Ethylene Maleic Anhydride Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of poly(methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride) blended poly(lactic acid) ultrafiltration membrane with upgraded antifouling and separation performance

In this present study, a novel environment-friendly bio-polymeric hybrid ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated by incorporating poly(methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride) (PMVEAMA) into the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) polymer matrix. The integration of PMVEAMA into PLA significantly altered the membrane's structural morphology, functional characteristics, and filtration performance. As a result, key functional parameters like membrane porosity and water content were increased, which exhibiting the improved hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the molecular weight cut-off of the PLA/PMVEAMA membrane reached up to a maximum of 66.5 KDa with an average pore size of 9.14 nm, subsequently improving the flux of the membrane up to 2.8 times than PLA membrane. The functional capacity of the synthesized membrane was further assessed by testing its ability to filter toxic chlorophenolic compounds. Rejection studies reveal that the PLA/PMVEAMA membrane achieved a rejection efficiency of 44.64 % pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 51.85 % 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). Moreover, fouling studies revealed enhanced PCP and DCP flux recovery ratios of 50.94 % and 51.40 %, respectively, with a significant reduction in the flux decline rate. Additionally, the synthesized PLA/PMVEAMA membranes improved stability and regenerative properties up to 12 filtration cycles and antifouling properties highlight its potential to filter chlorophenolic compounds from wastewater.

Hydrophilic interaction chromatographic evaluation of zwitterionic polymer grafted silica gel via multiple binding sites.

A novel zwitterionic polymer grafted silica stationary phase, Sil-PZIC, was prepared by bonding poly(ethylene maleic anhydride) molecules on the surface of silica via multiple binding sites, followed by ammonolysis of maleic anhydride through a nucleophilic substitution reaction with ethylenediamine. The stationary phase was characterized by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, zeta potential, and elemental analysis and the results show the successful encapsulation of zwitterionic polymer on the surface of silica. The chromatographic performance of Sil-PZIC was investigated by using nucleosides and nucleic bases as test analytes The variation of retention and separation performance of these model compounds were investigated by varying the chromatographic conditions such as the components of mobile phase, salt concentration, and pH. The results show that the retention of the Sil-PZIC phase was dominated by a hydrophilic partitioning mechanism accompanied by secondary interactions such as electrostatic and hydrogen bonding. In addition, saccharides and Amadori compounds were also well separated on the Sil-PZIC, indicating that the Sil-PZIC column has potential application for separation of the polar compound.

Fabrication of Eco-Friendly Hydrolyzed Ethylene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymer-Avermectin Nanoemulsion with High Stability, Adhesion Property, pH, and Temperature-Responsive Releasing Behaviors.

In this study, novel amphiphilic polymer emulsifiers for avermectin (Avm) were synthesized facilely via the hydrolysis of ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymer (EMA) with different agents, and their structures were confirmed by various techniques. Then, water-based Avm-nanoemulsions were fabricated with the emulsifiers via phase inversion emulsification process, and superior emulsifier was selected via the emulsification effects. Using the superior emulsifier, an optimal Avm-nanoemulsion (defined as Avm@HEMA) with satisfying particle size of 156.8 ± 4.9 nm, encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 69.72 ± 4.01% and drug loading capacity (DLC) of 54.93 ± 1.12% was constructed based on response surface methodology (RSM). Owing to the emulsifier, the Avm@HEMA showed a series of advantages, including high stability, ultraviolet resistance, low surface tension, good spreading and high affinity to different leaves. Additionally, compared to pure Avm and Avm-emulsifiable concentrate (Avm-EC), Avm@HEMA displayed a controlled releasing feature. The encapsulated Avm was released quite slowly at normal conditions (pH 7.0, 25 °C or 15 °C) but could be released at an accelerated rate in weak acid (pH 5.5) or weak alkali (pH 8.5) media or at high temperature (40 °C). The drug releasing profiles of Avm@HEMA fit the Korsmeyer-Peppas model quite well at pH 7.0 and 25 °C (controlled by Fickian diffusion) and at pH 7.0 and 10 °C (controlled by non-Fickian diffusion), while it fits the logistic model under other conditions (pH 5.5 and 25 °C, pH 8.5 and 25 °C, pH 7.0 and 40 °C).

Designing a novel poly (methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride) based polymeric membrane with enhanced antifouling performance for removal of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solution

In this current study, poly (methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride) (PMVEAMA), a sustainable additive, was incorporated into poly (ether-ether sulfone) (PEES) polymer to design a novel polymeric hybrid membrane for the efficient filtration of toxic pentachlorophenol (PCP) from an aqueous medium. Hydrophilic additives significantly altered the membrane's morphology, structure, porosity, water content, and flux performance compared to the bare PEES membrane. The influence of PMVEAMA on the structural modification of the synthesized polymer membrane was confirmed by SEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD, AFM, zeta potential and contact angle. Findings revealed that the addition of PMVEAMA to the PEES polymer enhances the porosity (17.7%–28.9%), water content (29.8%–39.8%), and pure water flux (186 Lm−2h−1 to 349 Lm−2h−1). The effect of PMVEAMA concentration on the PEES membrane exhibited more finger like pores, better porosity and hydrophilicity, reduced surface roughness, fouling and increased permeability. The fouling studies exhibit an improved 57% PCP rejection and permeation flux of 22.3 Lm−2h−1 due to the addition of the hydrophilic additive. Surprisingly, the incorporation of PMVEAMA into the bare PEES membrane resulted in a high flux recovery ratio of 73.7%. The antifouling properties and enhanced permeability of the PEES/PMVEAMA membrane indicates its potential application in water purification sectors for the efficient separation of contaminants.

Effects of grafting and long-chain branching structures on rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6

Abstract Polyamide 6 (PA6) was modified with ethylene maleic anhydride syndiotactic copolymer resin (ZeMac), and triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) as modifiers to prepare a grafting structure and a long-chain branching structure, respectively. The effects of two modifiers on the rheological behavior, crystallization properties, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of PA6 were systematically studied by rotating rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that there were differences in crystallization properties between the two modification methods, but they significantly improved the rheological, foaming performance, and mechanical properties of PA6. In particular, PA6 with long-chain branching structure through TGIC modification showed better performance in various physicochemical characterizations. The introduction of ZeMac reduced the average diameter of bubbles in pure PA6 from 146.32 to 88.12 µm, and the density of bubbles increased from 1.69 × 105 to 5.35 × 105 cells·cm−3. The introduction of TGIC reduced the average diameter of bubbles in pure PA6 from 146.32 to 64.36 µm, and the density of bubbles increased to 1.31 × 106 cells·cm−3. Moreover, the mechanical properties of both nonfoamed and foamed samples were improved after modification.

Studies On Compatibilization Of Recycled Polyethylene/Thermoplastic Starch Blends By Using Different Compatibilizer

AbstractIn this study, the aim was to examine the effects of three different compatibilizers on the recycled polyethylene/ thermoplastic starch (r-LDPE/TPS) blends which are used in producing garbage bags. Polyethylene-Grafted-Maleic Anhydride (PEgMAH), maleic-anhydride modified ethylene propylene rubber (EPMgMAH) and ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (PEMAH) were selected as the compatibilizers. r-LDPE/TPS blends with or without compatibilizer were prepared by using a twin screw extruder and characterized by means of mechanical, thermal, structural and morphological analyses. It was found that tensile strength values increased with the addition of PEgMAH but decreased with the addition of EPMgMAH. Elongations at break values of the r-LDPE/TPS blends were significantly improved by using PEgMAH and EPMgMAH. Tm and Tc values have slightly affected by the compatibilizer usage in the DSC analysis. In addition, the better interfacial interaction was observed for the compatibilized blend with the PEgMAH and EPMgMAH during the SEM analysis. It was concluded that PEgMAH and EPMgMAH showed mainly changed results in elongation at break values and this is the important parameter in the packaging industry.

Decorating surface charge of graphite nanoplate using an electrostatic coupling agent for 3‐dimensional polymer nanocomposite

ABSTRACTHere, we report a facile approach to electrostatically couple the surface charges of graphite nanoplate (GNP) fillers and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer particles using ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA) copolymer as an electrostatic coupling agent. Our strategy involved switching the intrinsic repulsive electrostatic interactions between the directly exfoliated GNPs fillers and the PMMA particles to attractive electrostatic surface interactions for preparing core(PMMA)‐shell (GNP) precursor in order to optimizing 3‐dimensionally dispersed polymer nanocomposite. As a result, the electrical conductivity of the composites dramatically increased by a factor of 16.7 in the EMA‐coupled GNP/PMMA composites compared with that of the EMA‐free GNP/PMMA composites. In addition, the percolation threshold was also notably reduced from 0.32 to 0.159 vol% after electrostatic coupling of the GNPs fillers and PMMA particles. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48390.

Reduction crystallization of nickel with hydrazine in the presence of an additive ethylene maleic anhydride

The removal of contaminants from process effluent streams is very important, as the demand for water continue to increase. The contaminants in the effluent also pose an environmental pollution challenge and result in affecting human health. The objective of this study was to investigate the reduction of nickel in the presence of hydrazine (reducing agent) and ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA) as an additive. Reduction crystallisation was conducted at 0.5 g/L of Ni metal solution, 1 M hydrazine in the presence of EMA and at temperature of 60oC and pH of 10.7-11. Various concentrations of EMA were investigated and varied from 2 mg/L to 10 mg/L. The effluent before and after the reduction crystallization process was analyzed to study the removal efficiency. The seeding material was also analyzed to measure the elemental composition, so as to understand the reduction mechanism and the particle size distribution of the nickel seed. Electron Microscopy. The results obtained showed that hydrazine in the presence of an additive can reduce nickel to its elemental state. When the concentration of EMA was increased the percentage removal of Ni2+ in Ni- solution also increased from ~0-115%. The highest Ni % removal was obtained when 5, 7 and 10mg/L of EMA was used with percentage removal above 80-115%. The XRF results also confirmed that as EMA concentration was increased, the relative proportion of nickel increased from 98.9% to 99.7% with the highest concentration of EMA (C=10mg/l). The presence of EMA contributed to the transformation the morphology of the nickel powder.

Time-dependent mucoadhesion of conjugated bioadhesive polymers.

The time-dependent bioadhesive performance of various polymers was evaluated using a texture analyzer apparatus and freshly excised rat small intestinal tissue. A series of novel bioadhesive polymers were prepared by conjugating L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-DOPA to either a low molecular weight poly (butadiene-maleic anhydride) or a high molecular weight poly (ethylene-maleic anhydride). Bioadhesive force was characterized as a function of time relative to polycarbophil, a slightly cross-linked poly (acrylic acid)-derivative, revealing different fracture strengths and tensile work for each of the six backbone-side chain conjugations that were studied. While polycarbophil showed a rapid and significant loss of bioadhesion over the testing period, the newly developed synthetic polymers were able to maintain their bioadhesive performance over the course of 91 min with the overall magnitude of bioadhesion corresponding to the hydrogen bonding potential of the associated side chains. These results highlight the potential of these polymers for use in the development of more effective bioadhesive oral drug delivery systems.

Preparation and characterization of urea–formaldehyde microcapsules filled with paraffin oil

Paraffin oil was encapsulated in a urea–formaldehyde polymer shell by in situ polymerization. The effect of modifying the fabrication parameters, specifically the emulsifier, the core material concentration, the stirring rate, and the pH, on the resulting microcapsules was characterized by FTIR, SEM, particle size analysis and TGA. The stiffness and the mechanical stability during mixing of the microcapsules were also evaluated. It was found that the ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (EMA)-based microcapsules are smaller, harder and have an increase in yield of 15 % or more compared to the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based microcapsules. Both EMA- and PVA-based microcapsules have good thermal stability up to 400 °C. Smaller EMA-based microcapsules require a higher force, up to 0.96 N, to be 80 % deformed.

Microencapsulation of a Palm Oil‐based Alkyd by Amino Resins

SummaryPreparation of microcapsules of poly(urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) and melamine‐modified PUF (PUMF) shells that encapsulated a core of palm oil‐based alkyd resin was described. Ethylene maleic anhydride (EMA) was used as emulsifier. The effects of core‐shell weight ratio on microcapsules size and surface morphology were studied. The microcapsules obtained were inspected using digital microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to study the formation of microcapsules and their surface morphology. The core and shell content was verified using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and attentuated total reflectance fourier‐transformed infrared (ATR‐FTIR). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shown that the microcapsules have different degradation rates of core and shell thus reconfirmed the formation of microcapsules. The resultant microcapsules appear as white‐yellowish and free‐flowing spherical particles, having a rough, non‐porous shell which was formed by PUF and PUMF nanoparticles. The microcapsules have their diameters ranging from 150–500 microns, and they contain 87–90% of the alkyd as core and 10–13% of shell by weight.

The Effect of Addition EVA and LDPE-g-MAH on Irradiated LDPE Filled with Metal Hydroxides

Electron beam irradiation efffects on polymer cross-linking used for wire and cable insulations are still being researched. This study showed that upon irradiation, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (LDPE-g-MAH) addition as coupling agent to the LDPE/fillers, improved processing and mechanical properties of compounds at each irradiation dosage (0–110 kGy). A gradual increase in gel content (GC) and tensile strength (TS) with a concomitant decline in elongation at break (EB), hot set (HS) and densities of compounds were observed upon irradiation of the blends. Melt flow index test (MFI) results revealed that filler addition reduced compounds flowing and in consequence, caused difficult to process. The LDPE/EVA blends TS values decreased significantly with fillers addition (ATH, MH and ZB). Consequently, this study demonstrated that filler addition to irradiated low density polyethylene (LDPE) impaired processing and mechanical properties of compounds, whereas, LDPE-g-MAH (6–12 phr) and EVA (0–100 phr) addition to the compounds (1I–8I) improved the blends flowability and mechanical properties at each irradiation dose (0–110 kGy). Moreover, among additive fillers, MH content compounds presented the strongest adhesion forces with polymeric compounds compared with analog compounds content aluminum trihydrate (ATH) or zinc borate (ZB) at each irradiation dosage.

Influence of composition on the adhesive strength and initial viscosity of denture adhesives

To investigate the effect of composition on the initial viscosity and adhesive strength between denture adhesives and the denture base. Two types of water-soluble polymers (methoxy ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer [PVM-MA] and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC]) were used. Samples were divided into three groups. Group 1 contained only PVM-MA; Group 2 contained only CMC; and Group 3 contained PVM-MA and CMC. The initial viscosity and adhesive strength were measured. For Group 1, the initial viscosity increased significantly as PVM-MA content increased. The adhesive strength of Group 1 lasted longer than Group 2. The adhesive strength of Group 3 varied greatly. The ratio of CMC and PVM-MA has a significant effect on the initial viscosity and adhesive strength of denture adhesives. Our results suggest that it is possible to improve the durability of a denture adhesive by combining different water-soluble polymers.

Investigation of metal–polyelectrolyte complex toxicity

Water-soluble binary and ternary copper complexes of polyelectrolytes were synthesized, and the toxicity of these complexes was tested in mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) in vitro. Both the binary and ternary complexes were prepared at the ratio of 0.4 mole copper(II) ions per monomer of acrylic acid and 0.5 mole copper(II) ions per monomer of methyl vinyl ether maleic anhydride, furthermore at the ratio of 1 and 2 mole bovine serum albumin per mole of polyacrylic acid and poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride), respectively. Compared to binary copper(II)-polyelectrolyte complexes, these ternary complexes have been determined to be of least toxicity.

Characterization of Multilayer Anti-Fog Coatings

Fog formation on transparent substrates constitutes a major challenge in several optical applications requiring excellent light transmission characteristics. Anti-fog coatings are hydrophilic, enabling water to spread uniformly on the surface rather than form dispersed droplets. Despite the development of several anti-fog coating strategies, the long-term stability, adherence to the underlying substrate, and resistance to cleaning procedures are not yet optimal. We report on a polymer-based anti-fog coating covalently grafted onto glass surfaces by means of a multistep process. Glass substrates were first activated by plasma functionalization to provide amino groups on the surface, resulting in the subsequent covalent bonding of the polymeric layers. The anti-fog coating was then created by the successive spin coating of (poly(ethylene-maleic anhydride) (PEMA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) layers. PEMA acted as an interface by covalently reacting with both the glass surface amino functionalities and the PVA hydroxyl groups, while PVA added the necessary surface hydrophilicity to provide anti-fog properties. Each step of the procedure was monitored by XPS, which confirmed the successful grafting of the coating. Coating thickness was evaluated by profilometry, nanoindentation, and UV visible light transmission. The hydrophilic nature of the anti-fog coating was assessed by water contact angle (CA), and its anti-fog efficiency was determined visually and tested quantitatively for the first time using an ASTM standard protocol. Results show that the PEMA/PVA coating not only delayed the initial period required for fog formation but also decreased the rate of light transmission decay. Finally, following a 24 hour immersion in water, these PEMA/PVA coatings remained stable and preserved their anti-fog properties.

Effect of nanoclay on vibration welding of LLDPE nanocomposites in presence and absence of compatibiliser

Welding is employed to develop bonded joints with mechanical properties that draw near the parent material. Vibration welding has been applied to join pure and nanoclay filled linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). Ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer (PE‐g‐MA) is used as a compatibiliser in this study. High resolution transmission electron microscopic images showed the combination of exfoliation and intercalation of nanoclay platelets in LLDPE in the presence of a compatibiliser. The mechanical properties were studied for both the body part and the welded joints. The tensile strength and modulus of the body part for the nanoclay filled LLDPE in the presence of a compatibiliser were substantially improved. The welded joints of the same system showed better enhancement in the modulus. X‐ray diffraction analysis observed from the welded joints showed that the crystallite size of the nanoclay filled LLDPE composites in the presence of a compatibiliser was lower than that of nanocomposites in the absence of a compatibiliser.

Corrigendum to “Anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether–maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza A and B virus” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17 (2009) 752–757

Corrigendum to “Anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether–maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza A and B virus” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. 17 (2009) 752–757

Anti-Fog Layer Deposition onto Polymer Materials: A Multi-Step Approach

A coating with anti-fog properties was developed for a polycarbonate (PC) substrate using a multi-step process. A silicon-containing multilayer was first deposited by atmospheric pressure Townsend discharge (APTD) using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor to ensure cohesion between the coating and the PC and to protect the polymer against dissolution in solvents during subsequent spin-coating processes. The multilayer was also developed in a nitrogen environment in order to provide amino groups on the surface, which allowed for the subsequent covalent bonding of the anti-fog layer. This anti-fog layer was made of a spin-coated (poly(ethylene-maleic anhydride) (PEMA) layer, used as a linking arm, followed by a spin-coated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) layer, for its anti-fog properties. Surface analyses (XPS, FTIR, and AFM) confirmed that the silicon-containing multilayer was successfully deposited with a good control obtained for each step. The anti-fog coating, also tested with promising results, displayed a negligible loss of optical transmission across the visible spectrum.

Anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether–maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza A and B virus

An anionic magnetic beads-based method was developed for the capture of human influenza A and B viruses from nasal aspirates, allantoic fluid and culture medium. A polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether–maleic anhydride) [poly(MVE-MA)], was used to endow magnetic beads with a negative charge and bioadhesive properties. After incubation with samples containing human influenza virus, the beads were separated from supernatants by applying a magnetic field. The absorption of the virus by the beads was confirmed by hemagglutinin assay, immunochromatography, Western blotting, egg infection, and cell infection. Successful capture was proved using 5 H1N1 influenza A viruses, 10 H3N2 influenza A viruses, and 6 influenza B viruses. Furthermore, the infectivity in chicken embryonated eggs and Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells of the captured human influenza virus was similar to that of the total viral quantity of starting materials. Therefore, this method of capture using magnetic beads coated with poly(MVE-MA) can be broadly used for the recovery of infectious human influenza viruses.

Synthesis of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer containing fungicides and evaluation of their effect for wood decay resistance

Abstract The aim of the present study was to combat wood decay based on the approach controlled-release biocides from polymers. The possibility of introducing polymer-bonded fungicides into the cell lumens was investigated. The synthesis of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer containing pentachlorophenol (penta) and 8-hydroxy quinoline (8HQ) in N, N dimethyl formamide is described. It was demonstrated that the penta-bonded acrylate is a poly(ethylene co-dipentachlorophenyl diacrylate), which has a disubstituted pentachlorophenyl group linked through two acrylate ester bonds. The reaction of ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer with 8-hydroxy quinoline leads to products containing 44.8% poly(ethylene co-8-hydroxy quinolinyl acrylate) and 55.2% of unreacted poly(ethylene co-maleic anhydride). Wood impregnated with the polymers described prevented decay by a brown- and white-rot fungus, even after water leaching. Wood treated with the fungicide pentachlorophenol (penta) alone prevented only decay by a brown-rot fungus. An advantage is that high loading of penta in polymer can be achieved. Moreover, there is a slow-release effect on the active agent due to hydrolysis of ester bonds. The decay resistance of wood treated with poly(ethylene co-8-quinolinyl acrylate) was similar to that of wood impregnated with 8-hydroxy quinoline.