Eucheuma Spinosum Research Articles

Macroalgae as a source of sugar and detoxifier biochar for polyhydroxyalkanoates production by Halomonas sp. YLGW01 under the unsterile condition

Macroalgae (seaweed) is considered a favorable feedstock for polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production owing to its high productivity, low land and freshwater requirement, and renewable nature. Among different microbes Halomonas sp. YLGW01 can utilize algal biomass-derived sugars (galactose and glucose) for growth and PHAs production. Biomass-derived byproducts furfural, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and acetate affects Halomonas sp. YLGW01 growth and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) production i.e., furfural > HMF > acetate. Eucheuma spinosum biomass-derived biochar was able to remove 87.9 % of phenolic compounds from its hydrolysate without affecting sugar concentration. Halomonas sp. YLGW01 grows and accumulates a high amount of PHB at 4 % NaCl. The use of detoxified unsterilized media resulted in high biomass (6.32 ± 0.16 g cdm/L) and PHB production (3.88 ± 0.04 g/L) compared to undetoxified media (3.97 ± 0.24 g cdm/L, 2.58 ± 0.1 g/L). The finding suggests that Halomonas sp. YLGW01 has the potential to valorize macroalgal biomass into PHAs and open a new avenue for renewable bioplastic production.

Use of macroalgal waste from the carrageenan industry as feedstock for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate

AbstractThe industrial waste generated in the extraction of carrageenan from red seaweed, Eucheuma spinosum, was tested in this study to produce fermentable sugars that could be used for the production of high‐value‐bioproducts with a biorefinery approach. A sequential process was used: thermochemical pretreatment with HCl and enzymatic hydrolysis. Hydrogen chloride concentrations in the range from 0 mol L−1 to 0.5 mol L−1 and pretreatment times from 15 to 100 min were assayed. The best conditions found for pretreatment were HCl 0.3 mol L−1 for 60 min, leading to reducing sugar concentrations of 21.4 g L−1 (274 mg of reducing sugars per gram of algal residue). The hydrolysates coming from the sequential process under the pretreatment conditions of HCl 0.3 mol L−1 for 60 and 80 min have been used successfully for the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Cupriavidus necator. The yields of polyhydroxybutyrate were 0.21–0.26 g PHB g−1 reducing sugar consumed and the accumulation of the biopolymer was of the order of 58% dry cell weight. © 2023 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Effects of Lactobacillus fermentation on Eucheuma spinosum polysaccharides: Characterization and mast cell membrane stabilizing activity

Eucheuma polysaccharides have varieties of biological activities. However, it is accompanied by problems like large molecular weight, high viscosity, and low utilization. Here, we first prepared fermented Eucheuma spinosum polysaccharides (F-ESP) by Lactobacillus fermentation, compared with low-temperature freeze-thaw ESP (L-ESP) prepared by the freeze-thaw method, explored the composition and structural characteristics of F-ESP and L-ESP, and evaluation of the ability of different samples to inhibit mast cell degranulation using classical mast cell model. Then, the activity of L-ESP and F-ESP in vivo was preliminarily evaluated using a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis model. Two kinds of F-ESP named F1-ESP-3 and F2-ESP-3 were obtained by fermentation of Eucheuma spinosum with the selected strains of Lactobacillus.sakei subsp.sakei and Lactobacillus.rhamnosus. Compared with the purified component L-ESP-3, the monosaccharide composition of F1-ESP-3 contains more glucuronic acid, the molecular weight reduced from >600 kDa (L-ESP-3) to 28.30 kDa (F1-ESP-3) and 33.58 kDa (F2-ESP-3), F1-ESP-3 has higher solubility and lower apparent viscosity. Fermentation did not destroy the functional groups and structure of ESP. Moreover, F1-ESP-3 significantly inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation by reducing depolymerization of F-actin and Ca2+ influx. F1-ESP-3 reduced the symptoms of mast cell-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, indicating that F1-ESP-3 may have better anti-allergic activity in vivo.

Distribution pattern of macroalgae community in Pecaron Beach, Kebumen Regency

Macroalgae have a high species diversity but are very susceptible to environmental changes or ecological pressures that can affect their existence. Pecaron Beach conditions have a substrate type of sand and coral fragments. This study aims to determine the pattern of macroalgae distribution in the waters of Pecaron Beach Kebumen. The research method uses a survey method with a purposive random sampling technique. Variables observed in this study are macroalgae distribution patterns. The observed parameters consist of the main parameters and supporting parameters. The main parameters consist of macroalgae biomass, while the supporting parameter consists of depth values at low tide, salinity, temperature, acidity degree (pH), wave height, phosphate levels, and nitrates of water. The data obtained were then analyzed for distribution patterns using calculated of the Morisita index. The results of the study on Pecaron Beach found 12 species, i. e. Valoniopsis pachynema, Chaetomorpha antenina, C. crassa, Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, U. fasciata, Chondracanthus harveyanus, Tricleocarpa fragilis, Gelidium rigidum, Palmaria palmata, Eucheuma spinosum, Callophyllis crispata, and Sargassum crassifolium, with distribution patterns at clustered species, with the highest distribution pattern values in Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, and U. fasciata species (12,000), and the lowest distribution pattern in Chondracanthus harveyanus (2,121).

The Potential and Development of Seaweed Cultivation in Lombok: A Review

The potential area of Lombok seaweed cultivation is 5490 Ha. The area utilized is 2039.63 Ha. The purpose of this paper is to review the diversity, cultivation activities, production and potential of seaweed to be developed, specifically focusing on aspects of cultivation and production on the island of Lombok, Indonesia. Macroalgae that have been cultivated on Lombok are Kappaphycus alvarezii morphotype brown and green and Gracilaria verucosa. The decline and the amount of uncertainty in production were caused by several problems in seaweed cultivation, weather changes, limited capital for production and decreased quality of seaweed seeds. The species that have the potential to be developed are Sargassum aquifolium, Caulerpa sp., Ulva sp., Eucheuma spinosum, and Gelidium sp. Development Locations are located throughout the waters in the shape of a bay and are by the stipulated water utilization spatial plan. Developing seaweed aqua tourism and institutional arrangements related to seaweed production is necessary.

Algal biochar mediated detoxification of plant biomass hydrolysate: Mechanism study and valorization into polyhydroxyalkanoates

In this study, fourteen types of biochar produced using seven biomasses at temperatures 300 °C and 600 °C were screened for phenolics (furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)) removal. Eucheuma spinosum biochar (EB-BC 600) showed higher adsorption capacity to furfural (258.94 ± 3.2 mg/g) and HMF (222.81 ± 2.3 mg/g). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm experiments interpreted that EB-BC 600 biochar followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model for both furfural and HMF adsorption. Different hydrolysates were detoxified using EB-BC 600 biochar and used as feedstock for engineered Escherichia coli. An increased polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production with detoxified barley biomass hydrolysate (DBBH: 1.71 ± 0.07 g PHA/L), detoxified miscanthus biomass hydrolysate (DMBH: 0.87 ± 0.03 g PHA/L) and detoxified pine biomass hydrolysate (DPBH: 1.28 ± 0.03 g PHA/L) was recorded, which was 2.8, 6.4 and 3.4 folds high as compared to undetoxified hydrolysates. This study reports the mechanism involved in furfural and HMF removal using biochar and valorization of hydrolysate into PHA.

Finding of Novel Galactose Utilizing Halomonas sp. YK44 for Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Production.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a biodegradable bioplastic with potential applications as an alternative to petroleum-based plastics. However, efficient PHB production remains difficult. The main cost of PHB production is attributed to carbon sources; hence, finding inexpensive sources is important. Galactose is a possible substrate for polyhydroxyalkanoate production as it is abundant in marine environments. Marine bacteria that produce PHB from galactose could be an effective resource that can be used for efficient PHB production. In this study, to identify a galactose utilizing PHB producer, we examined 16 Halomonas strains. We demonstrated that Halomonas cerina (Halomonas sp. YK44) has the highest growth and PHB production using a culture media containing 2% galactose, final 4% NaCl, and 0.1% yeast extract. These culture conditions yielded 8.98 g/L PHB (78.1% PHB content (w/w)). When galactose-containing red algae (Eucheuma spinosum) hydrolysates were used as a carbon source, 5.2 g/L PHB was produced with 1.425% galactose after treatment with activated carbon. Since high salt conditions can be used to avoid sterilization, we examined whether Halomonas sp. YK44 could produce PHB in non-sterilized conditions. Culture media in these conditions yielded 72.41% PHB content. Thus, Halomonas sp. YK44 is robust against contamination, allowing for long-term culture and economical PHB production.

Quality Testing and Antioxidant Activity of Soap Contains Algae Extract Eucheuma spinosum

This study aimed to examine the quality and antioxidant activity of solid bath soap containing red algae extract E spinosum. Soap is made through a saponification reaction between a mixture of olive, palm and coconut oils (ratio 44:32:24%) with NaOH. In the saponification reaction, E. spinosum algae extract was added with 4 concentration formulations: 0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.1%. The soap produced is tested for it’s quality using the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 3532:2021 which includes water content, pH, total fat, insoluble ingredients in ethanol, free fatty acids, chloride content, and unsaponifiable fat. The antioxidant activity of soap was tested using the DPPH method. The quality test results of each solid bath soap formulation, namely water content, pH, insoluble material in ethanol, and chloride content have met the quality requirements of SNI 3532:2021, while the total fat, free fatty acid, and unsaturated fat have not met the quality requirements of SNI. The antioxidant activity expressed in IC50 of each soap formulation is 463.3647 g/mL for formula A, 248.8397 g/mL for formula B, 155.5369 g/mL for formula C, and 90.3402 g/mL for formula D. This study concluded that solid bath soap containing E. spinosum extract did not meet the quality of SNI 3532:2021 and had antioxidant activity. Keywords: Antioxidant; Eucheuma spinosum; soap Pengujian Kualitas dan Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Sabun Mandi Padat Mengandung Ekstrak Alga Eucheuma spinosum ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kualitas dan aktivitas antioksidan dari sabun mandi padat mengandung ekstrak alga merah E spinosum. Sabun dibuat melalui reaksi saponifikasi antara campuran minyak zaitun, sawit dan kelapa (rasio 44:32:24%) dengan NaOH. Pada reaksi penyabunan tersebut ditambahkan ekstrak alga E. Spinosum dengan 4 formulasi konsentrasi: 0, 0,050, 0,075, 0,100%. Sabun mandi yang dihasilkan diuji kualitasnya berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 3532:2021 yang meliputi kadar air, pH, total lemak, bahan tak larut dalam etanol, asam lemak bebas, kadar klorida, dan lemak tak tersabunkan. Aktivitas antioksidan dari sabun diuji dengan metode DPPH. Hasil uji kualitas dari tiap formulasi sabun mandi padat yaitu kadar air, pH, bahan tak larut dalam etanol, dan kadar klorida telah memenuhi syarat mutu SNI 3532:2021, sedangkan untuk total lemak, asam lemak bebas, dan lemak tak tesabunkan belum memenuhi syarat mutu SNI. Aktivitas antioksidan yang dinyatakan dalam IC50 dari tiap formulasi sabun mandi yaitu 463,3647 µg/mL untuk formula A, 248,8397 µg/mL formula B, 155,5369 µg/mL formula C, dan 90,3402 µg/mL untuk formula D. Penelitian ini m enyimpulkan bahwa sabun mandi padat mengandung ekstrak E. Spinosum belum memenuhi kualitas SNI 3532:2021 dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan. Kata kunci: Antioksidan; Eucheuma spinosum; sabun

Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extract Red Algae Eucheuma spinosum Against Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria Growth

The use of seaweed (Eucheuma spinosum) as a source of bioactive ingredients from algae has not been widely carried out, even though it has secondary metabolites that are thought to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of the crude extract of red algae E. spinosum on the growth of Staphyloccus epidermidis bacteria in vitro. The working method used is an experimental and qualitative research design. Extraction of E. spinosum used maceration with 96% ethanol solvent and evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude extract yield of 1.54%. The phytochemical screening test used thin layer chromatography and precipitation tests. The results of phytochemical screening showed that crude extract of Eucheuma spinosum contained alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins. These compounds are thought to have the potential to have antibacterial activity. The antibacterial test was based on a comparative study of the literature using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test) with a positive control of Clindamycin 10μl/ml and a negative control of distilled water. Comparison of the literature on the results of the antibacterial activity test is thought to be effective for treating acne-causing bacteria, namely Staphylococcus epidermidis with an average inhibition of 26.5 mm (30 μl). The antibacterial activity is because seaweed contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. The need for herbal therapy to treat diseases caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria to reduce bacterial resistance to antibiotics.

Potential extract of red algae (Euchema spinosum) on wound healing: literature review

ABSTRACT
 Indonesia is a country that has the highest marine species richness; even 45% of the world's seaweed species. One type of sea-weed that is cultivated in Indonesia is red algae (Eucheuma spinosum) which is able to produce active metabolites that have bio-logical activities such as antiviral, antioxidant, antifungal,antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. This literature review discusses the potential of red algae extract on wound healing, namely secondary data and literature studies, analyzed descriptively by descri-bing and comparing the results of research regarding the active compound content of red algae which is closely related towound healing. It is discussed about various active compounds such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, ascorbic acid, steroids, sa-ponins, and polyphenolsfound in the red algae have antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing. It is concluded that the active compounds of flavonoids, triterpenoids,alkaloids, ascorbic acid, steroids, saponins, and polyphenols contained in the red algae have antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing.

Assessment of Biodiversity and Blue Carbon in Mangroves, Sea grasses, Salt Marshes and Algae in Mannar, Northern Sri Lanka

Blue carbon is the carbon stored in coastal and marine ecosystems. Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, tidal marshes, seagrass meadows and algae sequester and store more carbon per unit area than terrestrial forests and are now being recognised for their role in mitigating climate change. The objective of this study was to assess the biodiversity and carbon storage capacities in these ecosystems. The study was conducted in Vidathalathivu in Mannar, Kiranchi in Kilinochchi and Pooneryn. In mangroves, belt transects were taken from the shore towards the land. Nested circular plots having 7 m radius were established, large trees were sampled for diameter. Small trees (<3 cm dbh) were sampled in 2 m radius. Litter, pneumatophores and seedlings were sampled in plots of 30×30 cm area. Soil samples were taken at depths; 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-100 cm for the measurement of bulk density and carbon content. The biomass of the mangrove plants was measured using species specific allometric equations. In the salt marshes, 1×1 m plots were sampled. In the seagrass beds and algae, several 30×30 cm grids were sampled. In each plot, the species composition and the number of plants in each species were assessed. Samples of seagrasses and salt marsh vegetation were uprooted and taken to the laboratory for oven dry analysis. Three soil cores were taken using the soil auger which was inserted to a depth of 1 m in each ecosystem. The soil samples were taken from the core to represent the following depths; 0-30 and 30-60, 60-90. The data was analysed using MINITAB statistical software. The results showed natural mangroves in the study sites comprised of Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Luminetzera racemosa, Rhizophora murconata and Pemphis acidula. In sea grasses, Thalassima hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulate, Ruppia maritima and Syringodium isoiifolium were observed. Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spinosum were the cultivated algae and Padina antillarum, Caulerpa racemosa, Ulva lactuca, Sargassum illifolium and Gelidium sp. were natural ones observed. Suaeda sp. and Salicornia sp. were the salt marsh species observed. The carbon content of these ecosystems were assessed. Keywords: Blue carbon, Mangroves, Seagrasses, Salt marshes, Algae, Carbon sequestration

Identifikasi Komponen Bioaktif dan Aktivitas Ekstrak Rumput Laut Merah (Eucheuma spinosum)

Eucheuma spinosum is a species of red seaweed that has the potential as an antimicrobial compound due to the presence of active saponins and flavonoids. This study was aimed to determine the bioactive and antimicrobial components of the crude extract of E.spinosum. This study was used an experimental method, by extracting E.spinosum by maceration using methanol as a solvent. Analysis parameters were consisted of the identification of bioactive and antimicrobial components against Eschericia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The results were showed that the crude extract of obtained biaoctive components, respectively, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. The results of the analysis of the crude extract of E. spinosum against Eschericia coli and Bacillus subtilis showed that the extract was able to inhibit the growth of both types of bacteria. The inhibition of E.spinosum extract against B.subtilis bacteria is classified as moderate to strong because it had an inhibition zone of 9.00-14.00 mm, and E. coli was in the moderate category of inhibition zone 6.7-8.83 mm

Shelf Life of Combination Nori Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma spinosum with Alumunium Foil Packaging Based on the Accelerated Shelf Life Test Method

The purpose of this research was to determine the shelf life of Combination Nori Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma spinosum with the Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) method Arrhenius Model using Alumunium Foil packaging. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Fisheries Product Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University from October to November 2020. Sargassum sp. is a genus of brown algae (Phaeophyta) used as in the food industry and non-food industry. Sargassum sp. cannot form nori sushi sheets because it lack carageenan. Eucheuma spinosum is a genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) used to complement the lack of carageenan in Sargassum sp. Alumunium foil is a metalized plastic package composed of hermetic, flexible and opaque metal that has high protection againts light, water vapor and gas. The determination of the shelf life of the ASLT method is carried out using parameters of environmental conditions that can accelerate the product quality degradation by storing the product at high risk temperature. The observation used in determining the shelf life of Combination Nori Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma spinosum is a sensory test and water content test with 35 days in the storage at a temperature of 25oC and 35oC. The calculation results of the Arrhenius model used texture parameter as critical parameters that had the lowest Activation energy (Ea) in determining the shelf life of combination nori which packaged with alumunium foil. The results showed the value of texture parameters based on the order 0 reaction with the Arrhenius plot Ln K = -2.8019, 1/T = 97.596 and Ea = 193.92. The shelf life of combination nori Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma spinosum that stored at room temperature (25oC) was around 137 days.

Extraction of red seaweed (<i>Eucheuma spinosum</i>) as raw material of hydrogel

Extraction of red seaweed (<i>Eucheuma spinosum</i>) as raw material of hydrogel

Extraction of red seaweed (<i>Eucheuma spinosum</i>) as raw material of hydrogel

Extraction of red seaweed (<i>Eucheuma spinosum</i>) as raw material of hydrogel

Phytochemical and Antioxidant Activities of Eucheuma spinosum as Natural Functional Food from North Sulawesi Waters, Indonesia.

Research to find functional food from new natural sources has caught the attention of many researchers through the characterization of phytochemicals and biological activities. One potential source of natural ingredients is the red alga Eucheuma spinosum, which has been used as a daily source of natural food. The purpose of this study was to obtain a prospective new source of natural antioxidants from various extracts of tropical red alga (E. spinosum) through several tests, which were used as determinants of whether the alga can be used as a functional food source. Algal sample was extracted with organic solvents (methanol, n-hexane, ethyl-acetate and water) and purified by a combination of normal and reverse phase chromatography methods. The algal extracts had antioxidant compounds based on free radical scavenging activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The ethyl acetate extract of E. spinosum scavenged DPPH and SOD free radicals, so that this extract was indicated contained powerful antioxidants. The result of the isolation of the antioxidant compound showed the presence of pure compound 3-(3-methoxyphenyl) propanal. This study concluded that red algae E. spinosum contained natural antioxidants which have the potential to be developed as a functional food and disease prevention and treatment. In addition, the components of these antioxidant compounds from the algae have the potential to be used as natural sources of new functional ingredients.

Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Rumput Laut Eucheuma spinosum pada Pakan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the additional flour eucheuma spinosum on feed to the growth and survival of goldfish. Research carried out for 40 days in the Laboratorium basah, Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, universitas mataram. The method used is the experimental random complete (RAL) which includes 4 treatments and 3 replacements, so the total of this experiment is 12 units. The treatment that research is the addition of different flour E. Spinosum in feed, consists of: P1: control (without additional flour E. Spinosum), P2: flour E. Spinosum 4 %, P3: flour E. Spinosum 8 %, P4: flour e. Spinosum 12 %. The results of this study indicate that the addition of flour E. spinosum feed has a significant effect on the growth of absolute, the specific growth rate and efficiency of feed, but does not affect conversion of feed and survival rate (SR). The addition of flour E. spinosum feed up to a dose of 4% can give an increase in absolute weight 4.79 g, absolute length 2.38 cm, specific growth rate (SGR) 2.62%, efficiency of feed 66.54% and feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.47.Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum, Feed, Fish carp

Effect of additional Eucheuma spinosum seaweed flour on feed towards the growth and survival of fish carp (Cyprinus Carpio)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the additional flour eucheuma spinosum on feed to the growth and survival of goldfish. Research carried out for 40 days in the Laboratorium basah, Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, universitas mataram. The method used is the experimental random complete (RAL) which includes 4 treatments and 3 replacements, so the total of this experiment is 12 units. The treatment that research is the addition of different flour E. Spinosum in feed, consists of: P1: control (without additional flour E. Spinosum), P2: flour E. Spinosum 4 %, P3: flour E. Spinosum 8 %, P4: flour e. Spinosum 12 %. The results of this study indicate that the addition of flour E. spinosum feed has a significant effect on the growth of absolute, the specific growth rate and efficiency of feed, but does not affect conversion of feed and survival rate (SR). The addition of flour E. spinosum feed up to a dose of 4% can give an increase in absolute weight 4.79 g, absolute length 2.38 cm, specific growth rate (SGR) 2.62%, efficiency of feed 66.54% and feed conversion ratio (FCR) 1.47.Keywords: Eucheuma spinosum; Feed; Fish carp

Yogurt As A Functional Drink Development From Various Local Raw Materials Using Eucheuma Spinosum As Natural Stabilizer

Along with raising public awareness about health and increasing yogurt consumption, it is critical to improve the quality of the yogurt. The innovation of yogurt producing in terms of flavor variety is critical since it can entice consumers to consume yogurt. This innovation is possible through the use of high-nutrient plant components that have not been optimally exploited in the surrounding environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of yogurt produced from a variety of raw materials and stabilized naturally using Eucheuma spinosum seaweed. This study used a completely randomized design with a single factor: the type of raw material utilized in the production of yogurt (corn, sweet potato, pumpkin, banana and pineapple). The parameters analyzed included total lactic acid content, pH, total lactic acid bacteria, bacterial viability, viscosity, and organoleptic qualities such as homogeneity and taste were examined using scoring and hedonic methods. The data were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a significance level of 5%, and the significantly different data were further tested using an additional test of an honest significant difference (HSD). Results show that yogurt made from corn was the best treatment, with pH value of 4.28, total lactic acid content was 1.67%; viscosity was 74,67cP, total lactic acid bacteria was 11.02 log CFU/ml, the bacterial viability met the concentration as a probiotic drink with the decreasing number 0.21 log CFU/ml, scoring test homogeneity score was 3,21 (slightly homogenous), taste score was 3.08 (slightly sour) and hedonic score for homogeneity and taste were 3.29 and 3.25 respectively.

WITHDRAWN: Nutrient content and proximate composition of three edible red seaweeds (Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma spinosum, and Eucheuma striatum)

This article has been retracted at the request of the Authors.The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.