Etiology Of Infectious Diseases Research Articles

Out-of-Hospital Infant Mortality Associated with Herpesviruses

Introduction. Infant mortality is a universally recognized indicator for social well-being of the population. There is a need for an in-depth analysis of the causes and factors leading to the death of infants at home, including determining the etiology of infectious diseases potentially causing death.The purpose of the study — to determine the implication of herpesviruses in infant out-of-hospital death.Materials and methods. Samples from autopsy material of 23 infants (blood, small intestine, heart, lungs, liver, brain), who died at home from various causes, were analyzed by PCR for the presence of viral DNA and RNA from herpesviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses, adenoviruses, coronaviruses, parvoviruses, as well as intestinal viruses.Results and discussion. Positive PCR results were found in 11 cases (43.5 %), of which herpesviruses DNA was detected in 10 cases. In these samples, cytomegalovirus predominated, in association with Epstein — Barr virus and human herpesvirus type 6. This association was detected in blood and internal organs samples from four infants diagnosed with generalized viral infection, and from two infants with acute respiratory viral infection. This suggests the presence of a causal relationship between the lethal outcome and the detection of these viruses. Not all infants showed clinical signs characteristic of generalized herpes infection. In one infant with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, coronavirus, enterovirus and rotavirus DNA was found in samples of internal organs.Conclusion. Results showed the dominant role of the herpesviruses in out-of-hospital infant death cases.

Barriers to implementation of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing technologies in the clinical microbiology laboratory: an American perspective.

Clinical microbiology laboratories are responsible for confirming the aetiology of infectious diseases and providing antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. Traditional culture-based testing can be augmented by more rapid testing modalities to provide clinically actionable information as quickly as possible. Despite improvements in patient outcomes, many clinical microbiology laboratories are facing challenges to in-sourcing these technologies. Depending on a multitude of factors, including size, location and patient population served, these barriers may affect some laboratories and hospital systems to greater or lesser extents than others. It will be up to each individual facility to ascertain its ability to overcome barriers. To aid in this self-assessment, we present for thoughtful consideration a discussion of the barriers to implementation of rapid identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing technologies, with specific attention to matters of financial cost, staff expertise, operational issues and stakeholder buy-in.

The role of non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in the etiology of infectious diseases (review)

Gram-negative bacteria Stenotrophomonas maltophilia rank third among non-fermenting gram-negative bacteria in terms of detection frequency in various infectious pathologies. This review presents information on the various virulence factors, mechanisms used by S. maltophilia for colonization and infection of the human body, multiple drug resistance, clinical manifestations of the diseases caused, and methods of bacteriological diagnosis. The importance of early identification of this pathogen for practicing physicians is emphasized. The selection of treatment for infections caused by S. maltophilia is discussed, highlighting the challenges faced by both clinicians and microbiologists. To this end, current domestic and international scientific publications were reviewed using scientific electronic library search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru, and CyberLeninka.

Re-Envisioning the Plant Disease Triangle: Full Integration of the Host Microbiota and a Focal Pivot to Health Outcomes.

The disease triangle is a structurally simple but conceptually rich model that is used in plant pathology and other fields of study to explain infectious disease as an outcome of the three-way relationship between a host, a pathogen, and their environment. It also serves as a guide for finding solutions to treat, predict, and prevent such diseases. With the omics-driven, evidence-based realization that the abundance and activity of a pathogen are impacted by proximity to and interaction with a diverse multitude of other microorganisms colonizing the same host, the disease triangle evolved into a tetrahedron shape, which features an added fourth dimension representing the host-associated microbiota. Another variant of the disease triangle emerged from the recently formulated pathobiome paradigm, which deviates from the classical "one pathogen" etiology of infectious disease in favor of a scenario in which disease represents a conditional outcome of complex interactions between and among a host, its microbiota (including microbes with pathogenic potential), and the environment. The result is a version of the original disease triangle where "pathogen" is substituted with "microbiota." Here, as part of a careful and concise review of the origin, history, and usage of the disease triangle, I propose a next step in its evolution, which is to replace the word "disease" in the center of the host-microbiota-environment triad with the word "health." This triangle highlights health as a desirable outcome (rather than disease as an unwanted state) and as an emergent property of host-microbiota-environment interactions. Applied to the discipline of plant pathology, the health triangle offers an expanded range of targets and approaches for the diagnosis, prediction, restoration, and maintenance of plant health outcomes. Its applications are not restricted to infectious diseases only, and its underlying framework is more inclusive of all microbial contributions to plant well-being, including those by mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, for which there never was a proper place in the plant disease triangle. The plant health triangle also may have an edge as an education and communication tool to convey and stress the importance of healthy plants and their associated microbiota to a broader public and stakeholdership.

Человек - мессия

This lecture is dedicated to the messianic activity of Louis Pasteur, one of the most outstanding figures in humane and veterinary medicine, the founder of microbiology and immunology, who made the most significant fundamental contribution to the scientific solution of microbiological problems of global significance. Together with his colleagues and followers, he was the first to establish the role of microbes in life on Earth, including in pathology, the bacterial etiology of infectious diseases and the universal nature of anti-infective immunity, discovered the phenomenon of artificially attenuation the pathogenic properties of infectious agents and created means and methods of protection against the most malignant diseases of animals and humans - vaccines against anthrax and rabies, immediately, even during his lifetime, which found wide application in veterinary and medical practice around the world with outstanding socio-economic efficiency.

The Influence of L-Lysine-Alpha-Oxidase on the Biofilm Formation of Opportunistic Microorganisms Associated with Inflammatory Diseases of the Urinary Tract.

Urinary tract infections occupy a special niche among diseases of infectious etiology. Many microorganisms associated with urinary tract infections, such as Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterococcus spp., Morganella morganii, Moraxella catarrhalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp., and Candida spp., can form biofilms. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the enzyme L-lysine-Alpha-oxidase (LO) produced by the fungus Trichoderma harzianum Rifai on the biofilm formation process of microorganisms associated with urinary tract infections. Homogeneous LO showed a more pronounced effect than the culture liquid concentrate (cCL). When adding samples at the beginning of incubation, the maximum inhibition was observed in relation to Enterococcus faecalis 5960-cCL 86%, LO 95%; Enterococcus avium 1669-cCL 85%, LO 94%; Enterococcus cloacae 6392-cCL 83%, LO-98%; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3057-cCL 70%, LO-82%. The minimum inhibition was found in Candida spp. Scanning electron microscopy was carried out, and numerous morphological and structural changes were observed in the cells after culturing the bacterial cultures in a medium supplemented with homogeneous LO. For example, abnormal division was detected, manifesting as the appearance of joints in places where the bacteria diverge. Based on the results of this work, we can draw conclusions about the possibility of inhibiting microbial biofilm formation with the use of LO; especially significant inhibition was achieved when the enzyme was added at the beginning of incubation. Thus, LO can be a promising drug candidate for the treatment or prevention of infections associated with biofilm formation.

Artificial Intelligence in Battle against Antimicrobial Resistance: Opportunities and Challenges

Due to the overuse and abuse of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious risk to socioeconomic development and public health. A paradigm shift is required to address this dilemma, and artificial intelligence (AI) appears as a possible remedy. AI, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), has demonstrated significant promise in several medical research fields, especially in the fight against AMR. Applications of AI in AMR use cutting-edge computational methods to analyze gene expression and whole-genome sequencing data, assisting in discovering infectious disease etiology and disease subtypes. These AI-driven systems have several advantages over more conventional ones, including less need for human involvement, more accuracy, and lower costs. However, they also encounter difficulties, such as inconsistent performance across datasets, with data volume critically influencing model efficacy. The accessibility and expense of high-throughput sequencing data, particularly next-generation sequencing data, also pose challenges to the wider application of AI models for AMR investigation. Despite these difficulties, AI has significant promise in the fight against AMR, and its advantages and disadvantages must be carefully considered in order to build successful tactics for dealing with this urgent worldwide problem. We assess research papers on AMR analysis using AI on various datasets and contrast the effectiveness of various AI models. We thoroughly reviewed the DL models used up to this point in the field of AMR, and we additionally discussed the challenges that come with deploying these approaches. This paper offers a thorough overview of AI's applications in AMR analysis, highlighting both its benefits and drawbacks.

Identification of <em>Clostridium perfringens</em> and <em>Fusobacterium necrophorum</em> isolates

The article is devoted to the differential diagnosis of strains of Clostridium perfringens and Fusobacterium necrophorum in the studied material of cattle. The research topic is relevant, since rational, timely and accurate diagnosis of the etiology of infectious diseases in cattle in the conditions of industrial cattle breeding prevents the occurrence and transmission of infectious agents, thereby ensuring cost-effective uninterrupted production of highly nutritious products and raw materials. Timely and accurate diagnosis allows veterinarians to prescribe an effective treatment and prevention plan to prevent the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases in cattle, including intestinal diseases [2,6]. One of the causes of hemorrhagic enteritis, reduced productivity and mortality from 25% of young animals may be enterotoxemia associated with toxin-producing strains of Clostridium perfringens. Differential diagnosis is an obligatory step in a comprehensive diagnosis, taking into account epizootological data, clinical signs of sick and conditionally sick animals, pathoanatomical data of forcedly killed and dead animals, laboratory diagnostic methods, including bacteriological and molecular genetic methods. As a result of the study, optimal methods of laboratory diagnostics were applied, including bacterioscopy, the method of pure cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which made it possible to identify strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Clostridium perfringens. Accurate and rapid identification of pathogens Fusobacterium necrophorum and Clostridium perfringens will allow veterinarians to develop a plan of treatment and preventive measures in a short time.

ОТНОШЕНИЕ РОДИТЕЛЕЙ ДЕТЕЙ ДОШКОЛЬНОГО ВОЗРАСТА К ВАКЦИНАЦИИ ПО ЭПИДЕМИЧЕСКИМ ПОКАЗАНИЯМ И ПРИЧИНЫ ОТКАЗА ОТ ПРИВИВОК

Despite the stability of global vaccination coverage, more than 19 million children worldwide are currently not receiving basic vaccines. Over the past few years, there has been a sharp decline in vaccinated children. The increase in the number of unvaccinated children is probably due to parents' concerns about the alleged negative impact of vaccines on health, as well as the presence of false information disseminated by the anti-vaccination movement. The purpose of our study was to assess the attitude of parents to preventive vaccinations according to epidemic indications, to identify the main reasons for refusals to vaccinate children. An anonymous survey was conducted of 250 parents of preschool children attending the children's polyclinic department of the medical and diagnostic complex (LDC "MedGard"), medical and rehabilitation centers "MedGard" (LRC "MedGard") in Samara in the period from September 2022 to March 2023. The study analyzed the knowledge of parents about preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications (against meningococcal infection, influenza, human papillomavirus, chickenpox, tick-borne encephalitis virus, rotavirus, hepatitis A). The article presents data on the sources of obtaining information about vaccination from parents, about the side effects of previously administered vaccines in this category of children. The study revealed the relationship between the source of knowledge and knowledge about preventive vaccinations in respondents. It is concluded that people who receive knowledge directly and from reliable sources, i.e. from medical personnel, demonstrate a higher level of knowledge and are less likely to worry about vaccination compared to those who receive information from other sources. Thus, the lack of sufficient information about preventive vaccinations often explains the distrust of vaccination programs for children, and the lack of knowledge about the etiology of infectious diseases contributes to the development of so-called anti-vaccination movements.

Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis in an Immunocompetent Patient

Abstract Most cases of uveitis involve the anterior compartment with resultant iritis, cyclitis, or iridocyclitis. Usually, they are either associated with an autoimmune condition or relegated as idiopathic. Approximately 10% of the time an infectious disease etiology is determined to be the cause, in which case, herpes simplex virus and less often varicella zoster virus are the pathogens. Traditionally, cytomegalovirus ocular infections present with retinitis or acute retinal necrosis and almost always in immunocompromised hosts (eg, AIDS), We present a case of chronic cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis in an immunocompetent man diagnosed only after failing the treatment of presumed herpes simplex virus infection and the epidemiology, proposed mechanism of infection, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatment of this less well-recognized infection in patients with adequate immune systems.

Linking Human Betaretrovirus with Autoimmunity and Liver Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterized by the production of diagnostic antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) reactive to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A human betaretrovirus (HBRV) resembling mouse mammary tumor virus has been characterized in patients with PBC. However, linking the viral infection with the disease is not a straight-forward process because PBC is a complex multifactorial disease influenced by genetic, hormonal, autoimmune, environmental, and other factors. Currently, PBC is assumed to have an autoimmune etiology, but the evidence is lacking to support this conjecture. In this review, we describe different approaches connecting HBRV with PBC. Initially, we used co-cultivation of HBRV with biliary epithelial cells to trigger the PBC-specific phenotype with cell surface expression of cryptic mitochondrial autoantigens linked with antimitochondrial antibody expression. Subsequently, we have derived layers of proof to support the role of betaretrovirus infection in mouse models of autoimmune biliary disease with spontaneous AMA production and in patients with PBC. Using Hill’s criteria, we provide an overview of how betaretrovirus infection may trigger autoimmunity and propagate biliary disease. Ultimately, the demonstration that disease can be cured with antiviral therapy may sway the argument toward an infectious disease etiology in an analogous fashion that was used to link H. pylori with peptic ulcer disease.

Impact of <i>Candida spp.</i> metabolites on human skin fibroblasts

Micromycetes spp. have been increasingly involved in the etiology of infectious diseases guiding to consider them not as important as bacterial and viral pathogens. Nowadays, a lot of severe forms of candidiasis are caused by C. auris, C. albicans, whereas C. glabrata and C. krusei are of similar importance. Members of these species were selected to investigate related metabolite action on human skin fibroblasts. Candida spp. being continuously found on the epithelium and mucosal membranes resulting in to sustained interaction between microbiota and human cells. Potential to produce metabolites containing pathogenicity factors is one of the crucial events for transition to invasive candidiasis, wherein human epithelial cells build up the front line of defense barrier preventing Candida spp. invasion into deeper host tissues. The study was aimed at assessing data on metabolite effects derived from epidemiologically relevant Candida spp. on primary human skin fibroblast culture in vitro. In particular, there were analyzed Candida spp. metabolites acting on fibroblast monolayer integrity and viability in cell suspension. It was found that Candida spp. metabolites might directly cause fibroblast death so that biocidal activity was exhibited as a strain-specific feature. A direct biocidity against dermal cells was more typical for strains C. glabrata и C. krusei, less pronounced for C. albicans and very weak for C. auris. In addition, a mechanism for secretory product-related biocidal activity derived from various Candida spp. on dermal fibroblasts in vitro revealed that it resulted in fibroblasts death 1 hour after exposure that peaked at 3 hrs. Cell death was equally proceeded via apoptosis and necrosis. Of note, biocidal effect of fungal metabolites showed no correlation with Candida-related potential to cleave intercellular junctions. It was found that C. auris metabolites showing weak biocidity against some fibroblasts simultaneously resulted in more marked disruption of cell monolayer compared to other Candida spp. Perhaps, it is just a feature of C. auris that might account for its higher invasiveness potential allowing to destroy tight human tissues more effectively compared to other Candida spp.

A total infectome approach to understand the etiology of infectious disease in pigs

BackgroundThe global pork industry is continuously affected by infectious diseases that can result in large-scale mortality, trade restrictions, and major reductions in production. Nevertheless, the cause of many infectious diseases in pigs remains unclear, largely because commonly used diagnostic tools fail to capture the full diversity of potential pathogens and because pathogen co-infection is common.ResultsWe used a meta-transcriptomic approach to systematically characterize the pathogens in 136 clinical cases representing different disease syndromes in pigs, as well as in 12 non-diseased controls. This enabled us to simultaneously determine the diversity, abundance, genomic information, and detailed epidemiological history of a wide range of potential pathogens. We identified 34 species of RNA viruses, nine species of DNA viruses, seven species of bacteria, and three species of fungi, including two novel divergent members of the genus Pneumocystis. While most of these pathogens were only apparent in diseased animals or were at higher abundance in diseased animals than in healthy animals, others were present in healthy controls, suggesting opportunistic infections. Importantly, most of the cases examined here were characterized by co-infection with more than two species of viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, some with highly correlated occurrence and abundance levels. Examination of clinical signs and necropsy results in the context of relevant pathogens revealed that a multiple-pathogen model was better associated with the data than a single-pathogen model was.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that most of the pig diseases examined were better explained by the presence of multiple rather than single pathogens and that infection with one pathogen can facilitate infection or increase the prevalence/abundance of another. Consequently, it is generally preferable to consider the cause of a disease based on a panel of co-infecting pathogens rather than on individual infectious agents.-CFtrnVrpn8o8P42pZ9u6vVideo abstract

Geographic Variation of Infectious Disease Diagnoses Among Patients With Fever of Unknown Origin: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BackgroundFever of unknown origin (FUO) investigations yield a substantial number of patients with infectious diseases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify more common FUO infectious diseases etiologies and to underscore geographic variation.MethodsFour databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched for prospective studies reporting FUO rates among adult patients from 1 January 1997 to 31 March 2021. The pooled proportion for infectious diseases etiology was estimated using the random-effects meta-analysis model.ResultsNineteen prospective studies were included with 2667 total cases. No studies were available for Africa or the Americas. Overall, 37.0% (95.0% confidence interval [CI], 30.0%–44.0%) of FUO patients had an infectious disease etiology. Infections were more likely from Southeastern Asia (pooled proportion, 0.49 [95% CI, .43–.55]) than from Europe (pooled proportion, 0.31 [95% CI, .22–.41]). Among specifically reported infectious diseases (n = 832), Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex predominated across all geographic regions (n = 285 [34.3%]), followed by brucellosis (n = 81 [9.7%]), endocarditis (n = 62 [7.5%]), abscesses (n = 61 [7.3%]), herpesvirus (eg, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) infections (n = 60 [7.2%]), pneumonia (n = 54 [6.5%]), urinary tract infections (n = 54 [6.5%]), and enteric fever (n = 40 [4.8%]).ConclusionsFUO patients from Southeastern Asia were more likely to have an infectious diseases etiology when compared to other regions. The predominant factor for this finding appears to be differences in disease prevalence among various geographical locations or other factors such as access to timely care and diagnosis. Noting epidemiological disease factors in FUO investigations could improve diagnostic yields and clinical outcomes.

Community antibiotic prescriptions during COVID-19 era: a population-based cohort study among adults

ObjectivesThis study investigated the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and antibiotic prescription ratios and the determinants of antibiotic prescription in the community. MethodsThe study was based on a retrospective population cohort of adults in a community setting. Antibiotic prescription ratios from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021 (COVID-19 period) were compared to similar months in previous years. Differences in visit type, infectious disease–related visit, and antibiotic prescription ratios during these visits were compared. A logistic regression model was used to identify independent determinants of antibiotic prescription during the study period. ResultsThe cohort included almost 3 million individuals with more than 33 million community medical encounters per year. In the COVID-19 period, the antibiotic prescription ratio decreased 45% (from 34.2 prescriptions/100 patients to 19.1/100) compared to the previous year. Visits due to an infectious disease etiology decreased by 10% and prescriptions per visit decreased by 39% (from 1 034 425 prescriptions/3 764 235 infectious disease visits to 587 379/3 426 451 respectively). This decrease was observed in both sexes and all age groups. Telemedicine visits were characterized by a 10% lower prescription ratio compared to in-person visits. Thus, a threefold increase in telemedicine visits resulted in a further decrease in prescription ratios. The COVID-19 period was independently associated with a decrease in antibiotic prescription, with an OR of 0.852 (95% CI 0.848–0.857). DiscussionWe describe a significant decrease in antibiotic prescription ratios during the COVID-19 periods that was likely related to a decrease in the incidence of certain infectious diseases, the transfer to telemedicine, and a change in prescription practices among community-based physicians.

Molecular Epidemiology: Definition And Usage Areas

In parallel with the technological developments in the last 20 years, the emergence of new techniques and the reduction in costs, molecular methods have gained importance in health sciences. The science of epidemiology, which deals with the etiology, distribution and prevention of diseases seen in both individual and society, has also benefited from molecular methods, especially since the 90s. Thanks to this partnership, “Molecular Epidemiology” has emerged as a sub-branch, which applies epidemiological studies at the molecular and biochemical level. In addition to the traditional epidemiological objectives such as identifying genetic and environmental risk factors of diseases, detecting susceptible individuals, detecting infectious agents, their reservoirs and distribution, objectives such as developing molecular diagnostic methods, examining and preventing infectious diseases, and identifying possible genetic causes of chronic diseases are among the study areas of molecular epidemiology. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based methods, Multi-locus VNTR (Variable Number Tandem Repeat) Analysis (MLVA), Multi-locus Sequence Typing (MLST) and DNA sequencing-based techniques are frequently used in examining the etiology of infectious diseases. When investigating chronic diseases such as cancer, several biomarkers are also used. Especially in cases where traditional epidemiological approaches are not sufficient, molecular methods are often preferred and even used as the gold standard in the diagnosis and detection of some diseases.

Изучение распространенности и резистентности к антимикотикам грибов рода Candida при инфекционных заболеваниях верхних и нижних дыхательных путей

В ходе исследования выявлено, что ведущая роль в этиологии инфекционных заболеваний верхних и нижних дыхательных путей принадлежала Streptococcus viridans и грибам рода Candida. Удельный вес грибов рода Candida составлял 28,8 % у больных фарингитами, 22,6 % — у больных бронхитами и 37,4 % — у больных пневмонией, которые в 77–85,6 % случаев были представлены ассоциациями с бактериями. Отмечался высокий уровень резистентности грибов рода Candida к триазольным антимикотикам.

Ancient viral genomes reveal introduction of human pathogenic viruses into Mexico during the transatlantic slave trade.

After the European colonization of the Americas, there was a dramatic population collapse of the Indigenous inhabitants caused in part by the introduction of new pathogens. Although there is much speculation on the etiology of the Colonial epidemics, direct evidence for the presence of specific viruses during the Colonial era is lacking. To uncover the diversity of viral pathogens during this period, we designed an enrichment assay targeting ancient DNA (aDNA) from viruses of clinical importance and applied it to DNA extracts from individuals found in a Colonial hospital and a Colonial chapel (16th-18th century) where records suggest that victims of epidemics were buried during important outbreaks in Mexico City. This allowed us to reconstruct three ancient human parvovirus B19 genomes and one ancient human hepatitis B virus genome from distinct individuals. The viral genomes are similar to African strains, consistent with the inferred morphological and genetic African ancestry of the hosts as well as with the isotopic analysis of the human remains, suggesting an origin on the African continent. This study provides direct molecular evidence of ancient viruses being transported to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade and their subsequent introduction to New Spain. Altogether, our observations enrich the discussion about the etiology of infectious diseases during the Colonial period in Mexico.

Nosological profile of infectious pig diseases in the Krasnodar region

The authors analyzed the main indicators of nosological profile and epizootic manifestations of infectious diseases of pigs in the Krasnodar territory for the period from 1990 to 2019. As a result of the analysis of pig diseases of infectious etiology, 24 nosological forms of diseases were established. During the study period, 3006 disadvantaged areas were registered in the province, where 472.6 thousand heads of pigs of various age and sex groups fell ill, of which 131.3 thousand fell ill. In the nosological structure of infectious diseases of pigs, bacterial, viral and chlamydial infections occupy a significant share: colibacteriosis-34.0 %, salmonellosis-20.3, pseudomonosis-9.9, streptococcosis-7.9, pasteurellosis-5.6, viral gastroenteritis-4.2, erysipelas-3.4, African swine fever-2.3, chlamydia-0.5 %. The largest number of points that were affected by infectious diseases of pigs was registered in 1999 - 354; of these, 4.8% were viral diseases: aujeski disease, viral gastroenteritis; 94.9 - for bacterial: streptococcosis, diplococcosis, colibacteriosis, edema, leptospirosis, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis, erysipelas, pseudomonosis; 0.3 % - for chlamydia. The smallest number of points with problems related to infectious diseases of pigs was registered in 2013: in 1 point with problems related to African swine fever (ASF), 3 heads fell ill. The number of sick animals was the highest in 1994: 66.9 thousand animals fell ill in 80 disadvantaged areas, of which 23.4 thousand died. The greatest economic damage to pig farms was caused by ASF. This infection led to a reduction in the number ofpigs in the Krasnodar territory from 1200.0 to 300.0 thousand heads. In the period from 2008 to 2019, ASF was registered on the territory of the province in 33 out of 44 municipalities, in 79 disadvantaged localities, including 13 among the wild boar population. In total, 7.4 thousand heads of domestic pigs and 157 wild boars fell ill in the centers of ASF, 33 objects infected with the ASF virus were identified.

Etiology of Infectious Diseases in Acutely Ill Children at a Pediatric Hospital in Finland.

This is a brief report of the etiology of infectious diseases in a pediatric emergency department. Our cohort study of 4647 children demonstrated rhinovirus as the most common etiology in a pediatric emergency department (23%) and intensive care (48%). The population-based incidence of rhinovirus-related visits was 1796/100,000/yr in children <5 years. The most common bacterial pathogen was Escherichia coli (5%).