European Court Of Human Rights Case Law Research Articles

Navigating hate speech and content moderation under the DSA: insights from ECtHR case law

ABSTRACT The dissemination of hate speech online necessitates forceful content moderation to protect individuals and democratic values, without undue infringement of freedom of expression and the right to access information. In Europe, recent regulatory measures like the Digital Services Act (DSA) address the amplification of harmful content on social media, and place responsibilities on Very Large Online Platforms to counter societal risks, such as hate speech. The DSA mandates that platforms balance commercial interests with protecting user rights and safety, necessitating nuanced moderation strategies. However, both automated and human moderation face challenges in accurately identifying and countering hate speech. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its interpretation by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) provide essential guidance for navigating how to counter hate speech and also protect freedom of expression. This article aims to contribute to the understanding the emerging landscape of platform regulation and how the demands in the DSA can be better understood and operationalized regarding moderation of hate speech, in light of ECtHR case law.

Protection of Personal Non-Property Rights of Spouses in the Practice of The European Court of Human Rights: A Crucial Investigation

Objective: This study investigates the peculiarities of spouses' non-property rights in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) case law, aiming to understand how these rights are protected and restored in different legal contexts. Theoretical Framework: The study is based on principles of international human rights and family law, focusing on the right to parenthood, personal development of spouses, non-discrimination, and respect for honor and dignity. The ECHR's framework for protecting these rights provides a solid basis. Method: The research employs a qualitative analysis of ECHR case law, examining relevant legal documents, court decisions, and literature on non-property rights. Data collection involved analyzing ECHR rulings and Ukrainian family law. Results and Discussion: The results show that protecting spouses' non-property rights is crucial for citizens' security and stability. The study highlights how states manage these rights and the ECHR's role in restoring them. The discussion emphasizes national and international law implications, noting discrepancies in current protections. Research Implications: This research not only provides insights into legal mechanisms for protecting spouses' non-property rights but also underscores the practical implications of a robust legal framework and the role of the ECHR in safeguarding these rights, potentially influencing policy and legal practice. Originality/Value: The study contributes to the literature by analyzing the protection and restoration of spouses' non-property rights in ECHR case law. Its originality lies in focusing on the intersection of family law and human rights, highlighting the value of international legal standards in enhancing national protections. This research informs policy and legal practice in family law and human rights.

ECTHR case law on legal liability for offences in the field of environmental protection environment

Pursuant to Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone has the right, after exhausting all national legal remedies, to apply for protection of their rights and freedoms to the relevant international judicial institutions or international organisations of which Ukraine is a member or participant [1]. One of such organisations is the European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR), which decides on the establishment of violations of human rights enshrined in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (CCHR). Given that Ukraine has recognised the jurisdiction of the ECTHR and the principle of extending its judgments to third states that are not parties to the case, we consider the study of the Court’s case law to be a necessity for the member states.
 This article analyses the ECTHR case law on legal liability for environmental offences. Based on the results of the study, it is found that the peculiarity of the ECTHR judgments in cases concerning environmental offences is the absence of direct enshrining of “environmental” rights in the Convention, and the establishment of the components of such offences by interpreting the existing rules in each individual case.

The discretion of the EU Member States in shaping the non-conviction based confiscation regime in the light of CJEU and ECHR case law

The research presented in the article aims to assess the scope of the normative freedom of EU Member States when implementing non-conviction based confiscation. This study was based on the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). The study shows that despite the broad discretion of the Member States resulting from the position of the CJEU, domestic regulation of this type of confiscation falls outside the scope of EU law; the extensive jurisprudence of the ECHR sets quite precise boundaries concerning the concept of confiscation without prior conviction. Thus, it limits the discretion of Member States in this regard, providing both safeguards for individuals and guidelines for national legislators that intend to develop non-conviction based confiscation regimes in their domestic legal system.

Peculiarities of Labour Rights Protection in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights

The practice of defence of labour disputes is quite dynamic. That is why the analysis of labour rights protection in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is quite relevant. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current case law of the European Court of Human Rights on the protection of labour rights; to analyse the ECtHR's interpretation of the concept of forced labour and the right to form trade unions; to summarise the problematic issues of the ECtHR's case law in the field of labour rights protection and ways to resolve them. The methodological basis of the study is general and special methods and techniques of cognition. The article substantiates that one cannot complain directly to the ECtHR about deprivation of the opportunity to work, denial of access to the workplace, or refusal to hire. The European Convention explicitly states only 2 rights: the right to form and join trade unions and the prohibition of forced and compulsory labour. The author explains the concepts of forced labour and the right to form trade unions and outlines the problematic issues of the European Court of Human Rights case law in the field of labour rights protection and ways to resolve them.

Misunderstanding the margin? The reception of the ECtHR’s margin of appreciation at the national level

Abstract This exploratory article focuses on the receiving end of the margin of appreciation doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), that is to say, the response of national-level legislators and courts to ECtHR case law involving other states parties, that grants national authorities a wide margin of appreciation. The paper explores the risk that national authorities might misinterpret the margin of appreciation in such cases as a marker of human rights clearance of a rights-restrictive practice as such or as a prompt for domestic courts toward deference in their relationship with the legislative and executive powers. The paper finds anecdotal evidence of such misinterpretation by domestic legislators in the reception of SAS v. France. In addition, an examination of recent fundamental rights case law of the Belgian Constitutional Court illustrates the existence of a problem of misunderstanding the margin of appreciation at the level of domestic courts.

Beyond Crisis: Understandings of Vulnerability and Its Consequences in Relation to Intimate Partner Violence

This article takes a closer look at intimate partner violence (IPV) and its semantical, political, and legal interactions with crisis and crisis discourse. Starting from the fact that IPV has been called a “shadow pandemic” and a “hidden crisis”, the article conceptualizes two parallel phenomena: how the COVID-19 pandemic — and crises in general — impact on IPV by exacerbating vulnerabilities and how crisis discourse has been mobilized to argue for a responsive state and strong positive obligations to combat and reduce IPV. The article then draws a parallel between crisis discourse and vulnerability reasoning, analyzing how vulnerability has played a similar role within the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and led the latter to develop a consistent strand of case law concretizing states’ positive obligations. The article also takes a critical stance, examining the risks of crisis discourse and vulnerability when viewed through a crisis lens. To counter these risks, it argues for a nuanced, structural, and dynamic understanding of vulnerability and a focus on resilience-building institutions and mechanisms. Within the ECtHR case law, this signifies elaborating upon the already existing positive obligations, including by taking inspiration from the Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence (Istanbul Convention). Such an approach is necessary to leave behind the emergency time usually associated with crises and work toward lasting structural change.

Gender Inequality in Social Security on the Basis of the ECtHR Case-Law

As the European case-law shows, nowadays, there are numerous problems in the social sphere. Accordingly, there appears to be a need to study international regulation of equality and current social security problems to find possible solutions to the existing shortcomings and to strengthen human rights protection. The article aims to analyse the universal international regulation of equality and gender equality, in particular, and to study the problems of gender inequality in social security based on the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law to eliminate this discrimination. The leading research method is a legalistic one. It allowed us to analyse the international legislation on gender equality and to look into the ECtHR case law in gender discrimination in social security. It was found that gender inequality in social security is often a result of prior gender-based discrimination in labour relations. Despite the fact that legal acts protect women in cases of inequality, the analysis of the ECtHR case-law permitted us to conclude that men suffer from gender discrimination as much as women. Therefore, it is suggested to adopt legal acts on the equality of men and women in social security to overcome such discriminative practices at the legislative level. It is also recommended to implement the governmental policy on counteracting gender stereotypes in society. The research results can improve national legislation and international legal acts, further research into equality issues, and develop a methodological base for teaching human rights and social security.

Case Law Trend: The Question of Interaction Between the Tax and Criminal Proceedings in the ECtHR Case-Law

This objective of this study is to analyse the definition and the application of the concept of sufficiently close in substance and in time by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in terms of tax penalties. The Court implements this concept in Article 4 of the Protocol Number 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and intends to regulate the interaction between the two sets of (tax and criminal) procedures that deal with the penalization of the same matter. The progress of the case law is examined from the Glantz and Nykänen judgments in 2014 and the Kristjansson judgment in 2021. Two research questions are addressed: What is the connection in substance, and what is the connection in time? For the first question, the case law points out that the connection in substance requires the repetition in collection evidence. However, the boundaries of the relationship that should be established between the two sets of proceedings are uncertain and debatable. For the second question, the temporal connection has not yet been defined in case law, and its application overlaps with the scope of the right to a fair trial. Thus, it is seen that the boundaries in the both contexts need to be redrawn in order to eliminate the current ambivalence. ECtHR case-law, interaction between proceedings, connection in substance, connection in time, ne bis in idem, tax penalty, tax procedure, right to a fair trial.

Wielka Izba i jej rola w kształtowaniu Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka

The main purpose of this research is giving an answer for the question about the role which has been already played and can be played in future by the Grand Chamber created in 1998 within the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Obviously the fact that wide competences and powers have been conferred on this organizational formation of the ECHR created a unique situation concerning the substantive and procedural quality of the judgments. On the other hand, there is a potential risk that the possibility of referral of a case to the Grand Chamber can also be used for the purposes other than those strictly connected with the idea of the fair and objective justice system. The Author of this paper based her analysis against the background of 272 judgments which have been passed by the Grand Chamber and in such context she tries to make a systematization of problems both of the substantive and procedural nature. In principle the Author’s attitude is positive as far as any possibility of strengthening of the individual’s position in the control procedure of ECHR is concerned. However, according to the presented analysis the Author suggests that the Grand Chamber is still a kind of “big unknown”. Thus, at present it would be still difficult to appreciate in a concluding manner, the way in which the organ under consideration uses its decision-making power. The above-mentioned dilemma does not change the fact that this new area of the ECHR case-law creates a great challenge both for the ECHR itself as well as for all those who strongly support this institution.

Psychiatric Commitment: Sixty Years Under the Scrutiny of the European Court of Human Rights.

Background and Aims: In the field of mental health, the fundamental right to liberty is a point of tension between the practice of psychiatric commitment on the one hand and the universal concept of human rights on the other. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is a very specific means of safeguarding human rights because it allows an individual to not only assert their rights but also compel a state to bring its legislation into conformity with the principles of the European Convention on Human Rights. The aim of this study was to gather the case-law of the ECtHR on psychiatric commitment over the last 60 years and to determine how this case-law has affected national legislation and therefore psychiatric practice.Methods: Jurisprudence data were collected from the HUDOC ECtHR database, and the direct effects of the ECtHR judgements on the legislations of the countries concerned were collected from the HUDOC EXEC database of the Council of Europe. The case-law of the Court included 118 judgements and 56 decisions and concerned 31 of the 45 countries that have ratified the Convention.Results: This study therefore showed a direct effect of the Court's case-law on the legislation on psychiatric commitment in the various countries that have ratified the Convention. It was also possible to detect an indirect effect of this case-law through the directives of international institutions such as the directives of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe concerning respect for people with mental disorders.Conclusions: The ECtHR case-law therefore has a major influence on the psychiatric practice in all Council of Europe countries.

Is There a Special Enforced Tax Collection Regime Under the ECtHR Case Law?

This article examines the extent to which the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) takes into account the privileged nature of tax claims in enforced collection proceedings. Conducted within the framework of the right to property, the aim is to find a response to this question: Does the ECtHR case law allow for a special regime in enforced debt collection proceedings? A definitive answer to such a question requires a comparison between Court judgments on tax debts and non-tax debts. Under both the lawfulness and legitimate aims tests, no distinction appears between these two types of debt. On the other hand, under the proportionality test, the Court generally grants a wide margin of appreciation to States Parties. In this respect, two different dimensions are encountered, namely, the tax collector versus tax debtor and the tax collector versus other creditors. While the ECtHR does not allow differences between the collection regimes of non-tax debts in the former relationship, it appears that in the latter, the Court maintains the privileged status granted to the tax collector in domestic law. However, this privileged status is not unique to tax debts. Therefore, the article concludes that there is no special status for the tax debt enforcement regime under a comparison with non-tax debts. Tax information reporting, Digital platform, Sharing economy, Gig economy, OECD, European Commission

The 'Disobedience' of Journalists at Public Assemblies: An Analytical Critique of the ECtHR's Case Law from a Media Freedom Perspective

In a group of cases in which journalists refused dispersal orders at public assemblies, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) found that certain governmental actions interfered with freedom of expression. Based on a comparative analysis that provides an analytical critique and new insights in the field of media freedom, this article argues that the application of the ‘strict scrutiny’ perspective could be improved by including a closer look at the risk assessments made by the domestic authorities. The analysis delves into the development of the ECtHR’s case law and highlights the potential problems in guaranteeing protection under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), especially considering the consequences of the approach taken in the Pentikainen Grand Chamber judgment.

Implementation of the legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights in Russian criminal procedure

The article offers an overview of the modern state of affairs in the field of the implementation of legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Russian criminal procedural law and law-enforcement practices. Significant attention is paid to the legal approaches of the Russian Constitutional Court as one the main actors in the national implementation system who pointed out a series of problems in functioning of the conception known as «dialog between the Courts». We research the amendments to the Russian Constitution of 2020 year in respect of it’s meaning to the process of realization of the legal positions of ECtHR in the Russian criminal procedure. With the examples from the modern ECtHR case-law in respect of the Russia root problems in the law regulation of different stages and institutions of criminal procedure are being revealed. The article also offers analysis of the trends in national courts practices with proposals of it’s harmonization with the European legal standards.

The ‘Disobedience’ of Journalists at Public Assemblies: An Analytical Critique of the ECtHR's Case Law from a Media Freedom Perspective

ABSTRACT In a group of cases in which journalists refused dispersal orders at public assemblies in order to gather news, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has found certain governmental actions to have interfered with freedom of expression. Based on a doctrinal and conceptual comparative analysis, this article argues that the application of the ‘strict scrutiny’ perspective, repeated throughout several of these cases, could be improved by including a closer look at the risk assessments made by the domestic authorities in relation to the dispersal orders by the police. It provides an analytical critique and new insights in the field of media freedom. The analysis delves into the development of the ECtHR's case law and highlights the potential problems in guaranteeing protection under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), especially considering the consequences of the approach taken in the Pentikäinen Grand Chamber judgment.

‘Full Jurisdiction’ Under Article 6 ECHR: Hans Kelsen v. the Principle of Separation of Powers

This article examines the ‘full jurisdiction’ requirement under Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and its implementation within European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law. It first analyses the theoretical foundations for ‘full jurisdiction’ which implies, in principle, a substitutive review of the merits of administrative decisions. It then focuses on the ECtHR case law, highlighting its ambivalence and inconsistencies: while the Court generally requires a substitutive review in criminal cases and in cases involving complex technical assessments, it tends to accept a less exacting standard of review in civil cases, especially when administrative discretionary choices or policy determinations are at issue. This article suggests that the ambivalence and inconsistencies within ECtHR case law can be explained in terms of the principle of separation of powers, which still underpins most legal systems of signatory states to the ECHR. Art. 6 ECHR, fair trial, administrative procedures, full jurisdiction, principle of separation of powers.

Pravo na privatnost iz člana 8 Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima i legalnost mera epidemiološkog praćenja radi suzbijanja pandemije virusa Kovid 19

In this paper, the author analyzes the protection of the right to privacy under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) at the time of the Covid-19 virus pandemic. At the beginning of the pandemic, European countries had a large number of infected people and some countries encountered a collapse of their health systems. As the situation was beyond control, it raises the question whether such a situation was caused by the non-implementation of epidemiological monitoring measures, which is comparable to the extent and manner of implementing these measures in the Far East; namely, the question is whether the democratic system remained unprotected due to the EU countries' observance of democratic human rights standards, specifically the right to privacy. Given that epidemiological monitoring measures are currently the most important instrument for combating the Covid-19 virus pandemic, European countries have to fulfill the condition of legality in implementing these measures, which interfere with the citizens' right to privacy. In that context, the author explores the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), which ensures judicial protection of the rights guaranteed by the Convention (including the right to private life), focuses on the definition of the concept of the right to privacy, and examines whether epidemiological monitoring measures fall into the corpus of privacy rights. Relying on a detailed analysis of the ECtHR case law, the author points to the specific requirements that must be met in order for the epidemiological monitoring measures to be considered legal.

Case-law of the European court of human rights and its value to administrative justice

More than twenty years have passed since Ukraine ratified the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1997 and recognized the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). On September 16, 2014 the European Parliament ratified the Association Agreement with the EU synchronously with the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. European integration processes have once again begun to play a leading role in the implementation of legal reform in Ukraine aimed at introducing the fundamental provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). First and foremost, the implementation of the rule of law principle based on the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. In connection with this starting point, the ECtHR's case-law is considered to be a source of law, in particular in administrative proceedings. The main findings are based on the fact that the ECtHR's practice is inextricably linked to the Convention, which the ECtHR interprets in its decisions when dealing with specific cases. Some attention has been paid to the analysis of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On the enforcement of decisions and the application of the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights”. Article 17 of this Law provides for the courts using the ECHR and practicing the case-law of the ECtHR's as a source of law. Article 18 of the aforementioned Law defines the order of reference in national courts’ decisions to the ECHR and ECtHR's practice. It is emphasized that according to Article 1 of the above Law, it is necessary to talk about the ECtHR’s practice in a broad aspect, and not only about decisions regarding Ukraine. It is revealed that the main discussion is on the precedental nature of ECtHR’s decisions. As scientists understand the precedental nature of EctHR’s decisions, this question has taken the appropriate place in the study. As a result, it is concluded that the practice of the ECtHR has a precedent form the content of which is based on the legal position of the official interpretation of the provisions of the ECHR. It is in this form that it is appropriate to apply the case-law of the ECtHR's in the area of administrative justice.

Exploring the penumbra of punishment under the ECHR

Administrative sanctions can be said to dwell in the periphery of punishment because they do not require setting the wheels of criminal procedure in motion. This allows States to save public resources as well as helps them to escape closer scrutiny at the judicial level. At the same time, the imposition of administrative sanctions usually curtails individual guarantees. Against this background, this article examines where the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) draws the line between measures belonging to the ‘hard core of criminal law’ and the periphery. After a presentation of gradual broadening of the ‘criminal limb’ guarantees of Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights to administrative measure of a punitive nature, it explores where do these guarantees meet their limits by taking the approach adopted in the landmark Jussila judgment as a point of departure. Subsequently, a structured analysis of the selected ECtHR case law in which this approach has been applied or – at least – invoked is provided. The article is finished with a reflection on the current interpretation of the said penumbra of punishment, which, among other things, identifies the possible gaps of individual protection, and the outlook for the future.

Commons as possessions: The path to protection of the commons in the ECHR system

AbstractThe ‘commons’ is not mentioned in the texts of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) or Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 (P‐1). This essay argues that ‘possessions’ — which does appear in the latter — should be interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) to protect commons against national governments' undue interferences. The argument comprises two parts. First, we analyse the polysemic term ‘possessions’ to show how the current understanding of this category is marred by flawed assumptions and by false dichotomies. Then, we propose an ‘ecological’ construction of legal relationships between subjects and objects. We find support in the ECtHR case law on Article 8. We argue this approach should be extended to Article 1 P‐1: once disentangled from possessive individualism and market paradigms, ‘possessions’ encompass the commons and the category offers a solid legal basis toward the justiciability in Strasbourg of privatisations.