice-cover, which were determined by both topographical and climatic conditions of the region (Fig. 4).

Book Reviews

Abstract Florence B. Freedman and Esther L. Berg. Classroom Teacher's Guide to Aupio-Visual Material. Chilton Company, 56th & Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia 39, Pa., 1961. xiv and 240 pages with table of contents, 146 illustrations and index. $5.00. Jean Gottmann. A Geography of Europe. 3rd edition. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 383 Madison Ave., New York 17, New York, 1962. xii and 788 pages with table of contents, photographs, maps, diagrams and index. $10.95. Giuseppe Tucci. Nepal: The Discovery of the Malla. Translated from the Italian by Lovett Edwards. E. P. Dutton and Co., 201 Park Ave. South, New York 3, New York, 1962. 96 pages with table of contents, 60 illustrations, 13 in color, from photographs by Francesca Bonardi, and 1 map. $5.00. Me1 Gruber and Leonard S. Kenworthy. Ceylon: A Background Paper. World Affairs Materials. Brooklyn College, Brooklyn 10, N.Y., 1962. 20 pages (mimeographed) with 1 map. $ .50. William Ashley Anderson. Angel of Hudson Bay. E. P. Dutton & Co., 201 Park Ave., South, New York 3, N.Y., 1961. 217 pages with table of contents, two maps and photography. $4 50. Joseph J. Spengler (Editor). Natural Resources and Economic Growth. Resources for the Future, Inc., 1775 Massachusetts Ave., N.W., Washington 6, D.C., 1961. 306 pages with preface and table of contents. $3.50. Sax Bradford. Spain in the World. D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1962. v and 121 pages with table of contents, four maps and index. $1.45. John E. Kieffer. Studies in World Economic Geography. 2nd ed. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 201 Park Ave., South, New York 3, N.Y., 1961. 76 pages with table of contents and outline and 23 exercise maps. $3.00. B. F. BEEBE. Appalachian Elk. David McKay Company, Inc., 119 West 40th Street, New York 18, N.Y., 1962. 152 pages with 12 illustrations and map. $3.25. C. Embleton, Snowdonia (British Landscapes Through Maps, Number 5, edited by K. C. Edwards). The Geographical Association, Park Branch Library, Duke Street, Sheffield 2, England. 28 pages with photographs, maps and bibliography. About $0.75. Betty Cavanna. Paulo of Brazil. Franklin Watts, Inc., 575 Lexington Avenue, New York 22, N.Y. 1962. vi and 63 pages with a glossary of Brazilian words and phrases, 63 photographs by George Russell Harrison and one map. $3.50. F. Wenderoth Saunders. Crossroads of Conquerors: The West Indies. Little, Brown and Company, 34 Beacon Street, Boston 6, Mass., 1962. 90 pages with table of contents and illustrations by the author. $3.95. The Geographical Association, Sample Studies. The Geographical Association, Park Branch Library, Duke Street, Sheffield 2, England, 1962. 61 pages including bibliography, photographs and diagrams. About $0.75. Charles Alexander Robinson, Jr. The First Book of Ancient Mesopotamia and Persia. Franklin Watts, Inc., 575 Lixington Ave., New York, 1962. 61 pages with illustrations and index. $1.95. Rand McNally Bible Maps. Paul's Journeys, 36 by 48 inches, scale approximately 1 inch to 32 miles and Palestine in the Time of Jesus, 48 by 36 inches, scale approximately 1 inch to 5 miles. Rand McNally & Company, P.O. Box 7600, Chicago, Illinois, 1962. In folder or map tube, each $1.00; laminated with steel rod top and bottom and washable surface $4.95. George Howard Darwin. The Tides and Kindred Phenomena in the Solar System. W. H. Freeman and Company, 660 Market Street, San Francisco 4, Calif., 1962. xx and 378 pages with table of contents, illustrations and index. $2.75 paperback.

A Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

A Social Geography of Europe

A Social Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

Hoffman, George W. (Editor). Geography of europe. New York: The Ronald Press, 1953. 775 P. $7.50

Science EducationVolume 38, Issue 4 p. 316-317 Book Review Hoffman, George W. (Editor). Geography of europe. New York: The Ronald Press, 1953. 775 P. $7.50 First published: October 1954 https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.3730380451AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume38, Issue4October 1954Pages 316-317 RelatedInformation

A Social Geography of Europe

A Social Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

A Social Geography of Europe

A Social Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

A Geography of Europe

The Term “Bayou” in the United States: A study in the Geography of Place Names

N astonishing volume of material has been published on place names in the A6 United States. But when one examines this abundance one is impressed by the fact that practically all of the serious place-name studies have been done by philologists from a linguistic point of view; few of these studies have been done by geographers, or from a geographic point of view.1 Place names may be considered as significant in the cultural landscape as are house types, field patterns, or modes of transport. From this point of view, the classification and distribution of place names is as much in the field of geography as the etymology of these terms is in the field of philology. Moreover, place names are persistent cultural traits, the character and distribution of which may indicate the spread of people and ideas at various times. It is well known that European geographers and historians have long employed place names as aids in tracing human migrations and even in reconstructing the former vegetation cover of certain areas.2 For the geographer and historian one of the most significant aspects of placename study involves the origin, spread, and present distribution of the generic parts of toponyms. Generic terms dealing with physical features in the United States, such as brook, run, butte, and hollow, are generally the more meaningful parts of geographic names, for they are durable language forms, originally associated with definite culture groups. The same can be said for generic terms that deal