Etymological Dictionary Research Articles

Retrodatação: seu papel crucial na confecção de um dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa

Backdating: its crucial role in making an etymological dictionary of the Portuguese language: Among the problems existing in entries in etymological dictionaries, one of the most serious is the absence or imprecision of a terminus a quo, that is, the oldest dating of the lexical item in the available documentation. Diachronic explanations often present large gaps, due to the lack of descriptions of the lexicon and its neological results in past synchronies. Furthermore, the distinction between graphic variation and lexical variation is not always clear in etymological dictionaries of the Portuguese language, which compromises not only the knowledge about the existence of a specific lexical item in a past synchrony, but also – even more seriously – the entire diachronic explanation that involves these data and the resulting theoretical conclusions. To describe part of this picture, backdating exercises are carried out on lexical items derived with the suffix -eiro, with a specific semantic field (“profession”), contrasting information from the Dicionário Houaiss and works by Jerónimo Cardoso (ca. 1508–1569).

LINGUOCULTURAL FEATURES OF SPEECH ETIQUETTE IN KAZAKH AND ENGLISH (GENDER SPECIFIC WORDS)

The aim of the present paper is to study the speech etiquette in the Kazakh and English languages from the lingual-cultural viewpoint.A comparative study of gender relations in the linguocultural aspect is one of the promising areas of modern linguistics. Despite the universality of the concepts of “masculinity” and “femininity,” gender relations have a certain national specificity, which is revealed during their comparative analysis. Linguistic and cultural analysis of gender relations in the Kazakh and English languages reveals significant overlap, however, a comparative analysis allows us to judge the differences caused by ethnocultural traditions and the national specifics of the language. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of comparative works of Kazakh and English speech etiquette. The findings of this study will contribute to theoretical research and practical development in the sphere of intercultural communication. The research is based on some gender studies, normative acts regulating gender linguistic issues, data from statistical studies, explanatory and etymological dictionaries. The sampling method was used for the selection of language material. The methods of analysis and synthesis of theoretical and actual material were applied for data collection. The analysis showed that gender differences in the linguistic culture of Kazakh and English people have a bright national and cultural colour. On the basis of the material collected and analyzed as the main groups of gender related words such words as male and female names of Turkic-speaking peoples, kinship terminology, names containing the word "ul" (English: son) and feminitives in Kazakh culture were identified. The theoretical significance of this study is determined by the development of a linguoculturological direction in comparative studies in relation to the gender related words. The practical significance of the work is that the results obtained can be used in theoretical courses in cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, and comparative typology of the Kazakh and English languages.

ЕТИМОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ АНГЛОМОВНИХ ТЕРМІНІВ КІБЕРБЕЗПЕКИ

The article aims at conducting etymological analysis of the English terminology of cybersecurity which has become topical under the conditions of a full-scale invasion into Ukraine and a growing cyberthreat to computer networks and applications all over the world. In spite of numerous works on the topic, there remains a range of uninvestigated issues concerning the origin of English cybersecurity terms. Cybersecurity is defi ned as measures to protect a person, organization or country and their computer information against crime or attacks carried out using the Internet. 450 terms from the Glossary of Cyber Security Terms were analyzed with a help of Online Etymology Dictionary. Methodology of investigation combines structural and etymological analyses. As a result of the structural analysis, the terms under study were subdivided into one-component and multicomponent ones. It was found that three quarters of the studied terms appear to be complex in their structure. The fi ndings of etymological analysis revealed that they are predominantly of Latin origin, while the second place among them is shared by the terms of a mixed Latin-Greek and English- Latin origin. They are followed in number by word-combinations of Latin origin with both Germanic roots (9.3%) and English proper elements (9.3%). The least represented appeared to be the terms of Greek-Italian and Greek-Arabic hybrid origin, as well as combinations of American English and Italian. The remaining 106 one-component terms were also under consideration, among which the Latin-language term elements of the cybersecurity system prevail, making up a tenth part of the analyzed material. Other sources of the studied terms (Greek, Dutch, Germanic, Old Norse, Celtic, African, Arabic, and blending) turned out to be considerably less characteristic of the studied material and are represented by only 1–2% of examples including both direct and indirect borrowings. Thus, the vast majority of the terms studied (76%) are of mixed (Greek-Latin-Old English) origin, a tenth of each (10%) are terms of English proper and Germanic languages, as well as of Latin origin. In conclusion, the outcomes of etymological analysis revealed that English terminology of cyber security is predominantly a hybrid mixture of classical Latin-Greek roots with English elements. Key words: etymology, cybersecurity, terminology, Latin, Greek, one-component terms, multicomponent terms.

Original Research: Descriptive or Analytical, Either-Or or Both-And?

descriptive (adj.)“serving or aiming to describe,” 1751, from Late Latin descriptivus, from descript-, past-participle stem of describere “to write down, copy; sketch, represent,” from de “down” (see de-) + scribere “to write” (from PIE root *skribh- “to cut”). Related: Descriptively; descriptiveness. 1Online Etymology Dictionaryhttps://www.etymonline.com/word/descriptive© 2001-2024 Douglas Harper analytical (adj.)“employing analytic methods,” 1520s, with -al (1) + Medieval Latin analyticus, from analyticus, from Greek analytikos “analytical,” from analytos “dissolved,” from analyein “unloose, release, set free,” from ana “up, back, throughout” (see ana) + lysis “a loosening,” from lyein “to unfasten” (from PIE root *leu- “to loosen, divide, cut apart”). 2Online Etymology Dictionary https://www.etymonline.com/word/analytical© 2001-2024 Douglas Harper

A thesaurus in focus: A media review of https://www.thesaurus.com/

Many applications, software, websites, and online dictionaries have been introduced thanks to the advent of computer- and mobile-assisted technologies. Recent technological advancements have resulted in more targeted apps (e.g., BoldVoice for pronunciation) or reference tools (Etymonline.com for an etymology dictionary) for language learning and practice. One such tool is Thesaurus.com, an online thesaurus freely accessible through mobile devices and computers. Given the significance of synonyms and antonyms for vocabulary learning and the problems English as a foreign language learners have with these lexical subfields, this media review evaluated the aforementioned online thesaurus. The results indicated potential pedagogical opportunities and several areas of improvement. The review concludes with suggestions for further research to corroborate the findings.

«Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages. Proto-Slavic Lexical Stock»»: The Project, Development, State, Problems, Solutions

The article highlights important issues of the work on the «Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages» (ESSYa), an impressive project based on the concept of the outstanding linguist, the academician O.N. Trubachev. The context of the origin and development of the idea of creating a unique dictionary is described, and the main principles of reconstruction of the Proto-Slavic lexical fund, which formed its basis, are formulated. The initial idea assumes etymologization not only of literary, but also other strata of all Slavic languages (historical, dialectal and slang vocabulary). The urgent problems in the world etymological science (personnel, financial ones), which are experienced by the ESSJa team, are outlined, due to which it is forced to deviate a little from the original plan. However, the main task remains unchanged; the problems are solved by restricting Proto-Slavic derivations of the third degree and some late formations of Slavic languages.

Role Vladimíra Šmilauera v etymologickém slovníku Václava Machka

This study examines both the quantitative and qualitative contribution of Vladimír Šmilauer to Václav Machek’s etymological dictionary. Appointed scientific referee, Šmilauer wrote lengthy evaluations for both editions of the dictionary, which contained hundreds of notes and suggestions for improving individual entries. In our paper we classify these comments into several groups, working mainly with the criterion of the nature of the comments (i.e. whether they concern the forms and/or meanings of words given in the entry, or the interpretation of the origin of the word) and the criterion of the acceptance of the suggestions by Machek (roughly on the axis of acceptance – alternative interpretation – rejection). Šmilauer’s reviews provide some hitherto unknown interpretations of Czech and Slovak words, and may thus stimulate further reflection on the origin of them.

Bird Words in Arabic, Lineage Structures as an Example

This research is entitled (Bird Words in Arabic, Genealogical Structures as a Model) and it is an attempt to examine the relationship between bird words and the meaning of the structures of those words. I counted the words that indicate the names of those birds that have genetic structures, through searching in dictionaries and language books to study the word semantically and traced The meaning of the construction of the word and linked its morphological meaning to the lexical meaning, relying thus on the eye dictionary and language standards, the custom and the etymological dictionary underlying the words of the Holy Qur’an, and the words were decided according to the morphological structures and lineage structures.

French Loanwords in English cr-phonaesthemic group

Introduction. The article examines the influence of French borrowings on the process of development of phonaesthemic sound symbolism in the English language. Phonaesthemes work as a language instrument of semantic structuring of meanings of groups of words with similar form. The article aims to identify how French borrowings influenced the set of semes characteristic of the English phonaesthemic group cr-.Methodology and sources. The preselected 62 English words with the initial cr- consonant cluster borrowed from French, were analyzed for their possible influence on the respective English phonaesthemic group. 25 words were confirmed to be phonaesthemic. The words were selected from the Oxford English Dictionary by targeted sampling. Etymology, if necessary, was further verified after French etymological dictionaries Le Littré and Trésor. Theoretical framework for this research are the works of Mikhalev (phonosemantic field theory), Leonardi (on Latin phonaesthemes) and Bottineau (on French iconic words). Methods applied in the research are etymological and phonosemantic analyses. French loanwords included and not included in the English phonaesthemic group were analysed separately.Results and discussion. The data analyses have shown that in case the shared semes of the CR- word group in the donor language coincide with those of the recipient language, loanwords seem to augment and strengthen the tendency to form phonaesthemic groups. Otherwise, new words remain outside the English phonosemantic field of the group in question. Phonotactic restrictions may also leave such loanwords outside the studied phonaesthemic group. French loanwords of Germanic origin seem to demonstrate stronger sustainability in language as compared to those of Latin origin. Words of French origin appear to be onomatopoeic only.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that French loanwords had a limited effect on the English cr- phonaesthemic group. French loanwords have expanded the group and strengthened the tendencies formed within the native English word group.

On the etymology of the word <i>konoval</i>

The author of the article analyzes the etymology of the lexeme konoval, which originally served to name people who were engaged in grooming and treating horses, as well as other domestic animals. They were homegrown doctors. The attitude towards them was ambiguous. Frequent unsuccessful results of treatment led to the fact that the word konoval began to acquire a negative connotation and, as a result, in the 18th century there appeared another meaning of the word in Russian language: ‘a bad, unqualified doctor’. There is no unity regarding the etymology of the lexeme konoval. There are two mutually exclusive points of view. M. Vasmer believes that this noun is borrowed from the Polish language. The compilers of the “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language” edited by N. M. Shansky share this view. The authors of the Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages edited by O. N. Trubachev attribute this lexeme to the Proto-Slavic lexical fund. The author examines in detail both versions of the origin of the lexeme. As a result of the analysis and referring to numerous Polish and East Slavic sources, we put forward a hypothesis that the word konoval is actually Russian. This lexeme originally belonged to the Old Russian language, and subsequently got into the Polish language through Ukrainian.

ЕТИМОЛОГИЯ И СЕМАНТИЧНА ТИПОЛОГИЯ: РЕГУЛЯРНОСТ НА СЕМАНТИЧНИЯ РАЗВОЙ ПРИ БЪЛГАРСКА ГЛАГОЛНА ЛЕКСИКА

The study is focused on the semantic aspect of etymological analysis. It is mainly oriented towards the etymological lexicographic practice in the “Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary” (BER) and focuses on revealing the typology of semantic changes within an etymological nest. A systematic approach is applied to the analysis of derivational processes within the Proto-Slavic ablaut sequence *per-/ *pьr-/ *pаr- and the regularity of the semantic shifts under study is demonstrated, and an attempt is also made to establish semantic features the basis of which the development takes place. The study is monolinguistic, based on Bulgarian linguistic material extracted from the BER, and is diachronically oriented, but in a number of cases a synchronic approach of analysis is also applied in order to bring out some typological features which can also be detected at the diachronic level. The establishment of semantic regularities and the demonstration of regularity in semantic development is a necessary support for the etymologization of a large volume and diverse lexical material. The results of the study can be the basis for various research works in the field of semantics, both in synchronic and diachronic terms.

The Science of Upbringing, Training and Education – Historical Review, Etymological Research and Interpretation of Pedagogical Concepts

In the article, the author tries to provide the reader a view on the science of upbringing, training and education, scientifically based and supported by a number of scientific evidence. The overview of pedagogy and its main building blocks – upbringing, training and education was carried out through a number of authoritative Anglo-Saxon dictionaries and scientific sources, incl. Online Etymology Dictionary, Cambridge Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Encyclopaedia of Higher Education, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Foundations of Philosophy, New International Encyclopedia of New York, etc. A brief historical review of the pedagogical idea from ancient times to the present day is made, and in conclusion the described pedagogical schools and concepts are separated into educational directions.

REALIZATION OF THE SEMANTIC POTENTIAL OF A COMMON LEXEME IN COMPOUND TERMS (Using the Adjective "Pryamoi" as an Example)

The article is devoted to the problem of the interaction of terminology with natural language and the issue of the semantic development of a commonly used word in languages for special purposes. It is argued that along with the construction of designations based on Greek-Latin term elements and borrowing from other languages, terms are created using natural language tools in a morphological, syntactic, morphological-syntactic or semantic way. At the same time, the terminology uses the semantic potential of words of general use in a peculiar way: it profi les precisely those lexical meanings that allow you to accurately convey the content of concepts in a certain area of spe-cial knowledge. The author focuses on the adjective “direct”, which functions as a component of compound terms in a number of fi elds of knowledge and activity: linguistics, mathematics, physics, biology, law, military aff airs, medicine, etc. Based on etymological dictionaries, the semantic potential of an adjective in a natural language is revealed and variants of its implementation in terminology are determined. It is shown that the dominant mea ning in special fi elds of knowledge and activity when using the word direct is ‘directly related to something’. Behind this meaning is a conceptual sign of the temporal and spatial adjacency of objects and phenomena, the presence of systemic relations between them. Highlighted in general literary explanatory dictionaries as the main adjective of the direct meaning ‘exactly elongated in some l. in the direction without bends’, that is, related to the perception of the appearance, shape of the object, is not paramount in the fi elds of special knowledge and activity, although this meaning is represented as part of terminological units (rectum, straight drill, straight cut, etc.) In linguistic and mathematical terminology, the adjective direct actualizes the meaning of ‘primary’, which is not fi xed by dictionar-ies of the general literary language, but in mathematics and some other fi elds the meaning of ‘equal, correlative’ is realized as a result of the semantic development of the word.

On the Origin of the Borrowing <i>Верги</i> in the Russian Northern-Western Dialects

Since the end of the 19th century a lexeme верги ‘incantations, charms, sorcery’ has been illustrated by a single example recorded by G. I. Kulikovsky in Yalguba (Karelia) in the dialectical and etymological dictionaries of the Russian language. Researchers tend to believe that the word goes back to finnish verha ‘sacrifice’, but an increase in the source base allows us to take a fresh look at the history of the word. Firstly, the lexeme верга is contained in the rite in the Olonetsky collection of charms (2nd quarter of a 17th century) and is currently the earliest fixation of the word in a singular form. Secondly, the dictionary of A. Neovius and the expedition records of 1935 in Koivisto and other places fix rituals containing the lexeme verha. In almost all the rituals with верга/verha the object must be thrown, which permits to suggest the Old Russian etymon (compare врещи, вьргоу ‘to throw’). The Finnish-speaking population from the contact territories could borrow the lexeme after the 2nd half of the 12th — the middle of the 13th century, because the vowel e in verha reflects the change of the reduced vowel.

Constructing Microstructures in A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (E. Klein)

This article examines the construction of microstructures in Ernest Klein’s "Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" (CEDLE). It delves into the traditional and cognitive-comparative principles used in the compilation of etymological dictionaries, highlighting the integration of structural, functional, and cognitive linguistics in modern lexicography. The study emphasizes the significance of etymological dictionaries as repositories of linguistic evolution, exploring how etymons—original forms and meanings of words—are presented within CEDLE. It outlines the methods used to organize etymological data, including phonetic, morphological, historical, and ideographic rules, and demonstrates how these principles are applied to construct etymological microstructures. The article also introduces a heuristic model of etymological entries in the form of a fractal, reflecting the dynamic and evolving nature of etymological hypotheses. The research underscores the necessity of adopting novel approaches in etymological lexicography to facilitate a deeper understanding of language history and its cognitive and cultural factors.

Historical and etymological aspect of the conceptual triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian

The object of the study is the linguocultural triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian. The subject of the study is nuclear lexemes that verbalize the linguistic and cultural concepts of mercy, indifference, cruelty in the compared languages. To reveal the essence of the concepts studied, etymological analysis of the lexemes-representatives, data from etymological dictionaries of English and Russian languages were used. The purpose of the study is to establish universal and idioethnic characteristics of the representatives of the conceptual triad mercy-indifference-cruelty in English and Russian. The following methods were used in the work carried out: semantic method, etymological method, comparative method, external reconstruction method. The scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of the linguistic and cultural concepts of mercy, indifference, cruelty in etymological perspective, which have not previously been studied in triadic relations when comparing English and Russian languages. As a result of the conducted research, we received information for the first time that nuclear lexemes verbalizing the concept of mercy in English and Russian at the initial stage of their functioning in the compared languages have similar motivation due to the presence of the first root of the Proto-Indo-European language. We have found evidence of a semantic shift in the perception of linguistic units representing the concept of indifference in English and Russian linguistic cultures in diachronic terms. A characteristic idioethnic feature of the representation of the concept of cruelty in the minds of native speakers of the Russian language is its ambiguity and dependence on casual attribution.

Reflections on Retirement: The Sunset Can be Spooktacular!

Where are we headed, oh, where have we gone? We’ve come a long way, now, let us move on. Dreams are for dreaming, wake up and they run, Life is for living, come, let us move on.1 1JF Lapena, Moving on Retirement (n.); from French retirement (1570’s); retire + ment. Retire (v.) 1530s, of armies, “to retreat, draw back,” also, of persons, “to withdraw” to some place, especially for the sake of privacy; from French retirer – from re- “back” + tirer “to draw” and -ment; common suffix of Latin origin; came to be used as a formative in nouns of action in Vulgar Latin and Old French. The sense of “leave one’s business or occupation” is by 1660s.2 2Online Etymology Dictionary https://www.etymonline.com/word/retirement ©2001-2024 Douglas Harper

Bish’: Bayat’ or Byt’? About the Origin of One Particle

The article attempts to establish the origin of a Russian particle bish’. The debatable nature of this issue is due to the divergence of researchers’ opinions about the generating basis: the data of etymological dictionaries refer to the development of this particle from the form of the 2nd person singular of the verb баять (баешь), while some studies indicate its origin from one of the preterites of the verb быти — the 3rd person plural aorist бѧше or the 3rd person singular imperfect. To achieve its goal, the article investigates the issues of the conditions for the occurrence of allegroforms and allegroforms in the aspect of phonetic patterns of the degree of stress of words. The paper compares etymological data and specifies the difference of verb forms of the past tense, in particular, within the framework of the destruction of past tenses system. The research material was the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language (pan-chronical corpus) and information from etymological and dialectological dictionaries. As a result, a hypothesis was proposed about the formation of the particle under study from a special form that appeared due to mixing the uses of aorist and imperfect, which was already characteristic of the 14th century. The appearance of the particle dates back to the 17th century, as evidenced by the data of dictionaries.

Монгольская лексика сферы просвещения, образования и науки

Introduction. The article deals with semantics and etymology of several basic terms of Mongolian culture vocabulary relating to education and science. Goals. The study shall primarily describe how the lexical layer in question was formed, and trace the sources of such borrowings. Materials and methods. The materials were collected from Mongolian-Russian and Mongolian explanatory dictionaries via continuous sampling. The identified lexemes were checked against corresponding entries to Mongolic / Turkic etymological dictionaries and bilingual dictionaries of Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. Results. Some of the analyzed words happen to have been borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur, but Uighur was not the ultimate source of the lexemes: Mong. шавь ‘disciple, pupil’ < Uig. šabï had come to Uighur from Sanskrit via Chinese; Mong. багш ‘teacher’ < Uig. baqšı and Mong. бичиг ‘writings’ < Uig. bitig are originally Chinese; Mong. ном ‘book’ < Uig. nom had come to Uighur from Greek via Sogdian. Some other words, such as Mong. боловсрол ‘education’, эрдэмтэн ‘scientist’, ухаан ‘intelligence’ (in шинжлэх ухаан ‘science’), оюутан ‘student’ ― have common Turko-Mongolic (bol- ‘become’, uqa- ‘comprehend’) or even common Altaic (ere- ‘male’, oyu- ‘mind’) stems, but their new semantics referring to various phenomena of education and science appeared comparatively recently, to a large extent, as a result of attempts to find new words for the notions introduced by Chinese culture and Uighur Buddhism. The words зүй and судлал, as well as derivatives from the stem sur- belong to common Mongolic lexis. Conclusions. Most of the analyzed words were borrowed into Mongolian from Uighur as part of religious vocabulary. Some of these terms originally derive from Chinese, Sanskrit or even Greek. Indigenous Mongolic lexemes are derivatives from sur- ‘to study’, and the terms зүй ‘theory’ and судлал ‘study’ that are used as parts of science names.

Methodical ways of studying proper names in professional discourse while teaching a foreign language to the students of agrarian universities

This article considers the effectiveness of using proper names in teaching a professional foreign language English for Specific Purposes (ESP) to students of various agricultural specialties. In modern studying programs, almost no attention is paid to the study of the proper name, which occupies an essential place in the vocabulary of any language, reflecting important aspects of its history and culture development. Onomastics as a specific branch of linguistics has been formed at the cross point of several fields. The achievements of the regional onomastics determine the source of information relevant for foreign language teachers at the agrarian Universities. The study of writing and culture relicts, data from etymological dictionaries, local history and literature, research of groups of zoonyms, toponyms and anthroponyms determine the necessity of developing and applying new methodological techniques and technologies. All of the above determines the relevance of this article’s topic and defines its goals: to consider the effectiveness of using proper names when learning a foreign language applicable in professional activities; to present effective methodological techniques that contribute to the development of professional competencies. In preparing this article, such methods of scientific analysis and generalization were applied as descriptive, methods of etymological analysis, as well as elements of comparative and typological analysis.