Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Research Articles

A new application of MoS2@AG@PA prepared by irradiation: Synergizing with magnesium hydroxide to enhance fire safety and other key properties of EVA composites

AbstractTwo‐dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets are seen as highly promising nanofillers for enhancing polymer properties, yet there is a need for methods that are low‐cost, simple, and environmentally friendly to facilitate the large‐scale production of MoS2 nanosheets. Furthermore, it is necessary to functionalize the MoS2 surface to ensure good interfacial compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, MoS2@Ag@PA hybrids were created by generating silver nanoparticles directly on the surface of MoS2 via radiation, followed by encapsulation on the surface of MoS2@Ag through the chelating properties of phytic acid. It is significant to note that, due to the excellent lubrication and physical cross‐linking effects of the MoS2@Ag@PA hybrids, adding one part of MoS2@Ag@PA hybrids can enhance the melt flow rate and elongation at break of the ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)/MH composites by 140% and 17.3%, respectively. The simultaneous addition of one part of MoS2@Ag@PA hybrids decreased the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release of the EVA composites by 48.7%, 42.7%, and 41.2%, respectively. Moreover, the toxic gasses (e.g., CO) generated by burning EVA composites were significantly reduced compared to pure EVA, indicating improved fire safety. This research not only provides significant opportunities for the green mass production of MoS2 nanosheets but also expands their potential applications in high‐performance nanocomposites.

Molecular dynamics simulation of DNAN/DNB cocrystal PBXs.

The DNAN/DNB eutectic is a high-energy explosive eutectic with superior safety and thermal stability compared to traditional melt-cast explosives. However, the addition of polymer binders can effectively enhance its mechanical properties, allowing for continued production demands without the need for changes to existing factory equipment. In this paper, a model of the DNAN/DNB eutectic explosive was established, and five different types of polymers-cis-1,4-polybutadiene (BR), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), fluorinated polymer (F2603), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-were added to the (1 0 - 1), (1 0 1), and (0 1 1) cleavage planes, respectively, to form polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs). The stability, trigger bond length, mechanical properties, and detonation performance of the various polymer-bound PBXs were predicted retrogressively. Among the five PBX models, the DNAN/DNB/PEG model exhibited the highest binding energy and the shortest trigger bond length, indicating a significant improvement in stability, compatibility, and sensitivity compared to the original eutectic. Additionally, although the detonation performance of DNAN/DNB decreased after the addition of binders, the final results were still satisfactory. Overall, the DNAN/DNB/PEG model demonstrated excellent comprehensive performance, proving that among the many polymer binders, PEG is the optimal choice for DNAN/DNB. Within the Materials Studio software, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to predict the properties of the DNAN/DNB eutectic PBX. The MD simulation timestep was set to 1fs, with a cumulative simulation duration of 2ns. A 2ns MD simulation was conducted using the isothermal-isobaric ensemble (NPT). The COMPASS force field was applied, and the temperature was fixed at 295K.

Synergistic effect of TiO2 nanoparticles and poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) on the morphology and crystallization behavior of polylactic acid

The impact of adding ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA 80) and 1 wt% TiO2 nanoparticles on the morphology and crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) blends was investigated using DSC, SEM, and POM. Thermal analysis revealed the enhancement of crystallinity of PLA in the presence of TiO2 and higher EVA 80 content in the blend. The PLA and EVA 80 components showed compatibility, as evidenced by the shift of the glass transition temperatures of the PLA phase in the blend to lower values compared to neat PLA. The lower temperature shift of the cold crystallization of the PLA and the formation of the small spherulites of the PLA in the blends indicated that the EVA 80 and TiO2 act as a nucleating agent for crystallization. The non-isothermal crystallization parameters of the composites were evaluated using Avrami's modified model, the MO approach, and Friedman’s isoconversional method. The Avrami’s modified rate constant (K) and the effective activation energy values significantly increased with the incorporation of EVA 80 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed improved thermal stability of PLA by adding EVA 80 and TiO2.

EVA implants for controlled drug delivery to the inner ear

This study evaluated the potential of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) copolymers as matrix formers in miniaturised implants, allowing to achieve controlled drug delivery into the inner ear. Due to the blood-cochlea barrier, it is impossible to reliably deliver a drug to this tiny and highly sensitive organ in clinical practice. To overcome this bottleneck, different EVA implants were prepared by hot melt extrusion, altering the vinyl acetate content and implant diameter. Dexamethasone was incorporated as a drug with anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activity. Its release was measured into artificial perilymph, and the systems were thoroughly characterised before and after exposure to the medium by optical and scanning electron microscopy, SEM-EDX analysis, DSC, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray microtomography and texture analysis. Notably, the resulting drug release rates were much higher than from silicone-based implants of similar size. Furthermore, varying the vinyl acetate content allowed for adjusting the desired release patterns effectively: With decreasing vinyl acetate content, the crystallinity of the copolymer increased, and the release rate decreased. Interestingly, the drug was homogeneously distributed as tiny crystals throughout the polymeric matrices. Upon contact with aqueous fluids, water penetrates the implants and dissolves the drug, which subsequently diffuses out of the device. Importantly, no noteworthy system swelling or shrinking was observed for up to 10 months upon exposure to the release medium, irrespective of the EVA grade. Also, the mechanical properties of the implants can be expected to allow for administration into the inner ear of a patient, being neither too flexible nor too rigid.

Comparative Study of the Foaming Behavior of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Foams Fabricated Using Chemical and Physical Foaming Processes.

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), a crucial elastomeric resin, finds extensive application in the footwear industry. Conventional chemical foaming agents, including azodicarbonamide and 4,4'-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide), have been identified as environmentally problematic. Hence, this study explores the potential of physical foaming of EVA using supercritical nitrogen as a sustainable alternative, garnering considerable interest in both academia and industry. The EVA formulations and processing parameters were optimized and EVA foams with densities between 0.15 and 0.25 g/cm3 were produced. Key findings demonstrate that physical foaming not only reduces environmental impact but also enhances product quality by a uniform cell structure with small cell size (50-100 μm), a wide foaming temperature window (120-180 °C), and lower energy consumption. The research further elucidates the mechanisms of cell nucleation and growth within the crosslinked EVA network, highlighting the critical role of blowing agent dispersion and localized crosslinking around nucleated cells in defining the foam's cellular morphology. These findings offer valuable insights for producing EVA foams with a more controllable cellular structure, utilizing physical foaming techniques.

Thermal Stability of Highly Filled Cellulosic Biocomposites Based on Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer.

The effect of plant-based fillers on thermal resistance in highly filled biocomposites based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was studied. Wood flour and microcrystalline cellulose were used as fillers. It was shown that the introduction of microcrystalline cellulose into EVA did not affect the thermal stability of the polymer matrix. In contrast, the introduction of wood flour into EVA led to a significant increase in the thermal stability of the entire biocomposite. Oxidation induction time increased from 0 (pure EVA) to 73 min (EVA + wood flour biocomposites). The low-molecular weight phenolic compounds contained in wood flour are likely able to diffuse into the polymer matrix, exerting a stabilizing effect. The discovered stabilizing effect is a positive development for expanding the possibilities of technological processing of biocomposites, including multiple processing.

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Emulsion-Modified Alkali-Activated Slag Repair Material: Mechanical Strength and Durability Linked to Microstructural Properties

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Emulsion-Modified Alkali-Activated Slag Repair Material: Mechanical Strength and Durability Linked to Microstructural Properties

Comparative analysis of rubber/cementitious interface enhanced by multiple modifying agents in rubber concrete - experimental and molecular dynamics studies

ABSTRACT Rubber concrete (RUBC) is an innovative eco-friendly material, but its weak internal interfaces and pores lead to reduced mechanical properties. This study compares the modification effects of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), nano-calcium carbonate (Nano-CaCO3), and silane coupling agent (KH560) on the rubber-cement interface in RUBC to improve its mechanical properties. Macroscopic tests showed that all three modification methods improved RUBC’s compressive, shear, and flexural properties to varying degrees. Under the same conditions, RUBC modified with KH560 and Nano-CaCO3 outperformed EVA-modified RUBC in terms of mechanical performance. Microscopic tests (SEM, XRD, FTIR) indicated that KH560 and Nano-CaCO3 significantly increased cement gel formation, with KH560 notably enhancing the rubber-cement interface bonding. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that EVA, Nano-CaCO3, and KH560 increased interaction energy at the interface by forming more hydrogen bonds. However, KH560 formed stronger chemical bonds with C-S-H gel through Si-O-Si bonds. This study provides experimental and theoretical support for engineering applications aimed at enhancing RUBC’s mechanical properties through multiscale analysis.

Effect of cage and ladder configuration of polyphenyl silsesquioxane on mechanical performance and flame retardancy of ethylene–vinyl acetate composites

Improving the flame retardancy of ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) while maintaining its mechanical properties is critical for EVA applications. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) can be a molecular structure designed to improve the flame retardancy of polymers while minimizing damage to the mechanical properties of polymers. In this study, two types of POSS with the same chemical structure but different spatial structures, which are named cage octaphenyl POSS (OPS) and ladder polyphenyl silsesquioxane (PPSQ) are prepared. The miscibility and dispersibility of these two types of POSS in the EVA matrix and their effects on mechanical properties, dielectric properties, and fire behaviors are also investigated. Compared to OPS-based EVA composite, the PPSQ with ladder structure has good miscibility and dispersion state in EVA matrix, obtaining better toughness, dielectric properties, and flame retardancy under cone calorimeter test. However, OPS-based EVA composite obtains superior flame retardancy than that of PPSQ-based EVA composite under small fire test (limiting oxygen index and UL-94 vertical burning tests). The mechanism of these two separate flame-retardant performances under various scenarios is explored. A novel flame-retardant model is proposed, as well as a new understanding of the role of POSS in EVA combustion. This study provides powerful guidance for obtaining EVA composites with excellent flame retardant and mechanical properties.

Synergistic effect between ammonium polyphosphate-functionalized poly(lactic acid) and phosphated avocado seed on the flame-retardant properties of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer composites

Synergistic effect between ammonium polyphosphate-functionalized poly(lactic acid) and phosphated avocado seed on the flame-retardant properties of poly(lactic acid)/ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer composites

Effect of UV ageing on debonding of double glass laminates based on different crosslinking and thermoplastic PV encapsulants

To evaluate the potential of novel thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) encapsulants as alternative for peroxide crosslinking ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer and polyolefin elastomers (POE), compressive shear glass laminates were prepared and characterized using EVA and POE benchmark grades and TPO film adhesives (TPO-3.5, TPO-F and TPO-UV). The specimens were exposed to Xenon arc light with an UV irradiation of 40 W/m2, a black panel temperature of 65 °C and relative humidity of 10 % for up to 3,000 h. Visual, optical, mechanical and chemical changes were assessed by light microscopy, UV–visible–near infrared (UVVISNIR) spectroscopy, compressive shear testing, as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on fractured surfaces. In contrast to EVA and POE laminates, enhanced birefringence was detected due to a higher degree of crystallinity of the TPO encapsulants. Nevertheless, the investigated TPO double-glass laminates revealed a significantly better ultimate mechanical shear performance at 60 °C, also after UV exposure for 3.000 h. TPO-3.5 was the best-performing grade after 3,000 h followed by TPO-UV, TPO-F, EVA and POE. While the aged and fractured EVA, POE, TPO-F and TPO-UV laminates exhibited carboxylic acid signatures differing in intensity, no carboxylic acid residues were detected on the fractured TPO-3.5 surface. TPO-3.5 is characterized by a lower melt flow index and hence, a higher average molar mass compared to TPO-F and TPO-UV. For the crosslinked EVA and POE, the test temperature was already within the melting range of the non-crosslinked, polyethylene rich phase of these peroxide crosslinked encapsulants.

Molecular dynamics study of free volume coalescence around nonyl ethoxylate in polyethylene with vinyl acetate‐modified branches

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) is susceptible to environmental stress cracking (ESC). In the presence of an amphiphilic compound and subjected to stress, ESC starts with cavitation followed by slow crack growth and ends with brittle fracture. In this study, we used molecular dynamics simulation to study how branch ends which were chemically modified with vinyl acetate groups affect free volume coalescence around an amphiphilic compound, nonyl ethoxylate (NE), dispersed in branched PE models. Branch ends modified with vinyl acetate significantly impact the free volume coalescence dynamics around NE. Compared with methyl branch ends, vinyl acetate branch ends show a much higher affinity, as quantified by the corresponding radial distribution functions, for the hydrophilic ethylene oxide‐segment of NE. However, this is not the case for the hydrophobic ethylene‐segment. Interestingly, vinyl acetate branch ends tend to reduce the power (amplitude) of the free volume size fluctuations around both the ethylene oxide‐ and ethylene‐segments. Indeed, the powers of the fluctuations with different PE branching characteristics decrease with increasing vinyl acetate concentration. We believe that free volume coalescence leads to cavitation and that vinyl acetate branches could inhibit cavitation, thereby crack propagation in PE. The power results seem to be consistent with the experimental observation that the addition of copolymer ethylene vinyl acetate to low‐density polyethylene improves the ESC resistance of the blend.Highlights Vinyl acetate branches reduce free volume coalescence activities. Vinyl acetate branches are attracted to the hydrophilic segment of NE. Cavitation likely starts from the free volume coalescence around NE.

Preparation of EVAM-g-NSiO2 nanocomposite pour point depressant and its effect on rheological properties of model waxy oil

Modified ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAM) and amino-functionalized nano-silica (NSiO2) particles were employed as the base materials for the synthesis of the nanocomposite pour point depressant designated as EVAM-g-NSiO2. This synthesis involved a chemical grafting process within a solution system, followed by a structural characterization. Moreover, combining macro-rheological performance with microscopic structure observation, the influence of the nanocomposite pour point depressant on the rheological properties of the model waxy oil system was investigated. The results indicate that when the mass ratio of NSiO2 to EVAM is 1:100, the prepared EVAM-g-NSiO2 nanocomposite pour point depressant exhibits excellent pour point reduction and viscosity reduction properties. Moreover, the nanocomposite pour point depressant obtained through a chemical grafting reaction demonstrates structural stability (the bonding between the polymer and nanoparticles is stable). The pour points of model waxy oils doped with 500 mg/kg ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), EVAM, and EVAM/SiO2 were reduced from 34 °C to 23, 20, and 21 °C, respectively. After adding the same dosage of EVAM-g-NSiO2 nanocomposite pour point depressant, the pour point of the model wax oil decreased to 12 °C and the viscosity at 32 °C decreased from 2399 to 2396.9 mPa ·s, achieving an impressive viscosity reduction rate of 99.9%. Its performance surpassed that of EVA, EVAM, and EVAM/SiO2. The EVAM-g-NSiO2 dispersed in the oil phase acts as the crystallization nucleus for wax crystals, resulting in a dense structure of wax crystals. The compact wax crystal blocks are difficult to overlap with each other, preventing the formation of a three-dimensional network structure, thereby improving the low-temperature flowability of the model waxy oil.

Catalytic Deconstruction of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Polyethylene Mixtures via Hydroconversion: Challenges and Solutions

Catalytic Deconstruction of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Polyethylene Mixtures via Hydroconversion: Challenges and Solutions

Assessment of Durability of Chemically Stabilized Soils Using Different Moisture-Susceptible Methods

The durability of chemically treated subgrade soils is important for pavement design life, and it is a major concern for transportation and defense agencies. Stabilized soil layers should retain strength and stiffness properties under wetting–drying-related durability cycles and moisture exposure. Many durability test methods, including wetting and drying, tube suction, and Engineer Research and Development Center’s wet-test methods, have been developed and used in several stabilization studies in the past. It is important to study and determine how these methods address the long-term performance of chemically stabilized soils with a focus on stabilizer permanency. Therefore, this research study conducted a comprehensive laboratory investigation using all three methods to assess the durability of stabilized soils as per the US Department of Defense protocols. Three types of soils, silty sand, clayey sand, and high-plasticity clay, and three types of stabilizers, vinyl acetate-ethylene (VAE) copolymer, Portland cement type I, and hydrated lime, were considered in this study. Silty sand, clayey sand, and high-plasticity clay soils were treated with VAE copolymer, cement, and lime, respectively. Results of cement-stabilized soil showed that it is unsusceptible to moisture fluctuations, whereas VAE-stabilized soil indicated its higher susceptibility to moisture variations. Both the ASTM wet–dry (W-D) test and tube suction test methods revealed that lime-treated clayey soil is moisture-susceptible. All three methods showed similar findings, with good agreement existing between tube suction and ASTM W-D tests for all combinations of soils and stabilizers considered in this study.

The curing kinetics and properties of self-healing and thermally conductive polymeric composites based on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer filled with nano alumina

We have investigated a self-healing thermally conductive Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) hot melt adhesive (NAEDS, which denotes the addition of nano-alumina and disulfide bonded EVA hot melt adhesives) that can be used to effectively solve adhesive layer separation problem in photovoltaic (PV) modules and the difficulty of recycling. More specifically, we used diallyl disulfide as a cross-linking agent for EVA and alumina nanofillers as a reinforcing phase. The nano alumina filler gave the EVA better thermal conductivity. We used FTIR, SEM, and DSC to characterize and analyze NAEDS properties. The disulfide bonds in NAEDS underwent a rearrangement reaction under ultraviolet light, resulting in the self-healing of the resin (self-healing efficiency of 78.8%). The added nano alumina not only reduced the resin curing activation energy, improving its curing performance but also enhanced its thermal conductivity, achieving a 2.61 W/(m*k) thermal conductivity coefficient. The overall NAEDS performance is improved.

Corrosion behavior of modified cement-based coated steel rebar subjected to different levels of tensile loads

Polymer-modified cement-based coating can provide corrosion protection for steel rebar. However, after the action of the tensile load, the connection between the polymer and the cement matrix was weakened, thus reducing its corrosion resistance. In this study, silica fume, nano-SiO2, and corrosion inhibitor were used to modify EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer) and cement-based coatings. Electrochemical experiments were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of coated steel rebar after the action of different levels of tensile loads, and microscopic characterization and porosity experiments were applied to analyze the changes of microscopic properties of the coatings. The experimental results show that silica fume and nano-SiO2 produce more high-strength C–S–H gels through hydration reaction to improve the tensile properties and compactness of the coating, thus reducing the porosity and chloride ion permeability of the coating after tension. Tetrabasic-modified cement-based coated steel rebar with EVA, silica fume, nano-SiO2, and amino-alcohol corrosion inhibitor displayed the highest coating resistance and the lowest corrosion current density under the action of tensile load. Experimental results proves that nano-SiO2 enhances the tensile properties of the coating. The addition of corrosion inhibitor can further improve the compactness of the coating under tension, hinder the formation of chloride ion transport channel, and adsorb on the surface of steel rebar to improve the corrosion resistance of steel rebar.

Preparation and Performance of Cement-Stabilized Base External Curing Agent in a Desert Environment

To explore and deal with the difficulty in curing cement-stabilized bases in desert environments, curing agents were prepared to enhance the curing effect on the base in this research. The composite curing agent was prepared through orthogonal experiments and the durability of the curing agent coating were studied by simulating a desert environment. Subsequently, the curing effect on the performance of bases was analyzed. Finally, the hydration degree of cement was studied via scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and the curing mechanism of the curing agent was explored. The results show that the composite (paraffin emulsion is the main component of the film, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer dosage is 20%, ethanol ester-12 dosage is 10%, and sodium silicate dosage is 18%) could effectively improve the water-retention performance (water-loss ratio: 2.36%) and mechanical properties of the specimen (7 d compressive strength: 7.48 MPa; 7 d indirect tensile strength: 0.70 MPa). The dry shrinkage coefficient of the specimen with composite curing agent was reduced by 116.26% at 28 days. The compressive strength of dry and wet freeze could reach 7.48 MPa and 6.88 MPa, respectively. The durability of the curing agent-coated base met the requirements of pavement performance in desert areas. The results of XRD, TG, and SEM indicated that the curing agent promoted hydration. In addition, the number of C-S-H gel and AFt crystals significantly increased. The curing difficulty of road bases in desert areas could be reduced effectively through the application presented in this study, which contributes to the conservation of natural and human resources.

In situ growth of Ag nanoparticles on the surface of MXene by γ-ray irradiation to fabricate EVA composite: the improvement of flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties

A large amount of toxic smoke and heat generated by the combustion of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) poses a significant threat to human fire escape evacuation. This work aims to use γ-ray to prepare e-MXene@Ag hybrid flame-retardant materials by the method of in-situ reduction, and EVA composites are prepared by melt blending to reduce the smoke and toxic gases produced during combustion significantly. Compared with pure EVA, the total heat release, total smoke release, and the production rate of CO and CO2 produced by the combustion of EVA composite with 1 wt% e-MXene@Ag1.0 decreased by 30.3%, 33.3%, 18.2%, and 20.1% respectively. The fire hazard reduction of EVA composite materials was due to the physical barrier, catalytic carbonization and adsorption of the e-MXene@Ag1.0 hybrid. In addition, e-MXene@Ag1.0 can also further increase the mechanical properties of EVA composites due to its own ‘multi-contact point limit structure’.

Synthesis of stable fluorescent ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers based on in-situ grafted rare-earth organic complexes and antioxidants through transesterification

The synthesis and application of rare earth organic complexes (REOCs) are gaining attention due to their advantages including low excitation thresholds and high luminescence efficiencies. However, their integration as functional fillers in polymer matrices is constrained by challenges related to poor dispersion and limited stability. This study introduces a novel method for synthesizing stable fluorescent polymers by co-grafting europium (Eu) complexes and the antioxidant 3,9-bis-{1,1-dimethyl-2[β-(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl-)propionyloxy]ethyl}-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]-undecane (AO-80) onto an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix through an in-situ synchronous grafting strategy, aiming to address these dual challenges of poor dispersion and rapid aging. In this study, Eu complexes characterized by low excitation thresholds and high hexahydrate (EuCl3) and selected ligands - 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen), alpha-thienyl trifluoroacetone (HTTA), and 4-acetoxybenzoic acid (4-ABA). Through transesterifications, the Eu complexes were successfully grafted onto the EVA chain, achieving a uniform dispersion within the EVA matrix to form fluorescent polymers. Furthermore, the incorporation of antioxidant AO-80 as a radical scavenger can significantly mitigate fluorescence attenuation. Through detailed exploration of transesterifications under various conditions, optimal grafting rates of 11.34% for EVA with Eu complexes and 22.87% for EVA with AO-80 were achieved. The synthesized fluorescent polymers of EVA synchronously grafted with Eu complexes and AO-80 have been proven to obtain markedly improved fluorescence stability and aging resistance by outdoor aging tests. Our findings not only validate the in-situ reaction grafting method as an efficient strategy for producing polymer composites with excellent fluorescence stability but also pave the way for future research aimed at overcoming the limitations of REOCs in photovoltaic and agricultural applications.