Geography Of Europe Research Articles

Swine Production in the Corn Belt of the United States

T >:IHE distribution of swine-raising throughout the world shows clear relationships to geographic factors. The student of economic geography will recall clearly the many times he has seen maps of corn and hog production in the United States maps that express a remarkable correlation between pigs and corn in the Corn Belt (Figure 1). Students of European geography remember Denmark not only for the significant dairy industry which that country has developed, but also for the profitable export of pork, produced largely on the by-products of dairying and sold primarily to Britain to supply the English demand for quality bacon. Travelers on the continent see advertisements in the newspapers of those countries possessing large forests of oak and chestnuts-advertisements which tell of the gastronomic delights which may be experienced by those eating bacon from the mast-fed hogs. Opponents of the AAA may suggest that a solution of the problem of overproduction in American potatoes might be solved by feeding the surplus tubers to porkers as the farmers do in eastern Germany, Ireland, Belgiumn, and several other European countries. People opposed to waste in any form may cite the care with which the Chinese peasant saves even the scraps from the table to feed his pigsanimals which form an important element in the economy of the Farmers for Forty Centuries.

College Textbooks on the Geography of Europe

College Textbooks on the Geography of Europe

Historical Geography of Europe

Historical Geography of Europe

An Historical Geography of Europe

An Historical Geography of Europe

Book Review: An Historical Geography of Europe

Book Review: An Historical Geography of Europe

Geography

BEHIND the freshness of the writing and the sometimes almost casual treatment of a wide field there is evidence of extensive reading, a sympathetic understanding and not infrequently of an acute perception reminiscent of L. W. Lyde at his best. This is not a school book, nor is it an adequate university textbook, but it may be cordially recommended to all who have been accustomed to, and have perhaps tired of, the formal presentation of the facts of European geography and who seek a broader view in the understanding of current problems. Britain is excluded from consideration.

A Retrospect of Geography

In looking back over the period of forty years that has elapsed since the Sub-Committee of Ten on Geology and Geography met in Chicago under the chairmanship of the late Professor T. C. Chamberlin in 1893, two encouraging indications of advance in the standing of Geography in our educational system are to be seen. One is the organization of the Association of American Geographers; the other is the greatly increased attention given to Geography in our colleges. These two advances have very naturally gone hand in hand; they have reacted on each other to mutual profit, and the two result in a third advance: a great increase in the number of college students who are attracted to Geography as a subject worthy of their attention. Mention should perhaps be made also of what may be called an advantageous event; the Transcontinental Excursion of 1912, by which the American Geographical Society, which has since then developed its excellent Geographical Review, celebrated its sixtieth birthday; for I am sure that the good number of American Geographers who took part in it were much encouraged, by the acquaintance they made with a strong representation of European geographers, to strive on in their studies and to increase their proficiency. It is worth recording that four of those American geographers were members of the Peace Conference in Paris following the World War; that they were given instant welcome on their arrival in Paris by the French geographers whom they had met on the Excursion; and that one of them, who was sent to four enemy capitals in search of geological information needed at the Conference, was heartily and helpfully received in

Economic Geography of Europe.

Economic Geography of Europe.

Economic Geography of Europe

Economic Geography of Europe

Economic Geography of Europe

Economic Geography of Europe

Economic Geography of Europe

Economic Geography of Europe

An Historical Geography of Europe, 800-1789

An Historical Geography of Europe, 800-1789

An Economic Geography of Europe

An Economic Geography of Europe

An Experiment with Standardized Tests in a State Teachers’ Examination

During the summer of 1925, Robert Clark of the Teacher Training Division of the State Department of Education, West Virginia, in consultation with the writer, decided to include standard tests in the uniform state teachers' examination. Ex aminations in orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, civil government, United States history, geography, theory and art of teaching, and agriculture are given annually to teachers. As an experi ment we decided to use the Pressey Diagnostic Test in English Composition, the Pressey-Richards Test in American History, the Buckingham-Stevenson Test in United States Geography, and the Stevenson-Ridgley-Shipman Tests in European Geogra phy in lieu of the traditional examinations in grammar, Ameri can history, and geography. Examinations in the usual form were given in the other eight subjects.

Book Review:An Economic Geography of Europe. D. H. Smith

Book Review:An Economic Geography of Europe. D. H. Smith

OBJECTIVES IN A GEOGRAPHIC FIELD STUDY OF A COMMUNITY

DEFINING THE FIELD OF GEOGRAPHY.-Both American and European geographers have given much consideration to the delimitation of a definite field of geographic inquiry and the formulation of a systematic method of attacking geographic problems. In this country, various presidential addresses before the Association of American Geographers have presented viewpoints which represent the trend of geographic thought in the United States.' More recently, 0. 0. Sauer, after re-examining the field and taking into consideration current views abroad as well as in this country, concludes that modern geography is the modern expression of the most ancient geography, and that the readjustment which is involved in our return to our permanent task is responsible for the current activity of inquiry as to the content of our field.2 From these inquiries, a rather definite concept of the nature of the subject has evolved, so that although divergent views still exist as to the character of the treatment which should be accorded to the material within the undebated portion of the field, geographers in general agree that only facts of habitat significance lie within the province of a geographic study. THE CHANGING VIEWPOINT.-For many years geography in this country labored under the handicap of generalizations based upon superficial observations, with few or no quantitative studies; The gathering of exact data and the establishment of correlations based thereon were replaced by the advancement of hypotheses and the interpretation of phenomena in terms of the preconceived causation. Recently American geographers have more fully appreciated the necessity for placing geographic studies upon a quantitative basis. As i result, considerable attention has been focussed upon the technique of gathering and recording facts of habitat significance. The recent

The Geography of Europe

The Geography of Europe

Aspects of European Geography

Aspects of European Geography

King Alfred's System of Geographical Description in His Version of Orosius

of information on the geography of Europe during the ninth century, and have the further interest of being the first attempts at geographical record in England. The voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan are the earliest accounts in our language of voyages of discovery, and indicate the methods employed by the great king in collecting information about foreign lands. The description of Germania is no doubt the exposition of information so gathered. That this information was carefully sifted and systematized is shown by (i) the clearness of Alfred's conception of the positions of the Germanic tribes, (ii) the consistency of his descrip? tion, and (iii) its agreement with external evidence. The description of Germania begins with a rough yet clear definition of boundaries, viz. the Don, the Danube, the Rhine, and the Cwcnsa. The area is then divided into three regions : (i) Continental Germania proper, (ii) the frontier peoples (chiefly Slavonic), and (iii) the Baltic tribes. Each region is then described separately, the description being limited to the location of the principal contemporary tribes and to the insertion of a few interesting parenthetic notes. In his detailed treatment of these three regions Alfred, with his usual originality, invented a descriptive system of his own. This system, so far as I am aware, has not hitherto been observed. For this reason there has been some confusion over the location of tribes mentioned, and the importance of the record has not been sumciently recognized. The principle on which the system is based is the selection of pivotal tribes in each region and the fixation of the positions of other tribes by compass bearings from the pivots. Thus the East Franks were selected as a pivotal point, and from them were fixed the positions of the Swabians (Sw&fas), Bavarians (B&gware) with their capital Regnesburg, the Bohemians (Bmme), the Thuringians (iByringas), the Old Saxons (as distinguished from those in the new island home), and the Frisians

Regional Geography of Europe

Regional Geography of Europe