Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Composites Research Articles

Reduced graphene oxide decorated two-dimensional FeSiCr nanosheets for improving flame-retardancy, electromagnetic wave absorption, and thermal conduction of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Ball milling introduced graphene oxide onto FeSiCr, followed by radiation reduction to convert it to reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The materials, FeSiCr-rGO and FeSiCr-GO, were blended with Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) to create composites. Compared to pure EVA, EVA/FeSiCr-rGO composites showed significant reductions in peak heat release rate (71.3 %), total heat release (33.0 %), and total smoke production (18.3 %). CO and CO2 generation rates decreased, enhancing overall fire resistance. FeSiCr-rGO significantly improved thermal conductivity with minimal impact on mechanical properties compared to FeSiCr-GO. In electromagnetic absorption, FeSiCr-rGO notably enhanced low-frequency and X-band absorption for EVA composites. At 2 mm thickness, EVA/FeSiCr-rGO achieved a maximum reflection loss of -24.8 dB in the X-band, surpassing FeSiCr and FeSiCr-GO. At 3 mm thickness, it effectively absorbed electromagnetic waves in the 6–8 GHz range.

Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of ethylene vinyl acetate composites by introducing the hybrid material of Zn/TiO2@AKaol

Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) is widely applied in many important fields, but its broader utility is impeded by its flammability. To address this problem, the pre-acidified kaolinite (AKaol) by sulfuric acid was further dealt with TiO2 loading and Zn2+ doping to obtain Zn/TiO2@AKaol to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of EVA composites containing intumescent flame retardants (IFR) typically. The results showed that the addition of 1 wt% Zn/TiO2@AKaol improved the flame retardancy and reduced the smoke release of EVA/IFR composite. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the EVA/IFR composite containing Zn/TiO2@AKaol increased to 32.7 % from 27.3 % of EVA/IFR composite. In the cone calorimeter test (CCT), the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) values were reduced to 297.5 kW/m2 and 98.8 MJ/m2 from the 409.9 kW/m2 and 109.3 MJ/m2 of EVA/IFR composite, respectively. Meanwhile, the values of total smoke production (TSP) in the CCT and smoke density tests in building materials were reduced to 13.5 m2 and 33.39 % of EVA/IFR/Zn/TiO2@AKaol composite from 18.4 m2 and 63.91 % of EVA/IFR composite, respectively. Based on the mechanism analysis, it was proposed that Zn/TiO2@AKaol not only promoted the production of P· in advance, but also increased a cross-linked structure char in the condensed phase to achieve flame retardancy and smoke suppression of EVA composites.

High-efficient flame retardant ethylene-vinyl acetate composites by incorporating monomolecular IFR and its pyrolysis behavior

Highly efficient flame retardant and excellent mechanical performance was critical for the application of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) composites. Herein, a monomolecular intumescent flame retardant poly(piperazine methylphosphonic acid pentaerythritol ester) defined as PPMPPE was incorporated into the EVA matrix, and the flame retardancy, mechanical performance of EVA composites were investigated. When 21 wt% PPMPPE was incorporated, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 1.6 mm EVA/PPMPPE composites was increased from 18.2 % for neat EVA to 27.5 %, and it achieved UL-94 V-0 grate during vertical burning tests. Meanwhile, the cone calorimetry tests indicated that the peak value of heat release rate and total heat release of FR-EVA composites were obviously reduced by 41.1 % and 27 % compared to neat EVA. The analysis of flame-retarded mechanism for EVA/PPMPPE indicated that PPMPPE facilitated the decomposition of EVA and formed an expanding char layer, and it possessed barrier effect in condensed phase. In addition, the PPMPPE could exert free radicals quenching effect and in gaseous phase. Therefore, the PPMPPE endowed the EVA matrix with good flame-retardant efficiency. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of EVA/21 wt% PPMPPE composites was well maintained, and its tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by 21.9 % and 14.4 %, respectively. This research work provided a feasibility approach for producing EVA composites with excellent flame-retardant and mechanical performance.

A novel strategy for preparing ethylene‐vinyl acetate composites with high effective flame retardant and smoke suppression performance by incorporating piperazine pyrophosphate and Ce‐MOF

AbstractCerium‐containing metal organic framework defined as Ce‐MOF was prepared and then combined with piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) for preparing flame retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer composites. The samples of EVA/PAPP/Ce‐MOF achieved UL‐94 V‐0 rating with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.3% when 17 wt% PAPP/Ce‐MOF with the mass fraction of 97:3 was introduced. Under the same loading amount of PAPP, the EVA/PAPP only obtained UL‐94 V‐1 rating with the LOI value of 26.9%. Cone calorimeter test confirmed that the total heat release and total smoke production of EVA/PAPP/Ce‐MOF significantly reduced from 132.8 MJ m−2 and 11.5 m2 for EVA/PAPP to 98.8 MJ m−2 and 7.3 m2, with a reduction of 25.6% and 36.5%, respectively. Besides, the maximum smoke density decreased from 488.8 and 375.9 for EVA and EVA/PAPP to 177.5 for EVA/PAPP/Ce‐MOF. It indicated that the addition of Ce‐MOF and PAPP effectively exerted synergistic flame retardant and smoke inhibition effect for EVA. Moreover, the addition of Ce‐MOF enhanced the compatibility of PAPP with EVA matrix, and water resistance of EVA/PAPP/Ce‐MOF was higher than that of EVA/PAPP. The x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy texts of residual char of EVA composites indicated that the cerium ion complexed with phosphoric acid and polyphosphate generated by the thermal decomposition of PAPP and then more phosphorus elements remained in condensed phase. As a result, the sufficient, crosslinking and dense char layer with excellent intensity was formed, and the heat, combustible gas and smoke were efficiently inhibited. Consequently, the EVA materials were endowed excellent fire safety as well as low heat and smoke release.

Preparation and Application of Flexible Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Adhesive Composites by Ultrasonic‐Assisted Forced Infiltration

Herein, carbon nanotubes (CNTs)–cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) composite are prepared with excellent bonding properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity using an ultrasonic‐assisted forced infiltration (UAFI) method. The CNTs–CNCs (10:1)/EVA composite had the highest shear (82.9 N) and strip (12.2 N) forces at the interface when bonding leather to fabric as an interface bonding material (IBM). Different mass ratios of CNTs to CNCs in the composites lead to different electrical and thermal conductivity properties. When the mass ratio of CNTs to CNCs is 10:1, the CNTs–CNCs(10:1)/EVA composites reach an electrical and thermal conductivity of 158.37 S m−1and 6.351 W (m·K)−1, respectively. In addition, the CNTs–CNCs(10:1)/EVA composite shows excellent thermal stability, mechanical properties, thermal performance, and electromagnetic shielding. The prepared EVA composite has a broad application prospect in IBM.

Effect of Hemp Hurd Biochar and Humic Acid on the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate

In this work, the combination of biochar produced through a pyrolytic process of hemp hurd with commercial humic acid as a potential biomass-based flame-retardant system for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer is thoroughly investigated. To this aim, ethylene vinyl acetate composites containing hemp-derived biochar at two different concentrations (i.e., 20 and 40 wt.%) and 10 wt.% of humic acid were prepared. The presence of increasing biochar loadings in ethylene vinyl acetate accounted for an increasing thermal and thermo-oxidative stability of the copolymer; conversely, the acidic character of humic acid anticipated the degradation of the copolymer matrix, even in the presence of the biochar. Further, as assessed by forced-combustion tests, the incorporation of humic acid only in ethylene vinyl acetate slightly decreased both peaks of heat release rate (pkHRR) and total heat release (THR, by 16% and 5%, respectively), with no effect on the burning time. At variance, for the composites containing biochar, a strong decrease in pkHRR and THR values was observed, approaching -69 and -29%, respectively, in the presence of the highest filler loading, notwithstanding, for this latter, a significant increase in the burning time (by about 50 s). Finally, the presence of humic acid significantly lowered the Young's modulus, unlike biochar, for which the stiffness remarkably increased from 57 MPa (unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate) to 155 Mpa (for the composite containing 40 wt.% of the filler).

ZIF-67 In Situ Grown on Attapulgite: A Flame Retardant Synergist for Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Magnesium Hydroxide Composites.

ZIF-67@ATP was prepared by the in situ growth of the zeolite imidazole frame (ZIF-67) on the surface of attapulgite (ATP). The structure and surface morphology of ZIF-67@ATP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different mass fractions of ATP and ZIF-67@ATP were added to ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/magnesium hydroxide (MH) composites as flame retardant synergists. The flame retardancy of EVA composites was evaluated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL-94 test and cone calorimeter test. Composites containing 3 wt% of ZIF-67@ATP reached an LOI value of 43% and a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and the ignition time of the composite increased from 38 s to 56 s. The tensile strength and impact strength of the composites did not change significantly, but the elongation at break increased greatly. Typically, for composites containing 4 wt% of ZIF-67@ATP, the elongation at break of the composites increased from 69.5% to 522.2% compared to the samples without the synergist. This study provides novel insights into the application of attapulgite in the field of flame retardant polymer materials.

Effect of nanoadditives on the novel leather fiber/recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl-acetate) polymer composites for multifunctional applications: Fabrication, characterizations, and multiobjective optimization using central composite design

Abstract The current study intended to investigate the viability and efficacy of performance measurement by incorporating one of the most hazardous leather wastes, that is, leather buffing dust and nanofillers as reinforcing constituents within recycled poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) as a matrix with maximum leather fiber-loading of 1:1, using a mill followed by hot-press molding. The samples were tested to evaluate the physicomechanical characteristics including tensile, compressive strength, density, abrasion-resistance, adhesion-strength, hardness, tear-resistance, compression and resilience, damping, and water-absorption as per the standard ASTM/SATRA/ISO testing methods. The thermoanalytical methods, namely thermalgravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, have been employed to simulate the performance, including the effectiveness of blended-mix through glass-transition and crystallization temperature. Furthermore, morphological properties of the fabricated composites have been explored using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis. In addition, the attenuated total reflection-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to examine the physicochemical molecular structure, chemical bonding, and functional groups of the neat recycled EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) copolymer and leather buffing dust/recycled EVA polymer composites. Throughout this study, the physicomechanical characteristics of leather buffing dust/recycled EVA composites were ameliorated by optimizing the operating parameters of the hot-press compression molding process through the central composite design approach in response surface methodology. The obtained results of the fabricated novel composites were certainly splendid for a value-added application in footwear, structural, floor-covering, and transportation domains.

A biobased flame retardant towards improvement of flame retardancy and mechanical property of ethylene vinyl acetate

A new biobased flame retardant (MHPA) with remarkable compatibility was synthesized via a facile and low-cost neutralization reaction of magnesium hydroxide (MH) and phytic acid (PA). By blending the prepared MHPA into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), the fire retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of the composites were significantly improved. When 50 wt% of MH was added into EVA matrix, the value of limiting oxygen index (LOI) reached 26.1%. Whereas, when 10 wt% MH in the EVA composites (with initial 50 wt% MH) was replaced by MHPA, the resulted EVA composites had a LOI value of 30.8%, indicating high efficiency of addition of MHPA to improve flame retardancy. Moreover, the heat release rate (HRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the EVA composites reduced by 54.4% and 27.6%, respectively, suggesting that incorporation of MHPA could effectively hinder rapid degradation of EVA composites during burning process. The fire-retardant mechanism may reside in that the MHPA combined with MH can present the excellent carbonization and expansion effects. This study illustrates that the biobased MHPA has a broad application prospect to develop flame-retardant EVA composites.

Effect of amino acid‐triazine copolymer on intumescent flame retardant ethylene‐vinyl acetate

AbstractAmino acid‐triazine copolymer (CC‐Lys) was prepared by using lysine (Lys) and cyanuric chloride (CC). The structure and performance of CC‐Lys were tested by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The CC‐Lys, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and organic montmorillonite (OMMT), were applied in ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) to improve its flame retardancy. The results showed that 20 wt% APP/CC‐Lys/OMMT makes EVA achieve the UL‐94 V0 rating. The reactions among APP/CC‐Lys/OMMT release some incombustible gases and promote the formation of a porous char layer with good barrier performance during combustion. Moreover, the quality of the char layer is improved. In addition, the peak of heat release rate of EVA composite is reduced by 87% and time to ignition is delayed. This work provides a good flame retardant system for EVA.

The Effect of Crosslinking on the Electro-Thermal Properties of Carbon Black and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Composites

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and highly structured carbon black (CB) composites are promising for self-regulating heating materials, especially, were flexibility is needed. Two types of EVA-CB composites were made. Firstly, non-cross-linked EVA-CB composite was made with different CB concentrations and secondly, cross-linked EVA-CB composite with dicumylperoxide (DCP) as the cross-linking agent. Different concentrations of DCP were used. Samples were tested in two ways – by heating them internally (by applying 5V voltage) and externally (by heating in universal heating oven). The electro-thermal properties (including PTC effect) were determined.

Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and aluminum hypophosphite in flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites

AbstractIn this work, flame‐retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites were prepared by compounding expandable graphite (EG) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP). The combustion behavior and mechanical properties of EG and AHP in flame‐retardant EVA composites were tested, and flame retardant mechanism was also investigated. According to the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results, AHP and EG can promote the carbonization of EVA to form the char layer at high temperature. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and vertical burning test (UL‐94) test results show that when the mass ratio of EG to AHP is 2:1, the sample (EVA/10EG/5AHP) passes the UL‐94 V‐0 rating, and its LOI value reaches 30.5%. The cone calorimetry test (CCT) results show that the EVA/10EG/5AHP sample has a significantly reduction on heat release and smoke release. Mechanical tests show that as the content of EG decreases and the content of AHP increases, both the strength and the elongation at break of EVA composites increase and the rigidity decreases. Whatever, we used SEM, Raman, and TG‐IR to understand the flame‐retardant mechanism of the EVA composites and the synergistic effect of EG and AHP It was found that the combination of condensed‐phase and gaseous‐phase is realized in the burning process.

Improving thermal conductivity of ethylene-vinyl acetate composites by covalent bond-connected carbon nanotubes@boron nitride hybrids

Efficient thermal management materials have become one of the main challenges faced by the rapid development of current electronic technology. In this study, a covalent bond was first designed to connect carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and boron nitride (BN) to prepare CNTs@BN hybrids, and then the prepared CNTs@BN hybrids were used to enhance the thermal conductivity of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. The results indicated that the covalent bond connections between CNTs and BN effectively reduced the interfacial thermal resistance and promoted the construction of a continuous and efficient heat conduction network. Finally, the thermal conductivity of EVA composite reached 7.84 W m−1 K−1, which was 2613% higher than that of EVA matrix. The sensitive response of EVA composite to temperature further demonstrated its excellent thermal management capability. The EVA composite also had good thermal stability and stable electrical insulation performance, which further guaranteed its application in electronic equipment.

Fabrication of phytic acid embellished kaolinite and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

AbstractA modified kaolinite by grafting with phytic acid (PA‐g‐Kaol) is fabricated, and it was introduced into ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with intumescent flame retardancy (IFR) together to improve the flame retardancy of EVA composites. The results show the limiting oxygen index value of EVA/ (18.0 wt% IFR)/ (2.0 wt% PA‐g‐Kaol) is 30.8%. Meanwhile, there is only one dripping produced in the vertical burning test. What's more, the flame‐retardant mechanism is demonstrated by TG‐IR, real‐time‐IR and GC–MS analysis. The results indicate that some pyrolytic products of IFR and PA‐g‐Kaol, like ammonia and phosphoric acid, catalyze the crosslinking of EVA and flame retardant, the resultant compact char protects the substrate from further burning.

The Role of Zinc Chloride in Enhancing Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Performance of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Carbonized Wood Fiber Conductive Composite.

Carbonized natural filler can offer the production of low cost composites with an eco-friendliness value. The evolving field of electronics encourages the exploration of more functions and potential for carbonized natural filler, such as by modifying its surface chemistry. In this work, we have performed surface modification on carbonized wood fiber (CWF) prior to it being used as filler in the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composite system. Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) with various contents (2 to 8 wt%) was used to surface modify the CWF and the effects of ZnCl2 composition on the surface morphology and chemistry of the CWF filler were investigated. Furthermore, the absorptive, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the EVA composites containing CWF-ZnCl2 were also analyzed. SEM images indicated changes in the morphology of the CWF while FTIR analysis proved the presence of ZnCl2 functional groups in the CWF. EVA composites incorporating the CWF-ZnCl2 showed superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties compared to the ones containing the CWF. The optimum content of ZnCl2 was found to be 6 wt%. Surface modification raised the electrical conductivity of the EVA/CWF composite through the development of conductive deposits in the porous structure of the CWF as a channel for ionic and electronic transfer between the CWF and EVA matrix.

Simultaneously improving mechanical strength, hydrophobic property and flame retardancy of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/intumescent flame retardant/FeOOH by introducing modified fumed silica

Series of flame-retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) composites with excellent properties were prepared by adjusting the fraction of fumed silica (FS). The surface morphologies, mechanical property, hydrophobicity, thermal property and the related flame-retardant properties were measured and investigated in details. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanical property results showed that the certain addition of FS could effectively improve the interface compatibility between EVA matrix and flame retardant (FR). Moreover, the tensile strength and elongation at break were increased to 20 MPa and 675.0 %, respectively. High hydrophobicity of the EVA composite could also be achieved proved by high contact angle (85°) and low water absorption (0.2 %), respectively. In addition, cone calorimeter test (CCT) results indicated the value of heat rate release of EVA composites decreased by 63.6 % with the addition of FS compared to pure EVA due to the formation of char layer by protecting char residue and insulating fire and heat transmission, which was confirmed by SEM and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis. Besides, the anti-dripping effect of FS was indicated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94.

Thermal Properties of Nano Tungsten - Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) Composites

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) with different percentage of nano tungsten powder (0wt%, 30/wt %, 45/wt %, 60/wt%, and 70/wt %) composites (EVA/W nano-composites) were prepared by melt blending in a twin-screw brabender. The structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the prepared nano-composites were investigated using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). It was found that the EVA composites show a higher thermal stability at high levels of tungsten loading.

Fabrication of surface-modified magnesium hydroxide using Ni2+ chelation method and layer-by-layer assembly strategy: Improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate

A novel magnesium hydroxide-polyphosphazene-Ni2+ (MH-PZPN-Ni) was synthesized by the layer-by-layer assembly strategy and Ni2+ chelation method. Post modification, the composite was incorporated into ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). The morphology, composition and structure of the MH-PZPN-Ni composites were comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. MH-PZPN-Ni could efficiently increase the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of EVA. The MH-PZPN-Ni (60 wt %)-incorporated EVA composite showed a limiting oxygen index value of 30.4 % and was rated as a UL 94 V-0 material. Cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak heat release rate and total heat release of EVA/MH-PZPN-Ni were decreased by 85.8 % and 56.7 %, respectively when compared to pure EVA. The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of the char residue and the pyrolysis products formed during the decomposition of the EVA composites were analyzed to investigate the flame-retardant mechanism of the modified EVA matrix. The production of ammonia (during the process of PZPN-Ni decay) and the water vapor formed due to the combustion of the H· and OH· radicals were found to dilute the concentration of the generated combustible gases. The denser char layer effectively blocked the heat and mass transfer. At the same time, the use of the Ni catalyst resulted in a significantly low production of various volatile products (such as CO and aliphatic and aromatic compounds). Moreover, PZPN-Ni enhanced the mechanical properties of EVA. The elongation at break increased by 74.9 %.

Phosphorization of exfoliated graphite for developing flame retardant ethylene vinyl acetate composites

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was grafted onto the surface of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet (GNP) to obtain a novel flame retardant, GNP-g-APP, and thereafter was incorporated into the ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) to improve its flame retardancy. The chemical structures of the precursors and the target product were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. FTIR spectra appeared at 1056 and 1103cm−1 were attributed to POC asymmetric stretching bond, that conformed formation of GNP-g-APP. Thermal stability behaviour and flame retardancy performance of the samples were evaluated by TGA, UL-94, micro-calorimetry, and cone calorimetry. TGA measurements revealed the superiority of GNP-g-APP over GNP. The micro-calorimetry analyses indicated a sharp fall in both the total heat release (THR) and the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of EVA containing 30wt.% GNP-g-APP, evidenced by a thick char layer formed as barrier. Cone calorimetry confirmed flame-retardant effect of GNP-g-APP featured by a reduction in pHRR (−63 %) and THR (−31.6 %) due to the formation of a cohesive char layer. Although GNP addition sharply decreased the elongation at break of 70/30 (w/w) composites from 500% for neat EVA to 71%, a very promising value of 364% for EVA/GNP-g-APP sample preserved superior flexibility.

Enzymatic polymerization derived engineered polysaccharides as reinforcing fillers of ethylene vinyl acetate composites

A novel monomer based, controlled enzymatic polymerization was employed to produce an engineered alpha-1,3 glucan polysaccharide. The structure and material properties of the engineered polysaccharide were characterized using various techniques. The use of such engineered polysaccharide as a reinforcing filler of polymers was evaluated using model polymers. For this, the alpha-1,3 glucan was incorporated into ethylene vinyl acetate co-polymer (EVA) matrices with vinyl acetate content of 32% and 40% via a melt processing fabrication process. Various mechanical and rheological properties of the fabricated composites were evaluated. The effect of vinyl acetate content of the EVA resin on the interaction with alpha-1,3 glucan that result in various performances attributes was also investigated and reported. The incorporation of alpha-1,3 glucan in these EVA composites resulted in the improvement of key composite properties, such as toughness, modulus, wear resistance, and hardness showing the reinforcing potential of these engineered polysaccharides.