Eurasian Economic Union Countries Research Articles

On the Application of Multidimensional Statistical Procedures in the Analysis of the Prospects for Cooperation between the EAEU and ASEAN

This study discusses the results of using multidimensional statistical procedures in the analysis of development prospects and the state of regional integration of the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the horizon of 2030.Aim. Determine the development prospects and effectiveness of regional organizations, ASEAN and EAEU, as of 2030.Tasks. To identify the current trend in the development of the processes of regional cooperation and integration of the ASEAN countries and the EAEU countries, to determine and predict the state of the processes of regional cooperation and integration of the discussed regional associations in the context of the types and scenarios for the development of regional organizations proposed by the Eurasian Development Bank.Methods. The study used the work of the Eurasian Development Bank, the Regional Integration Database (RIDB), the open data of the World Bank, and the data of the ASEAN statistical portal. The research methodology was based on the assumption that, based on multivariate statistical procedures, it is possible to establish a different in time, the position of a regional organization in its relatively homogeneous group. The group (cluster) was taken (taken) in accordance with a typology provided by the Center for Integration Studies of the Eurasian Development Bank. The construction of time series models was carried out in accordance with the ARIMA methodology.Results. With the help of cluster analysis, similarities and differences were determined in relation to the distance of the object under study to the center of a homogeneous reference group. Thus, it was possible to establish the position of regional international organizations, ASEAN and EAEU, differing in time in their relatively homogeneous group. In addition, the processes of regional cooperation and integration are non-linear and non-unidirectional, accompanied byboth convergence and divergence.Conclusion. With regard to ASEAN, the possibility of reducing its effectiveness as a regional organization in the perspective of 2030 has been established, this situation is explained by the implementation of the hedging policy by the key actors in the region in the context of the growing competition between the United States and China.With regard to the EAEU, it has been established that the organization in the horizon of 2030 has significant opportunities for its development as an active organization in the post-Soviet space. However, such a prospect will depend on timely actions of the Russian Federation that meet the challenges and threats of sanctions pressure.

The Eurasian Economic Union: Assessment of relations between partner countries and the priority areas for integration development

Subject. This article discusses the issues of strengthening of industrial relations between the Eurasian Economic Union countries and increasing the volume of mutual trade. Objectives. The article aims to identify trends in the development of the Eurasian Economic Union in the context of sanctions. Methods. For the study, I used the historical and logical, and scientific abstraction methods. Results. The article forecasts some individual macroeconomic indicators and outlines the ways of creating conditions for the development of high-production sectors of the economy. Relevance. The results of the study can be used to analyze the prospects for relations between the Eurasian Economic Union countries.

International North–South Transport Corridor: Boosting Russia’s “pivot to the South” and Trans-Eurasian connectivity

The Russian economy will have to adjust its logistics to face the new reality. The operationali­zation of the multimodal International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is an important strategic part of it. This “pivot to the South” by Russia and other Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries is of particular significance in light of the required reconfiguration of supply chains in Eurasia. Russian exporters, importers and freight forwarding companies’ needs in alternative logistical opportunities have increased dramatically. The INSTC development would promote Eurasian intra- and transcontinental connectivity, reduce export costs, develop new production niches, and realize the Caspian region’s transit potential. This study estimates that the aggregate potential INSTC freight traffic via all the routes and modes of transport, including containerized and non-containerized cargoes, will reach 15–25 million­ tonnes by 2030. The container traffic could rise 20x and this will require investments in hard infrastructure and also soft infrastructure improvement. The corridor will contribute to the evolving outline of the trans-Eurasian transport backbone and bring significant benefits for the economies of Russia, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Middle East, and South Asia.

Green Energy: New Opportunities or Challenges to Energy Security for the Common Electricity Market of the Eurasian Economic Union Countries

The article discusses alternatives to the development of the common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union countries. In the study, the authors identified three tasks: to analyze the process of forming a unified energy market for the EAEU countries; to assess the achievability of indicators of “greening” the economy of the EAEU countries according to the adopted Millennium Goals by 2025 and 2030; and to consider the impact of various factors on the development of the common electricity market of the Eurasian Economic Union countries in the conditions of the current economic crisis. The research hypothesis suggests that the energy unification of the countries will not lead to the abandonment of the use of traditional energy resources, but the need to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of their use will come into focus, and the active inclusion of the electric power industry in modern global “green” trends based on the development of renewable energy generation sectors will make it possible to solve the problems of energy security of countries more effectively in the long-term participants of the CEM. The authors believe that it is not a deficit but on the contrary an excess of traditional energy resources that provides a trend of progressive movement towards a “green” economy, and the manifestations of the “Dutch disease” with a properly structured state energy policy and effectively selected incentive measures cannot serve as a significant brake on this movement. At the same time, the formation of a common electricity market of the EAEU countries should prioritize not just the idea of integration but also the idea of creating an alternative electricity market based on the introduction of modern electricity generation technologies and the creation of conditions that stimulate the development of alternative energy.

Nuclear knowledge management system in the Republic of Belarus

The article provides an overview of the basic concepts in the field of knowledge management, taking into account the recommendations of the United Nations in this area, as well as the nuclear knowledge management from the perspective of the International Atomic Energy Agency. The assessment of the state of nuclear knowledge management in the world, Eurasian Economic Union countries and Republic of Belarus has been carried out. The information and analytical activities and the specifics of the work of the national regulator in the field of nuclear and radiation safety – Department of Nuclear and Radiation Safety of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus (Gosatomnadzor) – in the field of nuclear knowledge management were analysed, as well as the best practices in this area in the Republic of Belarus. A description of modern information technologies for nuclear knowledge management system is given, including the further development of the capabilities and tools of software products – Intellectual information system of an employee of Gosatomnadzor to ensure control (supervision) in the field of nuclear and radiation safety and electronic portal of nuclear knowledge of the Republic of Belarus BelNET (https://belnet.bsu.by/ ). The basic principles for work and further development of nuclear knowledge management system in the Republic of Belarus are presented.

Analysis of pneumococcal serotypes distribution to determine a model composition for a Russian pneumococcal conjugate vaccine

Diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as antibiotic resistance of its serotypes, are the leading cause of death amongst children worldwide. To prevent pneumococcal infection, the population is immunised with conjugate vaccines containing different amounts of polysaccharides of certain serotypes. Development of a full-cycle Russian vaccine is vital because the active pharmaceutical ingredients for the vaccines registered in the Russian Federation are produced abroad, and only the final stages of production of vaccines of this group are performed in the territory of the Russian Federation. Considering the phenomenon of serotype replacement associated with the long-term widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, it is necessary to carefully select the serotype composition for the new vaccine. The aim of this work was to analyse the serotype distribution of pneumococci in the Russian Federation and other countries in order to select optimal serotypes for the Russian vaccine for human use, taking into account vaccination schedules for each age group. This review presents an analysis of the pneumococcal serotype distribution in the Russian Federation in the pre-vaccination era, as well as after the introduction of routine vaccination. In addition, the review includes data on the serotype distribution in the Eurasian Economic Union countries. The authors described a model composition containing at least sixteen serotypes. It will increase effectiveness of immune protection of the population, providing a more complete coverage of serotypes, considering their prevalence in the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis, the serotype composition for the sixteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is proposed for further production and preclinical and clinical trials. A new Russian pneumococcal conjugate vaccine will ensure vaccination of all population groups within the National Immunisation Schedule of the Russian Federation.

E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and its relationship with the economic development level in the EAEU countries

Modern digital technologies have become an important factor in improving the quality of public administration in the services provision by government bodies and structures and in ensuring sustainable development and economic growth. There is a certain relationship between the level of the government digitalization and the economic development level of the country. The scale and speed of the digital technology introduction is largely determined by the level of economic development. In turn, the quality and volume of public services provided make it possible to more fully and efficiently use the society potential in the economic development interests of the country and its citizens. The article is devoted to the analysis and identification of the relationship nature between the development of e-government and the economic development level in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries, and the assessment of these characteristics’ interconnection closeness. The article was applied methodological approaches and key indicators used by the United Nations (UN) to assess the information society development level. A comparative analysis of the e-government development indices (EGDI) and gross domestic product per capita in the EAEU countries from 2010 to 2020 was carried out. The dynamics of change and the relationship of these indicators was investigated. The Electronic Government Index (EGDI) is considered in terms of its three main components (subindices): the online public services development level (Online Service Index), the telecommunications infrastructure development level (Telecommunication Infrastructure Index), the human capital development level (Human Capital Component). Based on the results obtained, conclusions were formulated and the prospects for further changes in these indicators in the new social and economic conditions were considered.

Preface

The Voronezh State Agrarian University occupies a leading position among agricultural universities of the Russian Federation. On February 21 and 22, 2022, the Voronezh State Agrarian University hosted the International Scientific and Practical Conference "Environmental Problems of Food Security" (EPFS 2022), organized in partnership with the International Academy of Agrarian Education, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Eurasian Economic Commission, the M. Dulatov Kostanay University of Engineering and Economics.Conference guidelines:1. Development of the biosphere paradigm of nature management. On the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Sustainable Development Declaration;2. Modern problems of intensification and greening of agricultural production: contradictions and compromises;3. Strategic goals and objectives in the field of ensuring food security of the Eurasian Economic Union countries;4. Adaptation of agriculture to changing climate conditions, overcoming climate risks;5. Ecological and economic optimization of the land use;6. Modeling and information technologies of agricultural environmental management;7. Development of methodology for designing agricultural landscapes and farming systems on a landscape-ecological basis;8. Ecologization of animal husbandry systems;9. Precision technologies in agriculture and animal husbandry;10. Product and environmental quality management;11. Tasks of environmental regulation.

Development of the Russian agroindustrial exports in the context of membership in the Eurasian Economic Union

The aim of the study is to propose and substantiate recommendations for development of the export potential of the Russian agro-industrial complex (AIC) in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The paper assesses the benefits of the Russian agro-industrial complex within the EAEU and measures to extract them for exporters. It develops recommended measures of state support that promote development of the Russian agro-industrial complex under EAEU membership conditions. The author considers state regulation measures for the following sectors of the Russian agro-industrial complex: agriculture, food industry, agricultural machinery, and fertilizer production. The author makes the following conclusions in the work. Russia exports to the EAEU products that are less in demand on other external markets. Overall, Russia’s trade relations with the EAEU countries are as follows: 1) companies in the agrochemical and food industries are in a winning position; 2) a relatively positive effect is observed in the agricultural machine building industry; 3) a relatively negative impact is observed in the dairy industry and production of meat products (due to competitive pressure from Belarusian producers). To improve the competitiveness of Russian products, as well as to identify their niche in the EAEU market, enterprises should be assisted in finding new markets and developing cooperation. The diversification of export-oriented production, which has already established itself in the external market, can be used to consolidate markets on the territory of the EAEU to sell goods. Here, the capacities created to assist subjects of industrial-innovation activity and production of innovative goods (for example, in agricultural robotics) should be attracted.

EAEU Countries Foreign Trade Policy: Results of Simulation Modeling

The authors examine the impact of foreign trade on the development of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The relevance of the study is related to the role of foreign trade in the integration processes of the EAEU countries. The purpose of the study is to identify, on the basis of a modified gravity model of international trade, the possible contribution of changes in the foreign trade policy of the EAEU countries to the growth of their foreign trade. The authors apply a pseudo-maximum likelihood estimation method, which is Poisson regression. Based on the results of the gravity model, covering the data of 97 countries with volumes of 95% of world GDP and 85% of international trade flows, the authors identified the potential contribution of possible changes in the foreign trade policy of the EAEU countries to the growth of their foreign trade turnover, including the reorientation of country directions. The authors gave a quantitative assessment of the foreign trade potential of the EAEU countries in trade with the main partners. The study presents an assessment of the impact on the volume of foreign trade of Belarus of its possible accession to the WTO, which could increase this volume by 11.4%. Particular attention is paid to modeling the trade potential of the EAEU countries with 40 leading trading partners. An analysis of the foreign trade of these countries shows no noticeable changes in the structure of its directions, and the foreign trade turnover continues to grow at an insufficient rate. The simulation results led to the conclusion that the EAEU countries have significant trade potential with the United States, the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Sweden, Malaysia, Spain and Brazil, and the actual volume of trade with these countries is less than 50% of the potential. Realization of this potential requires, as shown in the study, significant changes in the foreign economic orientation of the EAEU countries and modification of foreign trade policy.

Regional Payment Systems of Asia, Africa, Latin America as a Tool for Regional Integration. Prospects for the Eurasian Economic Union

The article considers the mutual payment systems of regional associations in Asia, Africa and Latin America in line with the global trend to reduce the share of the US dollar in settlements among countries belonging to trade, regional or integration blocs. We took for the research the Regional Payment System SML (Sistema de Pagamentos em Moeda Local) of the MERCOSUR countries, the Regional Mutual Settlement System SUCRE (Sistema Único de Compensación Regional) of the ALBA countries, the Regional Clearing and Settlement System REPSS (Regional Payment and Settlement System) of the COMESA, Settlement system of the Asian Clearing Union. It reveals features of these mutual payment systems, analyzes their contribution to the servicing of mutual trade turnover (noted such a feature of existing systems as their centric organization). The role of these systems in stimulating the use of national currencies by economic entities has been determined. It is indicated that the dedollarisation processes are closely related to the development of cross-border payments and the achievement of certain agreements on the development of a common payment space among countries of the same region that have economic ties, first of all active mutual trade. Based on the model and data on mutual trade turnover and the currency structure of settlements of the Eurasian Economic Union countries given Latin American, African and Asian experience, it forecasts an increase in the share of their national currencies in the servicing of mutual trade in goods and services.

Developing Financial Integration with the Introduction of Financial Technologies in the Eurasian Economic Union Countries

The global economic crisis of 2008-2009 and all subsequent crisis waves revealed the need to deepen regional integration processes in order to mitigate the consequences of crises and prevent future financial shocks. This aspect seems significant even for the European Union, which has already achieved a high level of financial integration due to the introduction of a single currency and the establishment of the European Central Bank. However, this problem is even more topical for countries with a significantly less developed level of integration, including the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The positive effect of financial integration is largely due to financial globalization and digitization of the economy, fintech development, which is a transformative mechanism for coordinating fiscal and monetary policy instruments in financial services, as well as removing barriers to cross-border financial transactions. The purpose of the study is to uncover the prerequisites and trends of financial integration of the EAEU countries amid rapid fintech development and application. The possibilities of its use are revealed by blockchain, Big Data, artificial intelligence, crowdfunding, which can contribute to optimizing customer service, asset management of financial institutions in the domestic market, simplify and increase the speed of information exchange between financial institutions of different countries and the VAT refund process, increase investment flows, develop previously unused business lines, create collective projects and, as a result, contribute to further financial integration and mutually beneficial cooperation. The methodology of the study is based on the synthesis of comparative, structural, expert opinions and statistical analysis methods. Regulatory legal acts of the EAEU and individual countries of the alliance, reports and analytical materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and central banks of the EAEU countries served as the primary sources of the research. It has been revealed that the introduction of fintech in most of the analyzed countries outpaces the formation of the legal basis. At the same time, it was found that the spread of fintech can assist the implementation of all measures outlined by the Concept of Forming a Common Financial Market of the EAEU countries. Owing to Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia, which are more advanced in fintech, Armenia and Kyrgyz Republic have the opportunity to achieve a competitive level in this area in a shorter time.

The Ideological Foundations of Eurasian Economic Integration

The article analyzes the significance of Eurasian ideology for modern economic integration, the reasons for its limited use in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), and the possibilities and prospects of adapting Eurasianism for the purposes of economic development and integration. Many international economic integration associations (e.g., the EU, USMCA, ASEAN) have a common or similar ideological and value-based foundation, which ensures stronger integration. The EAEU was initially established without a common, integrating ideological basis, although the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, suggested using Eurasianism as the ideology of integration. Sergey Glazyev also wrote about the importance of integrative ideology for the development of the EAEU. However, these attempts to introduce Eurasian ideology for a stronger integration were not supported by the rest of the EAEU countries. This was largely because most EAEU members, including Russia, were driven by short-term economic interests, forgetting about more important long-term, strategic goals. Moreover, there are important ideological divisions in society and in the political elites of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Kyrgyzstan - primarily the division between adherents of the ideology and practices of Western liberalism, oriented toward EU integration, and supporters of an ideology close to Eurasianism and defense of traditional values, oriented toward the development of integration in the Eurasian space. The reproduction of such divisions in the EAEU countries, as well as the absence or weak development of an integrative ideology, largely determines the inconsistent and not always effective integration in the EAEU. Eurasianism can become an integrative ideology, which, if developed and adapted to modern realities, can ensure a stronger economic integration. This requires overcoming illusions about the possibility of integration of Russia and other post-Soviet countries into the EU, pursuing an active information policy in the Eurasian countries, showing the commonality of geopolitical and economic interests of EAEU countries and the opposition of these interests to those of the USA. Eurasianism can effectively counter the threat of ethnic nationalism in the EAEU countries by emphasizing Eurasian integration as a necessary condition for preserving the sovereignty of Eurasian countries, their traditional values, and the combination of tradition and innovation.

Cooperation Prospects between the EAEU Member States in the Field of Information Security

ABSTRACT The article examines the global challenges facing the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) associated with significant progress in the development of information and communication technologies (ICT) and tools that form the international information space, and suggests directions for integration to overcome them. The rapid build-up by the countries of the world of their potential in the field of ICT predetermines the strategic nature of the advanced cooperation of the EAEU member states in the field of information security.Aim. Determine the opportunities and prospects for cooperation between the EAEU Member States in the field of information security in the context of unprecedented digitalization of all spheres of life, due to the rapid development of ICT, while the Treaty on the EAEU of May 29, 2014 does not provide for information security issues.Tasks. Consider the existing regulatory framework for bilateral and multilateral relations of the EAEU countries in the field of information security, determine the vector, priorities of the EAEU countries in building their national policies in the field of international information security with integration partners and the world community.Methods. In this paper, using the methods of logical and deductive analysis, possible conditions for cooperation between the EAEU countries in the field of international information security are identified to overcome global challenges and threats and ensure the post-cuperation development of Eurasian integration.Results. The study showed that today information security is not only a necessary condition for ensuring national sovereignty in the economic sphere, but these are issues of ensuring the independence of the state in the social, cognitive, military and political spheres. When considering the EAEU as one of the leading centers of power in the polycentric world, it is necessary to improve the existing paradigm for the development of Eurasian integration, laid down by the Treaty on the EAEU of May 29, 2014, in order not to be in conditions of unjustified expectations, providing for the involvement of issues of a new quality and character.Conclusion. Considering that information policy issues are not regulated by the Treaty on the EAEU of May 29, 2014, seems justified and a very timely launch of the process of considering the possibility of creating a high-level working group on the formation of the Eurasian agenda in the field of international information security.

Impact of the Vietnam – Eurasian Economic Union Free Trade Agreement on the trade between Vietnam and Russia

The paper is to assess the impact of the Vietnam – Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) free trade agreement on trade between Vietnam and Russia after the agreement comes into effect. The study uses a structural gravity model based on sector-level panel data between Vietnam and EAEU countries from 2001 to 2019. The number of observations obtained is 5,386 observations forming a non-repeating pattern unbalanced, to assess the impact of this agreement. The study finds evidence of a positive impact of the agreement and tariff reduction on Vietnam's trade with Russia and EAEU countries. From there, the author suggests some solutions to promote trade between Vietnam and Russia.

Implementation of the National Reindustrialization Policy in the Countries of the Eurasian Economic Union

The current stage of development of Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries indicates that these states are being forced not only to reindustrialize, but to industrialize their economies almost from scratch, since their industries, for known political reasons, were completely destroyed or are technologically obsolete. This article investigates innovative factors in the development of reindustrialization processes in the countries of the EAEU based on the development and implementation of targeted national policy. The study puts forward a hypothesis about the existence of a dependence between the rates of innovative development of countries, on the one hand, and foreign direct investment and research and development (R&D) expenditures, as well as trends in industrial production development, on the other, as a summary indicator of the reindustrialization of the national economy. To confirm the hypothesis, the following methods were used: statistical analysis, which allowed the primary processing of data that describe the dynamics of indicators of innovative development of countries and its factors, and a comparative analysis of the innovative development of the countries of the EAEU, which constitute the object of this study. The first part provides a sequential analysis of changes in specific indicators describing the innovative development of the countries under consideration, as well as factors that, according to the hypothesis, have a significant impact on it, thereby enabling the evaluation of the general trends in the dynamics of innovative processes within the selected object of this study. In the second part, through the establishment of correlations between the factors and results of the innovative development of countries, measures are proposed to improve the national policy of innovative development and reindustrialization.

Rate Setting for Labour Costs Related to Pharmacovigilance System Inspections

The inspection of pharmacovigilance systems is regulated by the Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP) and local laws and regulations. Inspections may be carried out by audit teams of competent authorities as part of regulatory activities or business agreements. So far, there have been no studies dealing with rate setting for competent authorities labour costs in connection with onsite or documentary inspections of pharmacovigilance systems.The aim of the study was to develop scientifically valid rate setting criteria for labour costs related to onsite or documentary inspections of pharmacovigilance systems.Materials and methods: the assessment of labour costs was carried out by surveying experts of two Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries who have experience in preparing and conducting evaluation and inspection of pharmacovigilance systems. The calculation of the experts’ time costs was performed automatically using the CrocoTime software. The expected workload for experts in 2022 was estimated based on the reports over the last 5 years (2016–2020) containing information on the number of foreign marketing authorisations, and the number of medicines under development according to national registers of medicinal products of the EAEU member states.Results: the study calculated the average expert labour costs and estimated workload for the EAEU competent authorities in 2022. It was demonstrated that the average labour costs are comparable in EAEU member states, however, estimated amount of labour may change (both increase or decrease).Conclusions: further study of rate setting for labour costs related to pharmacovigilance documentary inspections and study of competent authorities staffing could be performed by a dedicated division, e.g. of the Eurasian Academy of Good Practices. A constructive discussion of approaches to the improvement of control over pharmacovigilance systems will increase availability of efficacious and safe medicines of assured quality for the population and help pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities manage financial and reputational risks.

Specifics of the Political and Legal Documents of the EAEU with Third Countries

This study examines “soft power” international activity instruments of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) with third countries within the framework of transregionalism on the basis of program documents and institutional formats. The study describes the experience of China, where soft power is used to achieve economic power and can act as a source of both attractiveness and pressure.Aim. The study to determine the feasibility of applying the concept of “soft power” in the field of international cooperation of the EAEU with third countries on the basis of program documents and institutional mechanisms.Tasks. The author determines the conceptual foundations of international cooperation between the EAEU and third countries, considers the EAEU program documents in the field of international cooperation, identifies the institutional formats of the EAEU in the field of interaction with third countries.Methods. The study uses methods of studying documents and content analysis to identify the competent authorities of the EAEU and existing institutional formats in the field of international cooperation. At the root of the EAEU’s activities, two principles can be traced: supranational, which is responsible for the functioning of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and interstate, when member states can also be involved in negotiations.Results. This study shows that the EAEU implements four institutional formats for interaction with third countries, namely the Free Trade Zone; Interim agreement leading to the formation of a free trade area; Preferential and non-preferential trade agreements; Memorandum of understanding. Thus, the highest format of interaction between the EAEU and third countries is the Free Trade Zone. The choice of a specific institutional format with third countries is determined not only by historical and geopolitical characteristics, but rather a comprehensive analysis of the foreign policy and capabilities of a particular country.Conclusions. The EAEU’s international activities in the field of interaction with third countries are aimed not only at deepening and simplifying trade and economic cooperation, but also making it possible to promote soft power in the international global space through tools such as science, technology, innovation.

Digitalization of tax processes in the EAEU countries as a factor of stabilization from global financial shocks

The development of digital tools requires changes in all spheres of life. First of all, e-commerce including electronic capital movement, electronic data interchange, electronic commerce, electronic banking and electronic marketing shall be studied, since it is a very important component. The issues of regulating the processes of taxation of relevant transactions with cryptocurrencies both at the national and international levels are being updated. In addition to the harmonization and unification of tax legislation in the field of legal regulation of transactions with cryptocurrencies at the level of acts of the EAEU and the European Commission as a permanent body of the EAEU, the process of unification of the national legislation of the EAEU member states shall take place in order to converge the norms for the most efficient implementation of foreign economic activity. Within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), these mechanisms are not sufficiently developed. The article explores the problems of taxation in the digital economy of the EAEU. As conclusions, recommendations for the digitalization of tax processes in the EAEU have been developed.

Eurasian Economic Union and African countries: Problems and prospects of cooperation

In March 2022, the Center for Russian-African Relations and Foreign Policy of African Countries Studies of the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences held a conference with international participation on the topic “Cooperation of the members of the Eurasian Economic Union with African countries”. The Conference took place at a difficult time, when the international situation sharply worsened that required a rethinking of our country’s relations with the outside world as a whole and with important partners, including the states of Africa and our closest neighbors, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), where Russia is also a member. The event, which was held in the format of a videoconference, was attended by leading Russian specialists in African studies, the scholars from the Institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Economics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, workers of practical organizations, including the Eurasian Economic Commission, teachers, post-graduate students and applicants. Among the main problems discussed there were: Session 1 - global aspects of contemporary international relations and prospects of multilateral cooperation; Session 2 - bilateral cooperation of the EAEU members with African countries; Session 3 - positions of the maincompetitors for EAEU countries in Africa. The reports contained recommendations on strengthening Russia’s mutually beneficial partnershipwith the EAEU member states and African states. These recommendations may be used practically by both the business community, as evidenced by the interest in this conference from a number of Russian companies, and by practical organizations of the EAEU members.