European Affiliates Research Articles

Current climate action trends in party‐political manifestos: A content analysis provides hints to move forward

AbstractParty manifestos offer valuable insights into evolving climate political agendas, warranting relevant content to understand parties' priorities and approaches to climate resilience. Through a content analysis of Portuguese party manifestos from the 2019, 2022, and 2024 elections, this study aims to address key research questions regarding SDG 13 targets. The results demonstrate a positive trend within SDG 13, albeit predominantly focused on targets 13.1 and 13.2. Left‐wing parties exhibit stronger commitment compared to their right‐wing counterparts, with variations observed based on European affiliations. Across all SDG 13 targets, left‐wing party manifestos consistently covered a broader spectrum of themes compared to their right‐wing counterparts. Green parties exhibit a partial higher commitment relative to the dominant governance parties in Portugal, which is recently governed by a right‐wing coalition. Findings aim to inform and potentiate refinement of climate policy agendas, contributing to future sustainability initiatives in Portugal and beyond.

The Selection of a Head for A Subsidiary Company: A Study of European Affiliates

International companies decided to enter in different markets worldwide by establishing subsidiaries. Considering that there are many distinct possible organizational structures, these companies decided in line with the implemented strategy the proper organizational structure for the affiliates.

Geographic affiliation of authors and cooperative research in the Mexican, European, and Brazilian journal of behavior analysis

ABSTRACT Publication trends in prominent behavior-analytic journals developed in the United States of America have shown that most of its research has been produced by authors with North American affiliations. The geographic affiliation of authors who have contributed research to the Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis (MJBA), European Journal of Behavior Analysis (EJBA), and Brazilian Journal of Behavior Analysis (BJBA) – all of which are housed outside of the United States of America – are currently unknown. We examined articles published in these journals from their inception through 2020 to determine the geographic locations of authors’ listed affiliations. We found that 70% and 90% of publications in the MJBA and BJBA, respectively, were from researchers with Latin American affiliations. The EJBA had 58% and 42% of publications from researchers with North American and European affiliations, respectively. The articles were also analyzed to determine if they were co-authored by researchers from different geographic regions. The data show that 11, 6, and 3% of articles published in EJBA, MJBA, and BJBA, respectively, were cooperative.

Međuorganizacijska mobilnost zaposlenika

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of interorganizational employee mobility, 55 defined as a movement of employees between the source and destination organizations that goes beyond simple turnover behaviour. We use a bibliometric analysis approach that applies quantitative and statistical methods to bibliographic data to deepen our objective understanding of how research on interorganizational employee mobility has evolved over time and to examine whether interorganizational employee mobility is multilevel in nature. The results of the performance analysis and various science mapping methods (co-authorship analysis, co-citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, and co-word analysis) reveal clustered networks of key contributors in the field (i.e., authors, journals, affiliations, countries). Authors from the field of management, mainly from the USA and Western European affiliations, dominate the field. However, few of them have more than one publication on the topic of interorganizational employee mobility, which indicates that the literature in the field is still scattered and not yet mature. Our findings contribute to the career development literature by providing a detailed insight into how career has changed over time and highlighting the main constructs and factors associated with individual decisions to change employers.

Foreign Policy: A Study on Post-2022 U.S. Midterm Elections and Implications for NATO and European Partners

This scholarly investigation critically examines the determinants leading to shifts in U.S. foreign policy post the 2022 midterm elections. The research encompasses a comprehensive analysis of domestic political influences, consequential legislative shifts, and disparate stances adopted by different political actors. Through a meticulous inspection, it seeks to explicate potential repercussions of such alterations for NATO and European affiliates. The evolving U.S. position, and its impacts on the strategic geopolitical landscape, defense prerogatives, and alliance collaboration mechanisms are evaluated. The study further aims to deepen the understanding of the interplay between domestic politics and foreign policy, accentuating the significant influence of political transitions on global alliances and strategic partnerships. Anticipated findings are projected to contribute to the academic literature on U.S. foreign policy dynamics and the subsequent implications for NATO and European counterparts. Additionally, valuable insights expected from this research may provide strategic guidance for policymakers, academics, and stakeholders vested in deciphering the complex relationships between domestic politics, midterm elections, and ensuing alterations in foreign policy. Ultimately, this study enriches the understanding of the evolving transatlantic scenario and the impact of political metamorphoses on international diplomacy and collaboration.

Do Authors Affiliated with Emerging Asian Contexts Have Proportionate Representation in Foreign Entry Mode Choice Research: Insights from the Bibliometric Analysis?

Despite the growing relevance of the Asian context in foreign entry mode choice (FEMC) research over the previous two decades, the underrepresentation of authors affiliated with emerging contexts is surprising, necessitating a granular investigation. Using advanced bibliometric techniques, this study first highlights the representativeness gap of authors affiliated with Asian economies and then maps the conceptual and intellectual structure of FEMC research. The findings indicate that while issues related to emerging Asian contexts have gained traction, the authors affiliated with Asian institutes are highly under-represented. The analysis of 982 papers retrieved from the Web of Science and published between 2001 and 2021 shows that while North American (30%) and European affiliations (43%) account for 73% of author appearances, Asian affiliations (7.9%) are underrepresented, except for China. Given the strong link between context-sensitivity and affiliation, researchers affiliated with emerging contexts may be better positioned to portray the context-sensitivity of the FEMC construct by granularly investigating the intricacies and subtleties that are unique to these contexts. Insights from conceptual thematic analysis point to research gaps and opportunities. The practical implications for the Asian context lie in giving voice to authors from these contexts to capture the contextsensitivity of the FEMC construct.

The role of political parties in multi-level environmental governance in the European Union and Germany

The subject of the study is the involvement of political parties in multi-level environmental governance in the European Union, using Germany and its federal states as an example. This article describes the theoretical and practical foundations of multi-level governance. The place of European parties and their national member parties from Germany in the institutional system and decision-making process of environmental policy has been defined. For practical illustration, the climate policy guidelines of Germany’s main national parties (the Christian Democratic Union of Germany and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria, the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the Alternative for Germany, the Free Democratic Party of Germany, the Left and the Alliance 90 / The Greens) and their European affiliations (the European People’s Party, the Party of the European Socialists, the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe, the European Green Party and the Party of European Left) were compared with an emphasis on the new targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The unique opportunity for parties to participate in environmental policymaking at all key levels, which is not limited to parliamentary institutions has been highlighted. Appointments to environmental positions at different levels often correlate with membership of the most environmentally oriented parties, although the level of environmental involvement may differ between national parties and their European affiliations. Among other things, this has to do with participation in governing coalitions and dependence on a senior partner in them, as shown by the examples of the Bundestag and the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg. The final decision depends heavily on the unity of the coalition at federal and state level, whereas in the European Parliament there is a great differentiation of opinions, which allows even the most influential European People’s Party to be blocked from voting.

Firm performance in the financial industry: the role of foreign entrants and their origin

PurposeThis study aims to provide firm-level evidence on the relationship between the presence of financial services multinationals and indigenous counterparts’ performance, using a comprehensive sample of firms in the emerging financial industry in Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the generalized method of moments with instrumental variables (IV/GMM) to deal with potential endogeneity problem. Of this technique, a pragmatic approach to constructing instruments is adopted, capitalizing on the geographical and industry segmentation of the local market. The empirical analyses also address statistical issues of the overall model significance, heteroskedasticity and multicollinearity.FindingsThe regression results reveal that foreign entrants have a positive and statistically significant association with indigenous firms’ labor productivity and the average wage, with a more pronounced impact on the latter. The increased entry of financial multinationals appears to be uncorrelated with indigenous firms’ profitability. The extended estimations also suggest that investor origin matters in determining spillover magnitude. The average estimate of Asian affiliates in the examined relationship is approximately half that of European affiliates, whereas foreign entrants originating from America show an insignificant role.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on the broader impacts of foreign financial affiliates by simultaneously exploring their impacts on three key dimensions of indigenous firm performance, namely, labor productivity, average wage and profitability. This paper also enriches the existing literature by disentangling the effects of foreign entrants from different regions of origin, which was largely neglected in the context of financial services multinationals.

Brexit, Liminality, and Ambiguities of Belonging: French Citizens in London

The Brexit process has affected the lives of “middling” mobile Europeans living in the UK, who have experienced uncertainty as their legal status and social position have shifted. Based on ethnographic research during the years 2015–2020 among French citizens living in London, I draw upon the concepts of liminality, social drama, and precarity to analyze the effects of the unfolding events triggered by the United Kingdom’s 2016 referendum to leave the European Union (Brexit) on their everyday lives and trajectories. Although there is much diversity among the French in London, my longitudinal perspective suggests that the social drama of the Brexit process raises questions about the precarity of the mobile EU middle class and the strength of their European and national affiliations.

European Affiliations or National Interests? Analyses of Voting Patterns on Trade Policy in European Parliament

AbstractThis article examines the determinants of voting patterns within the European Parliament for EU trade legislations including EU trade agreements. Given that trade is a very sensitive issue for particular Member States, our question is to verify whether members of European Parliament (MEP) tend to vote in line with their political affiliation or national identity prevails in voting for trade-related issues. Our results from EU trade agreements with Korea and Columbia/Peru show that MEPs tend to vote with others in their political groups in trade legislations and their voting pattern is not very different from the overall voting pattern observed in other policy areas. This trend is confirmed by both the comparison of intra-voting cohesion index and the empirical test based on the probit model. Country-specific variables do not explain well the voting behavior of MEPs in trade issues. However, it is noteworthy that some MEPs voted in line with their national interests in case of EU-Korea FTA.

Explaining homelessness as a movement using metaphors in European academic writings of homelessness

The article shows how researchers conceptualize first-person experiences of homelessness using metaphors of movement. It is argued that the choice of metaphors in academic writing is consequential and critical—by making these choices, researchers hold the power to interpret and portray personal experiences and causalities from particular viewpoint. The present study scrutinized peer-reviewed academic articles published in three housing and homelessness research journals with European affiliations: European Journal of Homelessness (EJH), Housing Studies (HS), and Housing, Theory and Society (HTS) during the years 2012–2016. A data collection process resulted in 15 articles concentrating on homeless persons’ experiences. Articles were analyzed by applying a discursive metaphor analysis. The findings are presented by focusing on the predominant movement metaphor of ‘pathways’ and the more rarely used movement metaphor of ‘circle’. The discursive power of metaphors needs to be further studied and critically reflected in the housing and homelessness studies.

Productivity spillovers through backward linkages: The role of the origin of investors and absorptive capacity of domestic firms

AbstractWe argue that multinationals from different home countries have different technologies and input sourcing behavior. These differences impinge on potential productivity spillovers through backward linkages of multinationals and such effects also differ across host local firms depending on their absorptive capacity. Using a panel of Cameroonian manufacturing firms over the period 1993 to 2005, we find supportive evidence of these arguments. There is a negative relationship between the presence of American and European affiliates in downstream sectors and the productivity of Cameroonian firms in the supplying industries and a positive correlation in the case of Asian affiliates. The absorptive capacity of Cameroonian firms mainly explains these divergent results.

TRANSCENDENTALISM IN WILLIAM SAROYAN'S THE CAVE DWELLERS

Equally parallel to European romanticism is American transcendentalism. The movement which emerged in Boston in the mid-nineteenth century by some remarkable American authors was actually a reaction against the fragmented mode of thought among American writers. This disintegration was caused mainly by the rigidly commanding religious authorities, dissimilar European affiliations, accelerating urbanization leading to the destruction of nature and the atrocities of war resulting in the deformation of human soul during that phase. On the other hand, their essential principles consist in a belief in nature as glorifying, man as dignified, and truth as lying within one's intuition. The group of writers who set up the dogma of the movement is in fact reformists whose main objective is to abolish slavery, emancipate women and create a utopian community. Therefore, they reject their society because of its corruption and inequality. What they aspire to is the founding of a unique American literary association which promotes American principal characteristics. The idealistic vision of Ralf Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Emily Dickinson and Margaret Fuller unify them together and propel them to form their distinctive technique. The Cave Dwellers (1957) by William Saroyan is a play which reflects the basic features of transcendentalism, and Saroyan is a representative playwright. Almost all his writings reveal a sensitive personality, tender outlook on people and optimistic prediction of their problems. The aim of the present study is to explore in detail the essential transcendental aspects in the play and whether it is compatible with the central ideology of the early movement or no

A PATENT ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INNOVATIVE R&D ACTIVITIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE: THE CZECH CASE

This paper questions the nature of the foreign direct R&D investments in Central Europe. Do the affiliates of the multinationals still undertake adaptive R&D? Have they recently engaged in innovative R&D activities in their Central European affiliates? Because patents result from the firm's investments in basic research and applied development, we consider patent data as a good proxy of the firm's genuine inventive activity. We build a sample made of the 10 multinationals representing the most active R&D investors in the Czech Republic — the Central European leader as regards of foreign direct R&D investments — and in the major foreign direct R&D sectors — electronics, electrical equipment, machinery and motor vehicles — and assess the recent evolution of their patenting activity. We suggest that (a) even these major R&D investors still only marginally apply for patents in their Czech affiliates; (b) there is no under-evaluation of the innovation activity of the Czech affiliates due to a geographical separation of inventions — in the Czech Republic — and patent location — in Western Europe; (c) the researchers working in the Czech affiliates are still not sufficiently oriented towards innovation activities to be integrated in the patenting-oriented international teams built by the multinationals. Foreign direct R&D investments in Central Europe remain mostly production supportive and associated with the international exploitation of technology produced in the Western headquarters and affiliates. Despite the strong engagement of the Czech government towards foreign direct R&D, real innovative R&D increases very slowly.

Foreign ownership and firm performance in German services

This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of foreign-controlled enterprises in the German service sector based on new micro-data from official German statistics. Various performance measures were examined via comparison of unconditional and conditional means and through use of quantile regression techniques. Foreign-controlled affiliates consistently performed better than German-owned affiliates. In contrast, profitability exhibited precisely the opposite trend. Moreover, labour productivity did not significantly differ when the comparison group consisted of domestically owned affiliates with a high degree of internationalization. A breakdown by country of origin showed that European affiliates pay lower wages and export less relative to non-European affiliates, and US firms have no productivity advantage as in manufacturing.

Do Foreign Bank Affiliates Cut Their Lending More than the Domestic Banks in a Financial Crisis?

We contribute to the literature on the international transmission of balance sheet shocks that pummeled the banks of the industrialized countries in 2008 and 2009. We examine over time bank level data on 20,000 banks located around the world. Our identification strategy relies on the differential responses of foreign and domestic banks to the post-Lehman 2008 crisis. If in a particular market, say in Korea, a foreign-affiliated bank's (Citibank, Korea's) lending falls by more than a domestic bank's (Kookmin’s) lending, then we attribute this additional decline to the tightening of the foreign affiliates internal capital market at its headquarters. We control for the decline in market conditions common to all banks in a particular region by the decline in lending by the banks other than the foreign affiliated bank. We find evidence that internal capital markets do indeed affect cross-border lending. In particular, European bank affiliates in Latin America and Asia cut their lending by more than the domestic banks located in these regions. Our main original contribution is our focus on these regional effects.

The Global Union Federations and temporary labour migration in Malaysia

Since the mid-2000s, the Global Union Federations have played a pivotal role in the reshaping of Malaysian trade unions’ attitudes towards temporary migrant workers, providing the conceptual tools and material resources – and, in many cases, the motivation – required to reach out to this most non-traditional of non-traditional constituencies. This article documents the different approaches taken by a number of Global Union Federations as they seek to apply lessons learnt from the experience of their European affiliates in the Malaysian context. It argues that while Global Union Federation agendas are largely determined by donor and head office priorities, those agendas are mediated, and sometimes transformed, as they are rolled out through the Global Union Federations’ regional offices and to local affiliates in ‘target countries’ like Malaysia. This finding not only has consequences for temporary migrant workers in particular destinations, but also for our understanding of the structures of the international labour movement and the practices of trade union aid.

European Affiliations or National Interests? Analyses of Voting Patterns on Trade Policy in European Parliament

This paper reviews changes in role of European Parliament (EP) in EU’s trade policy since the Lisbon Treaty. The Treaty brought about important changes in EU governance, and in particular, strengthening of the role of the EP. EP’s competences in trade policy were also strengthened. All trade agreements with third countries require a consent from the EP in the ratification procedure and all trade-related legislations must be jointly decided by the Council and the EP.This paper examines the determinants of voting patterns for EU’s trade legislations including EU’s Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with Korea and Colombia/Peru. The results confirm that Members of European Parliaments (MEP) still tend to vote with others in their political groups in trade legislations and their voting pattern is not very different from the previous pattern. This trend is confirmed by both the comparison of intra-voting cohesion index and the empirical test based on the probit model. Country-specific variables do not explain well the voting behavior of MEPs. However, it is noteworthy that some MEPs voted in line with their national interests in case of Korea-EU FTA.It is expected that influences of the EP on EU’s trade policy would increase over time, as MEPs realize their new powers and learn how to use it to reflect their opinion on EU’s trade agenda. As the EU expands its FTAs to the United States and Japan, much larger trade partner than the EU ever negotiated, more active involvements from the EP are expected. This means that various interest groups, such as trade associations and NGOs will attempt to exert greater influence on the European Parliament as well as the European Commission.

MNC's location choice and agglomeration: a comparison between US and European affiliates in China

US and European multinational corporations encounter greater cultural barriers than Asian multinational corporations when investing in China, and the global economic recession further raises their location risks. Using data from the ‘2007 Fortune 500’ list, we conduct conditional logit estimations to test the main determinants of the choices made by 457 US and 537 European manufacturing affiliates located in China during the period 1995–2007, just prior to the economic crisis. Our main finding is that market size, production costs, agglomeration effects and geographical location impact significantly on both US and European firms' choices. Agglomeration is the preferred strategy of the sample firms. We also show that the host sector's technological intensity has a greater impact on US firms than on European ones.

On the Evolution of the Supply Chain Under the Pollution Haven Hypothesis

In this paper, we propose a new perspective to analyze the impact of institutions, environmental standards, and globalization on relocations of polluting firms in countries with lax environmental regulation (called pollution havens). Via a simple theoretical extension from the Economic Geography literature, we characterize the main features of pollution havens: a good market access to high-income countries and corruption opportunities. Using structural and reduced-form estimations, we analyse these determinants by exploiting a unique database on the number of European affiliates located abroad. A 1% increase in access to the European market from a pollution haven fosters relocation there by 0.1%. We also find that corruption in these countries lowers environmental standards, which strongly attract polluting firms: a 1% increase in this indirect effect of corruption fuels relocation by 0.28%. We test the economic significance of these empirical findings via simulations. The protection of the European market (e.g., a carbon tax on imports) to stop relocations to pollution havens must be high (a decrease of the European market for Morocco and Tunisia equivalent to 13%) not to say prohibitive (31% for China).