European Community Policy Research Articles

"CONSIDERATIONS ON THE TRANSLATION OF COMMUNITY TERMINOLOGY INTO ROMANIAN "

The increasing number of official translations by the European institutions has been determined lately by specific communication requirements between Member States and third parties, the European area being characterized by a spectacular information exchange within the European Community policies (in economic, monetary, financial, social, environmental, or research areas). Translating texts and Community documentation represents a job that requires special skills, training, experience, and a sense of language; also, translating such texts implies familiarity with the legal system and the historical and cultural background of a country.

In the club: how and why central bankers created a hierarchy of sovereign borrowers, c. 1988–2007

From roughly 1988 to 2007, global banks faced strong regulatory incentives to lend to members of the OECD and those of the IMF’s General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB), along with disincentives to lend to countries that belonged to neither of these groups. The culprit was the Basel Accord, also known as Basel I, a piece of banking regulation designed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) to regulate global banks’ capital levels. Why did the BCBS create a ‘club’ of riskless sovereign borrowers, and why did it use OECD and GAB membership to do so? Relying on the archives of the BCBS, I first argue that the Basel Committee chose to design a club in response to European Community (EC) policies, which threatened a number of non-EC states on the Committee. Second, I argue that the BCBS chose to define the group through OECD membership because its members embodied a key set of criteria that it associated with creditworthiness. I conclude by outlining the implications of these findings for our understanding of the BCBS, as well as for our models of how central banks construct international hierarchies.

Urinary pH Warrants Therapeutic Window of EBL-1003 (Apramycin) in the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections and Acute Pyelonephritis

Background: The clinical-stage drug candidate EBL-1003 (apramycin) represents a distinct new subclass of aminoglycoside antibiotics for the treatment of drug-resistant infections. It has demonstrated best-in-class coverage of resistant isolates, and preclinical efficacy in lung infection models. However, preclinical evidence for its utility in other disease indications has yet to be provided. Here we studied the therapeutic potential of EBL-1003 in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infection and acute pyelonephritis (cUTI/AP). Methods: A combination of data-base mining, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, time-kill experiments, and four murine infection models was used in a comprehensive assessment of the microbiological coverage and efficacy of EBL-1003 against Gram-negative uropathogens. The pharmacokinetics and renal toxicology of EBL-1003 in rats was used to assess the therapeutic window of EBL-1003 in cUTI/AP. Results: EBL-1003 demonstrated broad-spectrum activity and rapid multi-log CFU reduction against a phenotypic variety of bacterial uropathogens including aminoglycoside-resistant clinical isolates. The basicity of amines in the apramycin molecule suggested a higher increase in positive charge at urinary pH when compared to gentamicin or amikacin, resulting in sustained drug uptake and bactericidal activity, and consequently in potent efficacy in mouse infection models. Renal pharmacokinetics, biomarkers for toxicity, and kidney histopathology in adult rats all indicated a significantly lower nephrotoxicity of EBL-1003 than of gentamicin. Conclusions: This study provides preclinical proof-of-concept for the efficacy of EBL-1003 in cUTI/AP. Similar efficacy but lower nephrotoxicity of EBL-1003 in comparison to gentamicin may thus translate into a higher safety margin and a wider therapeutic window in the treatment of cUTI/API. Funding Information: Some of the research leading to these results was conducted as part of the ND4BB European Gram-Negative Antibacterial Engine (ENABLE) Consortium (www.nd4bb-enable.eu) and has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking (www.imi.europa.eu) under grant agreement n°115583, resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) and The European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) companies in-kind contribution. The ENABLE project is also financially supported by contributions from Academic and Small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) partners. The University of Zurich has utilized the non-clinical and pre-clinical services program offered by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This work was further supported by the Swedish Research Council [grant number 2018–05501]; the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [grant number RIF14-0078], and the Science for Life Laboratory to PEA. This work was further supported by the University of Zurich, Institute of Medical Microbiology. Declaration of Interests: Authors ECB, DC, and SNH are co-founders of and shareholders in Juvabis AG. All other authors declare no conflict of interest. Ethical Approval: No serum or tissue samples were used other than those described for the mouse and rat models (kidney, bladder, plasma, urine). Further ethical approval Information below. Figure 3 All aspects of this work, including housing, experimentation, and disposal of animals were performed in general accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Academy Press, Washington, D. C., 2011). The study was performed in our AAALAC accredited ABSL2 laboratory under the supervision of the veterinarians and the animal care and use protocol was approved by the IACUC at Eurofins Panlabs Taiwan. Figures 5A, 5B, 5C, S5, S6, S7, S8, and S9 The experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the European Community and local laws and policies and were approved by the Latvian Animal Protection Ethical Committee, Food and Veterinary Service, Riga, Latvia. Figure 5E Animal experiments were performed under the Swedish national ethical license S7-15. Figure S2 Standards for housing and care of animals comply to the latest and most comprehensive international guidelines, Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. All animal experiments are approved by the National Committee of Animal Ethics, Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark.

ASSESSMENT OF CONSUMERS POWER CONSUMPTION OPTIMIZATION BASED ON DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

To ensure the functioning of the energy system, coordination and increase the efficiency of its parts need new control mechanisms. Generation, transmission and consumption of electricity needed control mechanisms that include integration of self-organizing power and heat supply systems, built on multi-agent principle. Also they must correspond intellectual basis, monitoring and accumulation. This includes effectiveness assessment of the state and analysis of technical, technological and organizational management mechanisms. One of the main parts is interaction principles of energy systems in accordance with European Community policy at various levels at liberalized electricity market.
 In most developed countries, demand management programs are widely used as a means of harmonizing the modes of generation and consumption in the power supply system. The main direct methods are set in the form of electricity tariffs. Indirect methods are set in the form of programs to manage electricity demand and the possibility of their application to manage electricity demand. Methods for estimating the unevenness of the daily schedule of electricity consumption and the factors influencing the technological environment are presented.
 The work aims at scientific and applied problem – finding methods of estimation and features of managing the demand for electricity.
 The use of the proposed estimation methods of electricity consumption influence non-uniformity on the level of power supplies system losses based on Frize QF power and optimization of consumers’ operation modes in the power supply system is considered.
 Approaches and optimization mechanisms of the daily electricity consumption on the example of a residential complex with the possibility of energy accumulation are offered

Building the technological European Community through education: European mobility and training programmes in the 1980s.

The Community Action Programme for Education and Training for Technology (COMETT) played a key role in paving the way for increased cooperation between the member states of the European Community (EC) in the field of education and in the promotion of intra-Europe mobility. In this article, COMETT is considered as a non-traditional education and training programme for solving economic challenges in the context of technological change that was focused on the training of a highly skilled workforce. The process of setting the agenda for COMETT is studied through an analysis of official EC policy documents and archival material from the EU's historical archives in Florence. Our analysis suggests that the challenge posed by new information technologies acted as a catalyst for a new approach to education governance that was based on closer cooperation between European universities and industry. Promoting intra-Europe mobility among highly skilled workers and students was a key part of the programme, which defined an economic and social strategy for Europe in response to technological change. Educational and social goals were secondary in the design and implementation of the COMETT programme, which, first and foremost, was motivated by the EC agenda to boost the competitiveness of European industry.

La metáfora conceptual en el discurso político euroescéptico (francés-español)

The second decade of the 21st century has seen the emergence and establishment of a series of movements that have led to the rise of Eurosceptic parties in France and Germany and the departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union. Considering the current political context and given the lack of studies addressing this object of study, this paper analyses the role of metaphor and metonymy in Eurosceptic discourse in French and Spanish. To this end, once the theoretical fundamentals of this research has been submitted, the compiled textual corpus is presented. This corpus consists of documents, political programmes and manifestos drafted by a number of openly Eurosceptic political parties in France, Switzerland and Spain. From this corpus, the underlying conceptual metaphors have been analyzed, as well as the orientational metaphors and the documented metonymies from the metaphorical expressions used. This study concludes that metaphor is, in political discourse, an effective means of transmitting a certain ideology. Thus, the most used conceptual metaphors have been THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A WAY, THE EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IS A FIGHT and POLITICS ARE A FIGHT. It is also concluded that the use of metaphor is capable of changing the citizen’s perception and conception of European Community policies and the European Union.

Dehesas de Sierra Morena y políticas agroambientales comunitarias

Este artículo es una reflexión sobre las aplicaciones de las políticas agroambientales comunitarias en las dehesas de Sierra Morena. Tras la presentación de los principios reguladores de las dehesas tradicionales y el análisis de su desarticulación en la etapa desarroUista, se intenta averiguar las posibilidades que ofrecen las políticas comunitarias para restablecer este agrosistema. La principal conclusión del estudio es que las medidas aplicadas no están produciendo el efecto positivo esperado. Los programas con una mayor incidencia (primas ganaderas, programa de reforestación, indemnizaciones compensatorias...) no han sido diseñados pensando en la recuperación de la dehesa, de haí que no pasen de incidir de manera aislada en cada uno de sus componentes, sin tener en cuenta las repercusiones sobre el conjimto. En definitiva, se termina abogando por la búsqueda de una estrategia globalizadora para la recuperación de este agrosistema, cimentada en la secular sabiduría que tienen de este espacio y estos paisajes sus pobladores de siempre.
 
 [fr] Cet article est une réflexion sur les applications des politiques agro-environementales communautaires dans les «dehesas» de Sierra Morena. Après la presentation des principes régulateurs des «dehesas» traditionelles et l'analyse de sa desarticulation lors de l'étape de développemente (années 60), nous essayons de vérifier les possibilitésqu'offrent les politiques communautaires pour rétablir cet agrosystème. La pricipale conclusion de l'étude est que les mesures appliquées ne produisent pas l'effect attendu. Les programmes ayant le plus d'incidence (prime à l'élevage, programme de reforestation, indemnisations compensatoires...) n'ont pas été développés en pensant à la récupération de la «dehesa» comme systèmes à part entière, ce qui ne veut pourtant pas dire qu'ils n'aient pas une influence isolée sur chacun de ses composants, mais ils n'ont pas de répercution sur l'ensemble. Enfln, nous terminons en plaidant pour la recherche d'une stratégie globalisante permettant la sauvegarde de cet agro-système, ancrée dans la culture ancestrale de ses populations et traduite dans l'espace et les paysages.

The Policy of European Communities in the Sphere of Higher Education in the 1950s and 1960s: Ideas and Their Implementation

This paper analyses one of the most under-researched stages of European Communities’ policies, including the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community, in the sphere of higher education between the 1950s and 1960s, because it is characterised by a very intense search for ideas and the most active resistance to their implementation. The dominating economic explanation of the shift to supranational regulation in the 1970s existing in research works available seems insufficient, because it does not provide reasons why it occurred during the era of Euroscepticism, i.e. a setback in European integration. The aim of the paper is to analyse the evolution of educational cooperation during this period using transactional approach, involving the development of supranational regulation with transnational activities. The research relies on the official documents of Euratom and EEC, speeches of politicians on the “European dimension” of higher education, as well as documents reflecting positions of universities. Referring to their analysis, the author concludes that the discussion of the possible ways of harmonisation of higher education in Europe and Community policy making in this field had started well before its stipulation in official documents in the 1970s. This prolonged process was characterised by the search for new ideas and their adjustment to the environment of the period in question. Relying on the transnational community and networks, simultaneously fostering their development, supranational bodies garnered support for their activities. The cooperation between European Communities and academia allowed for the laying of foundations of a new supranational European dimension in universities.

International Institutions and Domestic Reform: Equal Pay and British Membership in the European Economic Community.

Despite having been overlooked in the standard histories of the UK and the European Community, gender politics and gender policies played a significant role in Britain's applications for membership in the EEC in the 1960s. Joining the European Community required that Britain comply with Article 119 on equal pay for equal work. A combination of domestic feminist and labour movement activism, the commitment of unions and parties, and the internationalization of formal commitments to women's rights constituted internal and external pressures for the passage of an Equal Pay Act in 1970. The article argues that the formal legislative commitment to gender pay equality, changing public attitudes towards women's employment, and European membership impacted further domestic social policy reform and slowly began to shift government attitudes towards gender equality.

The true ‘EURESCO’? The Council of Europe, transnational networking and the emergence of European Community cultural policies, 1970–90

The roots of EU action in the field of culture lie in the 1970s. At the time, the Council of Europe (CoE), the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and other organizations were already established players in the field. This article analyses the incremental and often haphazard process in which the European Community (EC) became the key organization at the European level by the end of the Cold War. It stresses the role of the EC’s specific governance structure, its considerable financial resources, and its objectives of market integration and expanding powers as drivers of this process, along with selective forms of adaptation of practices first tried out in other forums. Besides scrutinizing general tendencies of inter-organizational exchange during the 1970s and 1980s, the article zooms in on two concrete case studies. For the 1970s, it highlights the debates about cultural heritage and the European Architectural Heritage Year (EAHY) project: although initiated by the CoE, the EAHY became one of the first cases of EC policy import, strongly facilitated by transnational networks. The second case study, for the 1980s, deals with the development of a European audio-visual policy. Here again the CoE took the lead and worked as a laboratory for schemes later adapted by the EC.

An Analysis of the Value of Additional Information Provided by Water Quality Measurement Network

European Community policy concerning water is placing increasing demands on the acquisition of information about the quality of aquatic environments. The cost of this information has led to a reflection on the rationalization of monitoring networks and, therefore, on the economic value of information produced by these networks. The aim of this article is to contribute to this reflection. To do so, we used the Bayesian framework to define the value of additional information in relation to the following three parameters: initial assumptions (prior probabilities) on the states of nature, costs linked to a poor decision (error costs) and accuracy of additional information. We then analyzed the impact of these parameters on this value, particularly the combined role of prior probabilities and error costs that increased or decreased the value of information depending on the initial uncertainty level. We then illustrated the results using a case study of a stream in the Bas-Rhin department in France.

Reproductive health at the crossroads

Twenty-five years ago, in 1990, family planning (FP) professionals were concerned about the implications of European Community (EC) policies for future directions regarding service delivery. With budgetary threats in the...

Gender Roles and Attitudes towards Family Life and Paid Work in Romania

In 1997, the Treaty of Amsterdam included the gender component in all European Community policies, establishing that the principle of equal treatment is a fundamental right. Since then, Member States formulated and promoted various policies and measures to combat inequalities. On the other hand, employment strategies in the European Union laid stress on the importance and on the need to increase labour market participation of women. Attitudes to gender roles are crucial in terms of women's participation in the labour market. European Commission reported that the attitudes of European families are sometimes positive, sometimes negative, and sometimes ambivalent in relation to policies on gender equality. A process of re-traditionalisation is also mentioned, especially in the case of post-socialist countries (European Commission, 2013). On the other hand, family policies have an important role in facilitating the growth of the employment rates among women, but they do not necessarily produce changes in attitudes to gender roles (Motiejunaite & Kravchenko, 2008). The paper presents an analysis regarding the roles that Romanian men and women play on the social reality scene with regards to the attitudes and preferences towards paid work and family life.

Acknowledging economic realities. The CMEA policy change vis-à-vis the European Community, 1970–3

In the early 1970s, the economic consequences of European Community (EC) policies forced the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) to devise its trade policy vis-à-vis the outside world. With the implementation of its Common Commercial Policy, the EC was about to change the rules and conduct of its foreign trade. The East–West trade boom that took off in the 1960s had created significant commercial links, and substantial dependencies, across the Iron Curtain. The smaller members of the CMEA began to advocate an opening up towards the EC due to their fears of worsening trade prospects caused by the new EC policies. After reconsideration of its allies' commercial needs, the Soviet leadership was pressured to change its mind in favour of a common approach vis-à-vis the EC. This article follows the debate within the CMEA Executive Committee on the socialist countries' dependency on the Western market and on the advisability of opening up to the global market. It relies on official CMEA documents as well as Soviet and German Democratic Republic (GDR) policy-making documents. This article analyses the process of socialist integration in connection with the simultaneous developments taking place in their Western European counterparts, and thereby fills a gap in the historiography of Europe in the Cold War.

The Importance of Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development

The paper analyses the concept of sustainable development that has determined the society to recognize and become aware of the importance of environmental factors as well as of the functions and services that the environment offers. Sustainable development has as its goal the improvement of the negative effects of environmental pollution having in regard the need to satisfy present generation needs while ensuring the liveliness of the environmental factors for future generations. The integration of the issue of the environment within the European Community policy is the main modality for ensuring sustainable development. In this paper, we want to prove that sustainable development must be considered in the determination of the line of action both at national level as well as at the level of the entire European process. Regarding the functions and the importance of forests, the problem of sustainable development in this matter represent a priority and this is why both the Romanian and the European legislator have adopted specific legal provisions in this area.

Community Terminology Translation into the Romanian Language

The increasing number of official translation of the European institutions has been determined by the exigencies of communication between Member States and third parties lately, the European area being characterized by a spectacular information exchange within the European Community policies (economic, monetary, financial, social, environmental, research). Translating texts and Community documentation represents a job that requires skills, stages of research required for disclosure of transfer characteristic into the target language, training, experience, sense of language; also, translating such texts is to know the history of that country, its legal system and culture as shown in treaties and especially in academic articles.

Invited article: The impacts of non‐native species: a review of the British Ornithologists’ Union's Autumn 2008 Scientific Meeting

Invited article: The impacts of non‐native species: a review of the British Ornithologists’ Union's Autumn 2008 Scientific Meeting

The Treaty of Lisbon and public health in the EU

The Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 after a long process of negotiations and ratification in all European Union (EU) Member States. It will bring about several changes in European Community policy, but for public health the existing principle will remain: it will continue to be subject to the subsidiarity principle. This implies rules allowing the Union only to complement national health policies and to act at the level of shared competence aiming at activities to support, coordinate or supplement the actions of the …

European Countryside - Editorial

EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE is defined as an international on-line scientific journal in the branch of rural development. It publishes first of all theoretical and methodological articles, dealing with multi-functional development of countryside, articles related to regional aspects of rural development and with problems of individual branches connected with the countryside. EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE is a journal supporting European processes of integration, collaboration of experts from European countries and the idea of Europe of Regions. EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE deals with problems of European countryside - although general and/or theoretical problems of rural research from other continents are welcome. Widening of the European Community and common agricultural policy put a joint future ahead of the rural development in whole Europe. Our journal welcomes articles from different disciplines dealing with the countryside having in mine conceptions of sustainability and locality: ecology of rural landscape, rural sociology, demographic development of rural regions, human resources, gender, multifunctional development of countryside, role of agriculture and other branches, rural and agro-tourism, geography of rural micro-regions, problems of rural borderland, rural settlement, small towns as rural centres, rural planning and architecture and other aspects of rural development. The publishing in EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE is open for all experts from universities, scientific institutions and other workplaces of investigation. The authors will pay symbolic amount for the publication of their papers. We go out from the presupposition that a majority of results arise within different grants projects where publication costs are an integral part of the budget. Other expenses connected with publishing of EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE are covered by the MUAF Faculty of Agronomy. On the other side, the papers published in EUROPEAN COUNTRYSIDE will be free accessible to all potential readers through the net. By such a way we hope in better quotation of individual papers and increasing value of the papers and their authors. Additionally, professional way of publishing helps to complete this aim.

Is Lisbon the answer or the anathema to EC trade law and policy?

The Lisbon Treaty tries to improve efficiency and accountability in European Union (EU) trade policy making. This paper recognises the validity of the EU member states' misgivings about giving too prominent a role to the European Commission. Have we reached an adequate institutional balance in European Community (EC) trade policy after the Lisbon Treaty reforms?